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房地产价格的可视化思考︱篇三：气泡图和波动
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2017-03-02 14:51:36
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<br /> <section style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-left: 5px solid rgb(111, 205, 240); border-top: 5px solid rgb(111, 205, 240); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.25em; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Len Kiefer 翻译/ 高广达</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">总校/ 徐蜀辰 文献/ 赵雅薇 </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">排版/ 解珊珊 编辑/ 众山小 <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(111, 205, 240); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(111, 205, 240); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 35%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-left: 5px solid rgb(51, 155, 193); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(51, 155, 193); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-right: 10px solid rgb(51, 155, 193); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(111, 205, 240); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8mr4QtvJl4CCKj9Tf8mSWLpay56aAIHiaEU0RuupDX2BT8ehlgBWr7lb7yKe6cNJcETsHvgdvFepQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; border-top: 5px solid rgb(51, 155, 193); border-left: 5px solid rgb(51, 155, 193); border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(182, 182, 182); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 155, 193); box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像与导读：</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;">本文介绍了两个数据可视化范例。第一个是基于州房价指数的房价气泡动画图，记录了2008年-2016年每个月房价与2008年以前最高点和2007年后最低值的相对关系变动。第二个动图旨在反映房价的季节变动，以2000年12月为基点，追踪历年大都市区月度房价变动情况。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(110, 115, 117); line-height: 1.6; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 14.4px; margin: 0px 0% 20px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 20%; padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 18.72px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: auto; width: 3em; height: 3em; vertical-align: top; background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PkUhWibkqRJibwtSlaczk5mVoCr047UoTibLEe0mpQGaNDrEDhDhWVicQFQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; display: inline-block; border-radius: 5px; border-width: 0px; border-style: none; border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="500" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1PkUhWibkqRJibwtSlaczk5mVoCr047UoTibLEe0mpQGaNDrEDhDhWVicQFQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 59%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 2px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(55, 120, 153); font-size: 14.4px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 2px 0% 0px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12.3429px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">房地产价格可视化专刊</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 21%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 1px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: right; font-size: 12.3429px; color: rgb(157, 164, 176); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2017年</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2月28日篇叁</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="0.553125" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8mr4QtvJl4CCKj9Tf8mSWLM24cH9j8vPFteIKb1n68qFupiaDBibibiaGia8BDEspOJhwzuu8lR2TELew/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 33.33%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 8px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(206, 180, 141); height: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 33.33%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(206, 180, 141); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">◆ ◆ ◆ ◆</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 33.33%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 8px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(206, 180, 141); height: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 32px; color: rgb(105, 105, 105); letter-spacing: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2017新年快乐</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(105, 105, 105); letter-spacing: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">HAPPY NEW YEAR</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 33.33%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 8px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(206, 180, 141); height: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 33.33%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(206, 180, 141); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">◆ ◆ ◆ ◆</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 33.33%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 8px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(206, 180, 141); height: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在本篇中，我将描述如何制作一些额外的房价数据可视化，并且简要讨论其意义。本系列前篇文章供参考：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(38, 176, 231, 0.792157); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">篇一：数据清洗</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(38, 176, 231, 0.792157); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">篇二：动画迷你图和点图</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; font-size: 11.2px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(15, 159, 183); float: left; margin-top: 1.55em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="__bg_gif" style="width: 3em; height: 3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-top: -1.6em; border-radius: 100%; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/SQzMr7svt3EfIRe85gd38QeRxpB4KdibzPHOUK9q9fqyYdAtZcDhVne05UaOsoibQHIXrJeluw6ullgXn6f7gAHA/s640?"); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/TpQqtc1yxmaiaiaU77540dIzKwlMZGpFDXY2alYMW3OZ9ZZ53bu1nehXu0HyXe4dOG2rNqOp1a34rNibuuE8o9JNA/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; float: left; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; float: right; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(218, 203, 158); border-right: 5px solid rgb(218, 203, 158); border-top-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); background-color: rgb(73, 158, 188); padding: 2px 10px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、数据可视化一：房价气泡<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 0px 0px 3px 3px; float: left; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 0px 0px 3px 3px; float: right; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">让我们从制作下图做起：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="0.6842105263157895" data-w="950" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9Tia8mr4QtvJl4CCKj9Tf8mSWLqyjW0AUPLFianGQZ6PvQwMOzA5Bs4ibKicliab4IjfSzmroU5H6VrddYLw/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 图一、州房价动态</em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">该图中，每个州（包括特区）的数据以一个蓝色散点图的形式呈现。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">横轴表示该州当前房价指数与2008年以前最高点的百分比值。在100%处的垂直线意味着该州房价指数与2008年前最高点相等。如果房价指数低于（高于）2008年前历史最高值，则该州位于垂线的左（右）侧。