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} " ng-click="onClick($event)" stop-propagation="click mousedown mouseup" ui-on-drop="block($event)" style="margin-top: -11px; padding: 22px 16px 16px; max-width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: inherit; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">本文主要从规划层面探讨社区配套设施适老化的三个问题：建什么？怎么建？建多大？</span></section></section></fieldset><p style="white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">来源：周燕珉工作室</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">作者：林婧怡</span></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section></section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(252, 252, 252); font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px;  background-color: rgb(227, 108, 9);">依</span>托社区的在宅养老是我国城市老年人的主要养老方式，而社区配套设施作为向老人输出服务的“主力军”，应在规划设计当中充分考虑“适老化”需求。这类需求具体是怎样的呢？让我们先来看一组分析统计数据。</p><p><br  /></p><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(235, 94, 0); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(235, 94, 0); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>社区配套设施的配置状况及老年人需求分析</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8Z66I3lqrAbINa1LGNhVLbvXgPLX2u4Gqxj816BT3vBLVib5g0DtOZU4g/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7448405253283302" data-w="533" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8Z66I3lqrAbINa1LGNhVLbvXgPLX2u4Gqxj816BT3vBLVib5g0DtOZU4g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>“老年饭桌或送饭”和“日托站或托老所”的需求比例最高，均超过三分之一，两类设施的实际配建比例也均超过半数。</p></li><li><section><section><section><section><section><p>仅从数据上看，每类社区服务的提供状况和每类配套设施的配置比例均要高于老年人的需求比例，老年人的需求应已得到满足。</p></section></section></section></section></section></li></ul></section></section></section></section></section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p>然而，通过对社区配套设施的实际使用情况分析发现，老年人对于这些设施的利用状况并不理想。以日托站或托老所为例，在配备了这类设施的社区当中，其使用频率如下图所示：</p><p><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8Zic9FkAWhtDr6xgNrucl7GI5KUVKNTCj5Oxl9BsMxoFhqAWQEoS8s22Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6258992805755396" data-w="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8Zic9FkAWhtDr6xgNrucl7GI5KUVKNTCj5Oxl9BsMxoFhqAWQEoS8s22Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><strong>产生上述现象的可能原因包括：</strong></p><p><br  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>现行规划指标不合理，适老设施的配建要求高于老年人的实际需求</p></li><li><p>设施的选址位置或配建形式不合理，老人不方便到达和使用</p></li><li><p>设施的服务内容和定位不准，从而导致老人的潜在需求没有显现</p></li></ul></section></section></section></section></section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8ZoZtpeNgX2SrhQUgYTq0Rx1QT4sL2q4Vub0ficNI2oibjsZwzHC3P3nHA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.1111111111111112" data-w="18" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8ZoZtpeNgX2SrhQUgYTq0Rx1QT4sL2q4Vub0ficNI2oibjsZwzHC3P3nHA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section></section><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>无论对于哪类设施，70-74岁年龄段的老人都呈现出更明显的需求。</p></li><li><p>在70-74岁年龄段前后，则分别呈现出线性增长和线性降低的趋势。</p></li></ul><section><section></section><section></section><section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section><strong>以上数据说明</strong></section><section><br  /></section></section><section></section><section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>从配套设施的功能类型需求来看，“老年饭桌或送饭”和“日托站或托老所”是老年人最需要的两类设施；</p></li><li><p>从需求人群来看，约半数的老年需求群体为70-79岁的老年人，设计时应重点考虑这一年龄段老年人的使用需求。</p></li><li><p><br  /></p></li></ul></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p>注：本段研究采用“2010年中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查”的统计数据，基础数据由中国老龄科学研究中心提供，分析样本总量为10032个。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(235, 94, 0); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(235, 94, 0); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>配套设施规划布局的适老性需求</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong>配套设施的步行可达性是决定其选址布局的重要因素</strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8ZZYwzrTXk05kZ2ibk3USnfl4QJgLPQcMYja2l1zLQiaibUTFepnnjlQRGQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.4982014388489209" data-w="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/NtbmzG2IhA356dKibUiasxIYpxWUmQpic8ZZYwzrTXk05kZ2ibk3USnfl4QJgLPQcMYja2l1zLQiaibUTFepnnjlQRGQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section></section><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>老年人的出行目的以购物和休闲健身为主，而随着年龄的增长，老年人因就医产生的出行将会增多</p></li><li><p>不同年龄段老年人的出行时间并无明显差异，这表明老年人都会尽量保证一定的出行活动时间</p></li><li><p>老年人出行主要以步行为主，而长距离出行主要依靠公共交通</p></li><li><p>老年人的步行速度随年龄的增长明显降低，85岁以上的老年人与65-75岁的老人相比，其步行速度降低了约90%</p></li></ul><section><section></section><section></section><section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section><strong>由此可知：</strong></section><section><br  /></section></section><section></section><section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>社区配套设施的规划布局应根据老年人的适宜步行距离来确定选址及服务范围</p></li><li><p>同类型的设施，由于老人使用频率的不同，或使用对象年龄的差异，也会影响其规划布局的特点</p></li><li><p>一些与老年人日常生活紧密相关、使用频率较高的配套设施应设置在更近便的步行范围内</p><p><br  /></p></li></ul><section><section><section><section><section><section><section>例如：85岁以上的高龄老人其主要出行目的之一为就医，但受步行速度影响，其活动范围会明显变小，因而为其设置的医疗配套设施应以更小的服务半径进行布局，从而保证老人到达的便利性和安全性。