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<section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="87470" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 0.5em 1em 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px rgb(229, 243, 208); line-height: 25px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-left: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.5; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(229, 243, 208); display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">前</span><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(110, 156, 40); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">言</span></strong></section></section><section class="" data-style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;color: #666666;" style="margin-top: -24px; padding: 22px 16px 16px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px dashed rgb(229, 243, 208); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-role="paragraph" class="" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" data-custom="rgb(182, 228, 253)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由于气候变化，自然活动愈加频繁、激烈，社区必须不断改造与发展，才能减少危机、改善生态和促进人类健康。我们应停止在高危区建造社区和基础设施，同时减少城市扩张，否则危机将进一步加剧。弹性景观的规划与设计为社区指明了道路。多层次的保护系统包含多种可延伸性元素，任何元素因灾难而丧失功能都不会影响社区整体运作。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性景观规划与设计旨在改进我们的社区，使其更快地从当下以及未来的极端灾害中恢复。在灾难碾压传统与建成系统的时代，适应性的多层次系统能够维持其关键功能，这也是最经济有效且可行的解决方案。在洪水泛滥、气候变暖以及预算缩减的年代，最好的防御就是适应，就如同大自然的自我适应一样。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在此契机下，由美国景观设计师协会发布的弹性设计在线指南，无疑为社区应对极端气候而进行的景观规划与设计提供了切实有效的指引。<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">指南以社区现今经历过的破坏性事件为核心，从干旱、极端高温、火灾、洪涝、滑坡和生物多样性缺失等方面进行解析。</strong></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性指南包含大量的案例研究和资源，详细说明了适用其中的多效益系统以及小规模方案。该指南同时阐述了景观设计师在规划和设计团队中的作用，以及如何使社区更加富有弹性。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="87855" data-color="rgb(198, 198, 199)" data-custom="rgb(198, 198, 199)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="margin-bottom: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="50%" style="padding-right: 3px; padding-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 335px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 28.8px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; border: 4px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -4.1em; margin-left: -0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 109.438px; height: 109.438px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzPLGKlbibqk7We5ibPs0oxiaS9vrJENfndqeWBd4qQtoNRQnc4rc41HK4bA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 109.438px !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="109.438px"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section data-width="50%" style="padding-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 335px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 18px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 27.2px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; border: 4px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -4.1em; margin-left: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 103.359px; height: 103.359px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzP0jsfHibTt2zWQCbjicEr3cfoBRdLSWjD8iagQwD9MeWD9tSSicJeVIhqYQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 103.359px !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="103.359px"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="50%" style="padding-right: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 335px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; text-align: right; font-size: 22.4px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; border: 4px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -3.5em; margin-left: -0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 85.1094px; height: 85.1094px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzP69R9QJr6blgcxO2ZBv0rqKKhTTsTDsfRJOtBDGptAXVh4a0MDDWhZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="450" style="vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 85.1094px !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="85.1094px"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section data-width="50%" style="padding-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 335px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 30.4px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; border: 4px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -3.5em; margin-left: 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 3.8em; height: 3.8em; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 115.516px; height: 115.516px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzPNWbpruK5iaFtehiaMBOolGv3ia2OQftIZ8GPIrMb8kMjlFcBBiaz3ibXPLw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 115.516px !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="115.516px"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section data-role="paragraph" class="" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">　生物多样性的缺失　</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">|</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　干旱　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　极端高温　</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　　　　火灾　　　　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　洪涝　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　　滑坡　　</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人类对于大自然的馈赠有着严重的依赖。