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">纵轴表示该州当前房价指数与2007年后最低值的百分比值。100%水平线表示该州房价与2007年历史最低水平持平。随着各州从金融危机房价触底后反弹，在该图表现为散点位上移。例如，一个（75%，125%）的点坐标意味着该州房价是2008年前最高价格的75%，2007年后的125%。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">由图可见，北达科他州在大衰退中房价跌落不多并且迅速反弹；加州和佛罗里达州房价大幅下降，但强烈反弹。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; opacity: 0.4; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.6; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.8; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图表制作<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">所需数据从以下链接中获取：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1. 州和国家数据文件fmhpi.txt</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2. 城市数据文件fmhpi2.txt</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgba(38, 176, 231, 0.792157); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">参考数据，请前往篇一</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">)</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">制作该图表的步骤相当直截了当。我们只需要计算2008年前各州房价最高值和2007年后最低值即可。正如同我在第一部分：数据处理所提及，我们已经计算了各州2008年前房价最高值和2007年后最低值并且将其添加为额外变量。该方法是否高效？不，但它能够帮助我们完成这项工作。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">mydata <- fread("fmhpi.txt")</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">#compute some additional values</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">mydata[,gmax:=(hpi/pmax)] #for the x axis</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">mydata[,gmin:=(hpi/pmin)] #for the y axis<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">为了制图，我将ggplot代码写成一个函数。因为这段代码过于简单，并不是必须要有函数。但是，有函数框架何乐不为。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">#load required libraries</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">library(ggplot2)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">library(animation)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">library(ggthmes)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">library(ggrepel)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">library(scales)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">mydots2<-function (yy,mm){</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">g<-</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> ggplot(data=mydata[year==yy& month==mm & state != "US"], aes(x=gmax,y=gmin,label=state))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> geom_point(size=4,alpha=0.75,color="#00B0F0")+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> #Use geom_text_repel from the ggrepel package discussed below</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> geom_text_repel()+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme_minimal() +</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> #format axis</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> scale_x_continuous(label=percent,limits=c(.5,1.5))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> scale_y_continuous(label=percent,limits=c(.9,2), breaks=seq(1,2,.25))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> #add verticle and horizontal lines</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> geom_abline(intercept=1,slope=0,alpha=0.7)+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> geom_vline(xintercept=1, alpha=0.7) +</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> #title and captions</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> labs(y="House price relative to post-2007 min (%)", x="House price relative to pre-2008 max (%)",</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> title="State house price dynamics",</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> subtitle=paste(as.character(mydata[year==yy & month==mm & state=="US"]$date,format="%b-%Y")),</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> caption="@lenkiefer Source: Freddie Mac house price index, each dot a state")+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(plot.title=element_text(size=18))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(plot.caption=element_text(hjust=0,vjust=1,margin=margin(t=10)))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(plot.margin=unit(c(0.5,0.5,0.5,0.75),"cm"))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> #add some labels to the graphic</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> annotate("text",x=1.01,y=1.95,label="House prices above pre-recession peak",hjust=0)+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> annotate("text",x=0.99,y=1.95,label="House prices below pre-recession peak",hjust=1)+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> annotate("text",x=1.49,y=1.01,label="Y % up from bottom",hjust=1,angle=270,vjust=1)+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> annotate("text",x=0.6,y=0.975,label="At bottom",hjust=0)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> return(g)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">}</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这个函数输入参数年份yy和月份mm并生成该年月份组合的气泡图。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; opacity: 0.4; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.6; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.8; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">散点图标注<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">制图我最喜欢的部分是使用ggrepel 功能包制作散点图标注。如果你曾试图给包含大量点的散点图或气泡图加标签，你应该感激这个能够自动处理标签的函数包。它能够为你免去手工调整标签并节省大量时间。倘若制作动画，手工调整每幅图的所有标签则需要花费巨额时间。除非你有实习生或者研究助理，这个工具包是必须的。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">oopt = ani.options(interval = 0.3)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">saveGIF({for (yy in 2008:2016) for(mm in seq(1,12,1)) { {</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> if (yy==2016) {mm<-3}</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> g<-</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> mydots2(yy=yy, mm=mm) #if you want to do more elaborate things with the animation, the function could be useful</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> print(g)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> ani.pause()</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">}</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">}</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> #This is included at the end of the loop to pause at the final image.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> for (i2 in 1:2) {</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> print(g)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> ani.pause()</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> }</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">},movie.name="hpi_dots2.gif",ani.width = 950, ani.height = 650)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; opacity: 0.4; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.6; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.8; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">添加动画<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">添加动画在之前的文章已经涉及，为了保持完整，我仍然将它纳入此处。