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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding: 2px 3px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url(http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/3GEuRVxEkHqSHEnqcUC3malYOgtMdCnX5rDz4YITqy9gPY5ITIRBpNMnZN5QQxJKTfa3SgukujyXIs1ezbQiatg/0?wx_fmt=gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-size: 100.733%; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-y;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 1px 0%; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid transparent; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">一份新的可视化数据表明，世界范围内的城市地区正在避免分崩离析的过程中挣扎，这是事实。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; animation: ent_zoomIn 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused, emp_bigShake 1.5s ease-in-out 1.5s 1 normal forwards paused; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jnrOKRW199QmoPe9DFa23SrjMHRVDYwBsWXrrylyUxial0YbYd4fnp7RsUG5hg6MM9NtlFXwTRib4jCia54KmUZuQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.0828125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0% 20px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; border: 4px solid white; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 3.53553px 3.53553px 8px; height: auto !important;" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9Lkf3VPZC13gxfDYqAz4HoVqeIUwU1CuTNtWvJ1VCrPKceZbpeyYpQ6nZoeI4WVUicmprfvBVMLMiaw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.5854838709677419" data-w="620"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(226, 226, 226); padding: 10px; box-shadow: rgb(226, 226, 226) 0px 16px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 20em; height: 3em; line-height: 3.2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url(http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/amZcPMFaafy0iaDAT0iav99rtiabd0YWiczk7SBOcWIKuMdoFrzibk00dtL9SazrnQgKnweicnzR8YmrVPMPxCCEwQIA/0?wx_fmt=png); background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市为何如此脆弱易碎？</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究人员将全球2100座人口在25万以上的城市绘制在一幅地图上，根据该幅地图，研究人员列出了11个会“破坏大都市容纳能力和合理性”的因素。一些城市当地问题突出，例如犯罪，失业，污染；有些城市依然笼罩在战争的阴影中，无法向居民提供安全和福利的基本服务；还有一些城市面临气候变化和极端天气引发灾难的威胁。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴西的Igarapé研究所、Nations University、世界经济论坛和100座韧性城市（恢复力较强）发布了覆盖全球的“城市易碎指数”。根据他们的度量标准，世界上最不稳定的城市是索马里首都摩加迪休和阿富汗首都喀布尔。而数值的另一端，最稳定的城市则是澳大利亚首都堪培拉和挪威首都奥斯陆。328个“低易碎”指数城市扎堆西欧和日本。但是，正如网站上所说的那样：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">所有城市，排除地理位置因素，都展示出其脆弱性和恢复力的特点。易碎程度会因风险和压力积累增大，破坏基础民生服务并将居民暴露于长期和严重的城市弱点下。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">将地图上的城市按照1—4分打分，并从最不易碎（黄色）到最易碎（红色）排序。打分基于风险的11个基础分类指标：快速且未经调节的城市化，不平等，贫穷，失业，治安问题，安全问题和自然灾害。研究机构表示，“我们不是要把最易碎和最不易碎的城市挑出来，而是期待它增强有助于提高城市恢复力的政策力度。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">拿“易碎指数”极高，3.6分的也门首都亚丁举例。分数高主要是叛乱团体胡塞武装和也门政府间持续的种族宗教冲突导致。因此，那里的失业率高达28%。但并不仅仅是充斥着冲突的城市会面临易碎的问题。伦敦，2.1分，使它成为一个中等易碎的城市，比巴黎和华盛顿（都是1.5分）要高。为什么呢？因为犯罪率，空气污染程度，收入不平等和恐怖袭击。纽约市要更脆弱一点，2.2分，部分原因要归咎于它较高的洪水风险。你想要安全？那就搬到锡拉库扎（意大利西西里岛东部一港市，1.1分）吧。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这是通过网站数据处理得出的大趋势：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市的“易碎性”不仅仅在发展中国家普遍存在：</strong>一方面， “易碎指数”较高的城市集中于低收入地区，尤其是撒哈拉以南非洲地区以及中亚；但另一方面也不仅仅是这样。北美、西欧、中东地区以及亚洲东部也有一些脆弱的城市</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市“易碎性”不仅限于脆弱和被冲突等因素影响的地区：</strong>根据UCDP（乌普萨拉冲突数据项目）提供的数据，2015年有大约40个国家受冲突影响。易碎城市集中于这些地方，但也更加广泛地分布于其他地区。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">大城市的“易碎指数”不一定最高：</strong>大多数人都在担心和关注促进全球发展的35个超大型城市和600个大型城市。他们中的一些确实正经历着易碎的考验，但是还有1500多个其他城市较少被研究机构进行“易碎指征”对比，其中许多城市还在以危险的速度快速发展。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">当然，中东地区和非洲北部有最脆弱的城市，但较发达国家同样有易碎城市。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0% 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9Lkf3VPZC13gxfDYqAz4HoV5HibGooiabLGrVa16ATkcoxe9iaWZ3OjnKLaIbZ3TqSic1KaXudz8ZuT7A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5734375" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">高度“易碎城市”（得分在3-4分）集中在中南美洲，西非、中非和南非，中东和北非，南亚和东南亚地区。共计284座高度“易碎城市”。（来源：巴西Igarapé研究所，Nations University，世界经济论坛，100座韧性城市）</em></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">最稳定的城市正如预料的那样在欧洲，北美，日本和澳大利亚。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0% 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9Lkf3VPZC13gxfDYqAz4HoVYNgo3XCG0SSZQdoWYzv4icAVVFTsVuFQQEjRxRbPcqibGiaiabSRyECLRw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.56875" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">全球最大的“低易碎指数”（得分在0-1分）城市集群位于北美，西欧，日本和澳大利亚，城市共计328座。（来源：巴西Igarapé研究所，Nations University，世界经济论坛，100座韧性城市）</em></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这幅地图同样有助于将指数基于的一些变量和最终的易碎程度联系起来，例如非洲和中东地区的高失业率和城市的脆弱度高度相关。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0% 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9Lkf3VPZC13gxfDYqAz4HoVJzlGXVAIPVy5l3Kedc4qb7jo9wOTZc5MpLF8ayyEra5YwRziapy57Ig/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5765625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">从易碎指数与失业率的关联角度分析，伊拉克、索马里和苏丹部分城市较高的“易碎指数”与高失业率有关。（巴西Igarapé研究所，Nations University，世界经济论坛，100座韧性城市）</em></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">50个最暴力的城市中有47个聚集在拉丁美洲，比如洪都拉斯和萨尔瓦多等国家。然而，该项指标的全球数据还相对缺乏。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0% 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9Lkf3VPZC13gxfDYqAz4HoVD62NN27pKYFZPzEiaicdsOVobAKSFo1f4ib17KLiao6NVqicjKd0uZ4hic5w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.575" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">在萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯和危地马拉等中南美洲国家，凶杀案和城市易碎性高度关联。（巴西Igarapé研究所，Nations University，世界经济论坛，100座韧性城市）</em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dotted rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 4px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文来源：城市实验室</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">作者/TANVI MISRA   编译/叶慧敏</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/9X9Nv3qBqYuDiaeMX3NNLtjibGKnUAibsSEqjayL01LlPyOWxPRQCRWBXhu9yoedOics1aGNtYK9h3rszYAlvkEuNw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.0390625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9IbCaHUgvNHrMIC7LajG6VzqNy3gBTVDzibAQ8Nbemhyh32J3mMKcESE0Jy6Crt1uYNjczturWfmLQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7375" data-w="640"  /></section></section></section>
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