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<section style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 202, 0); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.25em; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Katherine Shaver   翻译/ 祝舒阳</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 董芳君   排版/ 张鹤鸣</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小   校验/ 众山小</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 202, 0); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 35%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: right;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-right: 10px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(251, 210, 107); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PGlTg3TOJzy9zIqgfEftZia7z1fcYYs7PmPkcWGpDSDKwuaZQ9pPgTYg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像与导读：</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;">近年来我国在TOD模式以及轨道交通综合体开发方面的探索和讨论可说是进行得如火如荼，而规划界的学者和从业者们对于彼得·卡尔索尔普最先提出TOD概念时的部分理念也一直保持着开放和科学质疑的态度，P+R的确有它低碳环保的一面，但一个重要问题是人们到底应该为TOD建多少停车位？另外中转站周边的土地怎么利用最好？文中调查带我们来到了全美范围内颇具代表性的5个TOD案例，相信不仅美国TOD周边建造浪费了太多车位的事实会让你大跌眼镜，究其原因的分析也会引发有价值的思考。另外如果探索下载我们扩展阅读的资料，原报告中5个TOD不同的停车及发展模式、居住和商用之间关系的创新处理细节真的是精彩绝伦不容错过，它们对我国的TOD以及P+R发展模式的引进和实施都有很大的借鉴意义。其实很多规划和工程上的事情都印证了我们的一句成语：因地制宜。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); height: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 14.4px; margin: 0px 0% 20px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 20%; padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 18.72px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: auto; width: 3em; height: 3em; vertical-align: top; background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PkUhWibkqRJibwtSlaczk5mVoCr047UoTibLEe0mpQGaNDrEDhDhWVicQFQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; display: inline-block; border-radius: 5px; border-width: 0px; border-style: none; border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="500" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PkUhWibkqRJibwtSlaczk5mVoCr047UoTibLEe0mpQGaNDrEDhDhWVicQFQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: -4.5em 0% 7px; text-align: right; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-radius: 1em; padding: 0.3em 0.8em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 10.2857px; background-color: rgb(55, 120, 153); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 59%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 2px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(45, 44, 47); font-size: 16.2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 2px 0% 0px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 13.3714px; color: rgb(157, 164, 176); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">可持续城市与交通</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 21%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 1px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: right; font-size: 12.6px; color: rgb(157, 164, 176); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2017年</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2月23日刊</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); height: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 20px; height: 10px; float: left; margin-left: 26px; border-radius: 0px 0px 10px 10px; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 20px; height: 10px; float: right; margin-right: 20px; border-radius: 0px 0px 10px 10px; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">美国无论城市还是郊区的TOD项目</strong></p><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">都浪费了太多空间给停车位</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="0.6453125" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1P2UGGcsicEATQ2oaCt2H9RvkCCJXd3mibibk67rG2MsrUwvnMiaIF5lO4Fw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; border-radius: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、资料照片中显示的是美国马里兰州New Carrollton市火车站的停车场。