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; font-size: 11.2px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(48, 177, 209); float: left; margin-top: 1.55em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="__bg_gif" style="width: 3em; height: 3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-top: -1.6em; border-radius: 100%; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/SQzMr7svt3EfIRe85gd38QeRxpB4KdibzPHOUK9q9fqyYdAtZcDhVne05UaOsoibQHIXrJeluw6ullgXn6f7gAHA/s640?"); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/TpQqtc1yxmaiaiaU77540dIzKwlMZGpFDXY2alYMW3OZ9ZZ53bu1nehXu0HyXe4dOG2rNqOp1a34rNibuuE8o9JNA/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; float: left; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; float: right; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(218, 203, 158); border-right: 5px solid rgb(218, 203, 158); border-top-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); background-color: rgb(73, 158, 188); padding: 2px 10px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、思考二：房价波动</strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 0px 0px 3px 3px; float: left; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 2px; border-radius: 0px 0px 3px 3px; float: right; background-color: rgb(218, 203, 158); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">现在我们将使用大都市区数据来分析房价季节波动：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="650" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9Tia8mr4QtvJl4CCKj9Tf8mSWLAAvs4AH9sdzqQhqiaqDUfwwW15mMXdgr31wLTLOVavic7WvVZSZicWNGQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、大都市区房价动态</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; opacity: 0.4; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.6; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.8; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图的解释<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">我认为该动图很好滴展示了房价的季节属性。按时间顺序，我使用从蓝-红-蓝的方式将从1月份至6月份，从6月份到12月份的散点着色。随着房地产市场变热房价攀升，颜色变红、蓝色变淡。如此，散点上下弹跳规律大致相同，就像是爆米花机里面的米粒有少数波动更大。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; opacity: 0.4; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.6; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.8; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">代码<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">如果你一直跟读本系列文章，制做该图的代码也就不难理解：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">metrodata <- fread("fmhpi2.txt")</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">metrodata$date<-as.Date(metrodata$date, format="%m/%d/%Y")</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">#Compute monthly house price appreciation</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">metrodata<-metrodata[,hpa1:=c(NA,((1+diff(hpi)/hpi)))-1,by=metro] </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">oopt = ani.options(interval = 0.1)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">saveGIF({for (yy in 2000:2016) for(mm in seq(1,12,1)) { {</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> if (yy>=2016 & mm>3) {mm<-3}</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> g<-</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> ggplot(data=metrodata[(year==yy) & month==mm ], aes(x=metro, y=hpa1,color=month, label=date,group=metro))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> geom_point(alpha=0.6,size=2) +</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> scale_y_continuous(limits=c(-.052,.052), labels=percent, breaks=seq(-.05,.05,.01))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme_minimal() +</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> geom_abline(intercept=0,slope=0, alpha=0.5)+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> scale_colour_gradient2(low="blue",mid="red", high="blue", limits=c(1,12)) +</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> labs(y="House price index (Dec 2000 =100, NSA), Monthly % Change", x="",</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> title="Metro house price dynamics",</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> subtitle=paste(as.character(metrodata[year==yy & month==mm]$date,format="%b-%Y")),</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> caption="@lenkiefer Source: Freddie Mac house price index, each dot a metro, colored by month")+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(plot.title=element_text(size=14))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(plot.caption=element_text(hjust=0,vjust=1,margin=margin(t=10),size=9))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(plot.margin=unit(c(0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25),"cm"))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(legend.justification=c(0,0),</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> legend.position=c(.7,.2),</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> text=element_text(size=10))+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(legend.position="none")+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme( axis.text.x=element_blank(),axis.ticks=element_blank())+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(panel.grid.major.x=element_blank())+</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> theme(axis.text=element_text(size=6))</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> print(g)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> ani.pause()</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">}</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">}</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> for (i2 in 1:2) {print(g)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> ani.pause() }</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">},movie.name="metro_seasons.gif",ani.width = 650, ani.height = 650)</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; opacity: 0.4; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.6; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.8; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; background-color: rgb(82, 174, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">总结<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这就是我们这篇的数据可视化，欲知后事如何，且听下回分解。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="600" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9Tia8mr4QtvJl4CCKj9Tf8mSWLPmibgEibefV3ibicq9BmZdhQW66dGKnhtVBWf7xqpn2Te3DNqpKugFCPEA/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、大都市区房价指数</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="0.04396984924623116" data-w="796" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/ZJvfJOJmfPhKOr3CaCdDETalcFtT34A2O8uvdI7tg7QjK0exJn7y48B6LaZxicDr0yGhDoLIykLstyw2slMAxJw/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width: 100%; 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vertical-align: middle; width: 30%; box-sizing: border-box;" width="30%" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" data-ratio="0.91875" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicc1bvpfLRzgpJ41C5Lmy1Pa8BfeLcMiauCTC3STr3ep8VcVgBW4bJqyr3AUUib8VavxhDkESu41IDw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box;" width="70%" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">「 欢迎投稿 」</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为专业志愿者团体，秉承理想，帮助中国可持续发展。并为之贡献：理念与传播、培训与教育、实践与孵化。欢迎您加入我们一起并肩前行！</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2017 ? 转载请注明：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />源自公众号“”</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; 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