</section><section><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p>注：本段表格中相关数据由清华同衡规划设计研究院城市交通规划研究所提供</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(235, 94, 0); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(235, 94, 0); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>配套设施的配建形式和规模的适老性需求</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p>下面以社区老年饭桌和日托站（托老所）这两类需求最高的配套设施的规模进行探讨。</p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><strong><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 196, 201); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(204, 196, 201); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong style="font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong style="white-space: normal;">老年饭桌</strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></p></strong></section><section><br  /></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section>政府福利性质的老年饭桌</section></section></section></section><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>接受政策补助，专门为老年人提供助餐、送餐服务</p></li><li><p>满足各地方政府提出的最低服务人数要求，以便获得政策补助</p></li></ul><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p>例如：服务于20人的社区助餐点，面积不小宜于50m2</p><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section>政府福利性质的老年饭桌</section></section></section></section><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>面向社区所有住户提供餐饮服务，同时也可满足老年人就餐需求</p></li><li><p>经营面积宜控制在150-450m2</p></li></ul></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 196, 201); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(204, 196, 201); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong style="font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">日托站（托老所）</span></strong></span></strong></span></p></section><section><br  /></section></section><section><section><section><section><strong>建设标准规定</strong></section><section><br  /></section></section><p>按照居住区-居住小区-居住组团三个级别推算，各级日托站的面积限值分别为1600m2、1085m2和750m2<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><strong>实际调研显示</strong></section><section><br  /></section></section><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>日托站的配建形式并非与居住区级别和人口数量相对应，而是呈现出小型化、平均化的特点</p></li><li><p>大部分的日托站规模在100-500m2左右，服务人数为20-30人</p></li></ul><p><br  /></p><section><section><strong>产生差异的原因</strong></section><section><br  /></section></section><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p>老人通常以步行方式到达日托站，因此每个日托站的服务范围有限，不可能吸引过多的老人</p></li><li><p>较小规模的日托站更利于服务管理</p></li></ul><p><br  /></p><p>此外，考虑到运营效率问题，部分日托站可能会与养老院或老年综合服务中心合设，以实现空间的相互借用，提高设施利用效率。</p><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section><p>注：本段数据来自对全国多地共14家日间照料中心的调研</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(235, 94, 0); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(235, 94, 0); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>老龄化背景下城市社区配套设施规划思路探讨</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 196, 201); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(204, 196, 201); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong style="font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">设施规划模式向扁平化、网络化发展</span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p>涉老社区配套设施优先置于组团级别的近家范围内，以更匀质的设施布局方式分散设于适宜居住规模单元中，保证老人到达的近便性。而在居住区和小区级别，则减少或不进行配建相应设施。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section></section><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 196, 201); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(204, 196, 201); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong style="font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">设施功能趋于复合</span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section><p>设施分布密度增加后，每个设施对应的服务人数减少，设施规模将趋于小型化，并向最优选址聚集。功能复合化有助于节约用地，降低运营风险。</p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section><section><section></section><p class="wxqq-color wxqq-borderLeftColor" style="margin-bottom: 13px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 196, 201); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(204, 196, 201); font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong style="font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">设施布局注重与慢行、绿化体系的整体性设计</span></strong></span></strong></span></p></section><section><br  /></section></section></section></section><p>老人出行以步行为主，社区配套设施与慢行系统相衔接，可保证老人出行的安全性</p><p>老人的活动时长和活动范围有限，选址规划时应注意配套设施与绿地、活动场地串联设置，提高出行活动效率。</p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">注：本文改编自第十一届中国城市住宅研讨会会议论文《城市社区配套设施的适老性规划计研究》。文中图片全部为周燕珉工作室制作。</span></p><p><br  /></p><hr  /><p style="text-align:center"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/LbLiaibH77AJkFsZ6SBGUNBDQy0A1Kz5eF6nibQrp5RDTx8ibIOpgzCouGiaYey1gb7bILnM8esjA1giaa3iakj6cYpeQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6960431654676259" data-w=""  /></p>
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