一项新的研究认为公交中转站附近的土地如此宝贵，应该少作停车之用。研究还发现，城市和郊区的中转站附近总是想建造过多的车位，这就导致了停车场和车库的闲置。图：Linda Davidson / The Washington Post</em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">根据Smart Growth America周二发表的一项研究<span style="color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</strong></span>，以汽车化的标准以及分区要求为指导建设的一些公交中转站区域，都存在停车位过量的问题，而这些空置浪费的车位和珍贵的土地本可以用在更有价值的地方。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这项发表于两本同行评审期刊的研究发现，在一些案例中，即使在高峰时间段，实际使用中的车位也只有行业标准对新区域开发所需车位推荐值的三分之一左右。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">研究发现，在华盛顿、洛杉矶、奥克兰、以及西雅图和丹佛的周边这5个地方的TOD案例中，实际产生的停车需求都还不到规划标准对于车位推荐值的一半。事实上本次研究的开发案例也并没有按照标准推荐值建造那么多的停车位。但即便如此，这些车位高峰时段的空置率依然有16%-42%之多。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Harold Stitt是科罗拉多州Englewood的一位高级规划师，本次研究也包括了Englewood下面的一个区域开发案例。Stitt认为，“以上研究表明，当人们把公交换乘看作区域发展的主要组成部分时，那些关于停车及车位的传统思路就应该被抛弃了”。Smart Growth America主办了一个在线研讨会用于说明本次研究，Stitt也是讨论会其中一个部分的发言人。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">长久以来有一个观点，规划者们对它既有怀疑又有支持，那就是对于多少人选择驾车出行、以什么频率驾车、驾车出行的距离来说，可用停车位的数量是一个十分关键的影响因素。但许多规划者在重新看待一些规范标准，尤其那些在城市化的郊区、并且正围绕着公交中转站集中发展区域的规划者们，对于汽车化的分区标准所要求的、以及美国交通工程学会的指南所推荐的停车位数值，都正在进行重新审视。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">本次研究认为，对一个新建筑机动车出行生成、所需停车位数量进行估算的行业标准，其实只适用于那些更加孤立、更加汽车化的郊区开发模式。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在华盛顿Rhode Island大街火车站的Rhode Island Row开发案例中，研究发现即使在高峰时段，停车位的使用率也只有68%。假如这个案例建造了行业标准推荐值那么多的车位，那么这个使用率将低至33%。调查发现，洛杉矶韩国城附近的一个TOD开发案例，也有着相似的车位浪费和空置比例。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Patricia Diefenderfer说，“这完全验证了我们理论上和实际惯例上的认识”，他是洛杉矶的一名高级城市规划师，也是关于本次研究在线研讨会的参与者。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">研究认为，因为人们是否愿意去公交中转站换乘，很大程度上取决于他们到达中转站的距离，所以中转站附近1/4到1/2英里范围内的土地其实颇具价值，如果作为居住、办公和零售业而不是停车的话，才是物尽其用。另一方面，专家认为中转站附近的停车场和车库也为行人和自行车前往中转站设置了障碍。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“最珍贵的就是车站附近的土地”，Chris Zimmerman说到，他是Smart Growth America主管经济发展的副总裁和Arlington郡委员会的前成员，他认为“每一英尺都至关重要”。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">除了利用效率低，要求开发者建造过剩的停车位（尤其价格昂贵的停车库），还使得公交中转站周边的居住成本变得更高，同时项目开发者财政上也面临更大压力。并且对于中转站（包括郊区）附近步行距离内的住房需求远远超过了供应，于是这类房价就变得难以负担。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 6px; height: 6px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: rotate(0.1deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.1deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0.1deg); -o-transform: rotate(0.1deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; margin: 0px -6px 0px -7px; border-bottom: 2px dotted rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 6px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: -6px; margin-bottom: -9px; border-left: 2px solid rgb(13, 0, 21); border-top: 2px solid rgb(13, 0, 21); height: 16px; width: 16px; border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-bottom-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); padding: 0px 6px; font-size: 16.8px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">研究摘要</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">公交中转站附近的土地是高价值的商品。每天有成百上千人到达或途经这些地方，而决定如何利用这些土地，则深远的影响着当地经济、换乘客流、居民就业发展的机会、以及每个社区成员的总体生活质量。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">很多团体都会把这类土地的至少一部分用作停车位。而究竟多大的一部分则是个辩证的问题，过少的车位会打消居民前来公交换乘的积极性，而过多的车位则会造成没有必要的浪费，并且势必会削减住房、商店或办公室这类其他用途。那么问题来了：交通工程师们到底应该为TOD建造多少停车位？</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">为找到答案，很多工程师和规划师会遵循美国交通工程学会的《出行生成与停车生成指南》。其实这些指南所呈现的数据，大部分是源自一些非常孤立的郊区土里利用的案例，这完全不同于那些步行可达、且在公交换乘服务范围内的城区地段开发。然而适用于建造这种地段开发的替代性工程指南几乎没有，所以尽管交通工程学会的指南有着明显的弊端，它们依然被规划者们沿用至今。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">本次研究的目的就是要弄清在TOD开发案例中，实际停车位的需求数量比标准给出的建议值到底少了多少，以及实际产生的交通出行次数比行业标准给出的估计值到底少了多少。很明确的一点是，TOD需要的车位比非公交导向的开发或非开发导向的公交中转模式肯定要少。本次研究收集了TOD案例中停车位使用率的信息，并希望它们帮助开发者和工程师们未来做出更有数据依据的决策。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">为达到这一目标，犹他大学建筑规划系的Reid Ewing教授和他的研究团队选取了全美范围内的5个TOD开发案例，并且每个案例之间的发展和停车模式都略有不同，它们分别是：科罗拉多州丹佛区域的Englewood，加州洛杉矶的Wilshire/Vermont Station，加州奥克兰的Fruitvale Transit Village，西雅图区域的Redmond, WA Station，以及华盛顿的Rhode Island Row。研究团队也和两家交通工程咨询公司Fehr & Peers Associates以及NelsonNygaard Consulting Associates取得合作，他们统计了所有进出TOD建筑的人数，并对他们进行了简短的抽样拦截调查。研究人员也进行了车位数量和停车位占有率的统计。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">和许多其他研究一致，本次研究发现在5个TOD开发案例中，生成的机动车出行都少于交通工程学会指南的估计值，并且实际使用的停车位也少于规范对于类似土地利用所需车位的规定值。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">其实本次研究的TOD案例中已建的停车位都已经少于交通工程学会标准的建议数量。即便如此，这些减少规模后的车位依旧没有被充分利用：实际停车需求和停车位供给之间的比例只有58-84%。这些停车位的使用率低于预期的一个原因可能是机动车出行相对较少。另一个可能原因则是交通工程学会的数据分析没有充分考虑其他那些不仅使用方便而且恰恰是TOD模式所鼓励倡导的交通出行方式。本次研究的5个TOD案例中，每一个都有着至少33%的驾车以外的出行方式。另外还有关于本次研究中车位使用率较低原因的解释，比如其中2个TOD案例里面商用和居住共享了各自停车位，而其中1个案例里面公交中转和停车换乘共享了停车区域，再比如其中2个案例里面停车位没有与公寓出租捆绑，而其中3个案例里面商用停车采用的是较高的市场定价，这些都在一定程度上造成了较高的车位空置率。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这些研究发现着重强调了对开发者、管理者和规划从业者的一种诉求，希望他们重新思考如何运用关于停车位的指南，因为这些指南只适用于那些没有足够换乘服务的郊区发展案例。虽然对于有充分公交换乘服务的TOD开发模式，目前还没有足够适用的工程标准，但希望类似本次的相关研究可以使情况得到改善。一旦有了更加适用于目前需求的行业标准，公交中转站区域的开发成本将会降低，在这些高需求地段建造更多住宅、商店和办公室也会更加容易。更多研究的成果细节可以参阅本次研究的完整学术版本，以及另外两篇同行评审期刊文章，它们在报告（请联系我们索取下载）第10页的致谢部分中都有索引。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; padding: 0px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</p><p style="clear: none; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">《闲置空间 – 五个TOD地区的真实停车需求》</span></p></section></section></section></section><img class="" data-ratio="0.065625" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gWoW4aUl59oZz3F5LFJqYR9o24CVbCmsQwTygw1iaeQKJ3maBCGQxTgUWE50zicPFEeG8ROU06IAEbHJ7gqQlwLw/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: -0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">《闲置空间 – 五个TOD地区的真实停车需求》</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1.3384615384615384" data-w="520" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1Pqia1cmicjKOXKRYoXG284MH2ZmkdEraewUHlVnYPCpgCAS8eXX1LXGlA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1.3668639053254439" data-w="507" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PrGUJ0vKR7jwRnLKuAG71KoXxtFRJDbT2tvZGBv5NrQCWiblmb7iaxrWg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 50%; padding: 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1.3454198473282444" data-w="524" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PzTDuficWQl9bc0XicicTnXcRzernlvibibJm7NAClZgL12j96aSYT73JSKg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1.3314065510597302" data-w="519" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PR8hnWX9xgmlnaOT43Hj1GzH6E5X4mMvO2lg2nukEZaIbJNNweYABJQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; 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"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 15%; padding: 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 1px solid rgb(160, 160, 160); border-right: 1px solid rgb(160, 160, 160); padding: 0px 5px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="display: inline-block; width: 1em; margin: 0px; float: right; clear: none; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">资料</p><p class="" style="clear: both; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; 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