据2011年的一项调查显示，这些馈赠（如食物、水、医药和其他资源）的价值估计每年达125万亿美元。而气候变化和人类活动（尤其是农业生产）严重危害了自然系统的完整性。根据《国家地理》杂志所述，农业活动所占用的土地占地球土地总量的40%。随着人口的激增，该比例还在不断上升。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1.3882978723404256" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzPuVrjVwXXYBiaE17hj07wZH3BvneGIA1cr0do8Uuibx6Y8A1YIHRItib9A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="564" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(88, 105, 63); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">生物多样性的缺失</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">生物多样性的缺失对生态系统服务和运作产生了重大影响，干扰了其长期弹性发展和人类福祉。尽管各物种灭绝率相差较大，但科学家却认为因人类活动而诱发的野生动物灭绝危机将威胁人类的生存。因此，维持这些系统的生物多样性对人类的生存至关重要，因为生物多样性是系统恢复和运行的核心。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(88, 105, 63); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性规划与设计如何运作</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">野生动物和本土植物是社区中必不可少的组成元素。当规划新农业和开发区域时，应当将自然生态系统所提供的服务考虑在内。农业规划必须优先考虑生态健康和植物多样性，摒弃破坏性的单一物种理念。包括野生动物走廊设计和栖息地修复在内的修复战略也能帮助复兴生态系统。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(88, 105, 63); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">协同效益</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">通过设计维持和增加生物多样性能够增强其服务的质量和数量。这些服务涉及医药、食品及休闲等。修复项目同时也可作为社区建造的一种方式。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(88, 105, 63); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师的作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师能够协调社区和健康生态系统的需求。生态走廊的设计不但能够为人们提供公共公园，更能利用人类的发展促进野生动物的活动，实现野生动植物和人类的共存。景观设计师能够帮助设计兼具美学和生态系统服务功能的植物群落和生态系统。此外，设计师利用生态都市主义的方法更可让这些人造生态系统适应城市生活的压力。</span></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="64737" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.0030211480362537764" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/cZV2hRpuAPia3RFX6Mvw06kePJ7HbmI7b35o17yNJx4WHYPSQj280IElEicRPq2CviaJe8fjL2AeadmIjARqVZWnw/0?" data-w="662" style="display: inline; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" title="分割线"  /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　生物多样性的缺失　</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">|</span><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">　干旱　</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　极端高温　</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　　　　火灾　　　　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　洪涝　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　　滑坡　　</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">全球气温的上升和降水量的波动与气候变化息息相关，也是造成干旱的主要原因。干旱影响人类社会的发展，危害食物和用水安全。其影响可能遍及整个国家，正如在美国最严重的沙尘暴时期，全国上下均未能幸免。持续性干旱对经济的影响更是巨大：2015年加利福尼亚州的持续干旱所造成的农业损失达27亿美元，严重影响了居民的生计。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.75" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzP2eHtRWDQcCJGkMx5hBg7xaiad4tL2micJu1Vczsgvj5NDlDGtp3AadWg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(171, 92, 36); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性规划与设计如何发挥作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">水是一种重要的资源。为了实现弹性发展，社区必须更加有效地管理有限的水资源，对其进行保护和再利用。例如，在美国西南部，水是稀缺资源，保持传统西班牙风格的社区几百年来一直在使用灌溉水渠。这些土制的渠道提供了可持续的雨洪管理方法，使雨水资源得到了精心的管理、保护和储存，确保了后代及其他物种的使用。这种世代延续的雨水资源规划方法是我们应当提倡与借鉴的，应在各尺度下的现代化绿色基础设施系统中加以贯彻实施。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">水作为保护稀缺水资源这一长远任务中的重要组成部分，社区可激发人们在行为方面的改变，从而促进更广泛的、智能管理的水资源保护。在干旱最严重的时期，加利福尼亚州实施了严格的住宅用水规定，并明确了须受到处罚的浪费水资源的行为，如浇灌草坪。在这样的情况下，人们越来越青睐于可持续的景观设计实践，包括铺设灌溉系统与地下蓄水池、应用本土耐旱植物，以及使用能够保持土壤水分的天然方法。郁郁葱葱的草坪早已成为了过去的奢华，正如景观设计师克里斯汀·坦恩·艾克（Christine Ten Eyck，FASLA）及其他人所认为的：“棕色也可以是美丽的”。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">通过实施相关规定，社区也可重新利用淋浴和厨房水槽的废水来灌溉住宅景观。田纳西州的诺里斯住宅就是人们使用废水供养草坪和特定植物的例证。为了在干旱时期实现弹性发展，越来越多的社区需要应用这些方法。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(171, 92, 36); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">协同效益</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">本土植物同时可为野生动物提供栖息地，维持自然生态系统。它们还可吸引鸟类和昆虫等传粉者，促进了农产品的生产。茂密的树木遮掩下的水体能够减少水分蒸发，及提供野生动物栖息地。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(171, 92, 36); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师的作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师在减少干旱所带来的影响上发挥着重要作用。通过与规划师和工程师的合作，他们能够制定出区域、城市和当地尺度的雨洪管理方案，设计自然系统，帮助社区保护和再利用雨水资源。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">通过各个项目的不断启发，景观设计师能够让人们重新认识到水资源的价值以及本土植物物种的魅力。景观设计师也可利用自身对自然系统在储存和保护水源方面功能的了解，除在干旱时期提供水源以外，为社区及其环境提供更多裨益。</span></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="64737" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.0030211480362537764" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/cZV2hRpuAPia3RFX6Mvw06kePJ7HbmI7b35o17yNJx4WHYPSQj280IElEicRPq2CviaJe8fjL2AeadmIjARqVZWnw/0?" data-w="662" style="display: inline; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" title="分割线"  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><section data-role="paragraph" class="" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　生物多样性的缺失　</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">|</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　干旱　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">　极端高温　</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　　　　火灾　　　　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　洪涝　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　　滑坡　　</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">根据美国国家海洋和大气管理局的统计，在历史上16个最热年中，就有15个发生在本世纪。截止到2015年，年平均气温超过20世纪平均气温的现象已持续39年。气温的上升使得干旱、海平面上升等环境危机不断加剧。较高的平均温度也会导致能源需求的增加以及污染的加剧，进而危害人类健康。根据联合国政府气候变化委员会的调研结果，持续高温比单个炎热天气对人体健康的危害更大。据世界卫生组织估算，从2030年到2050年，与温度相关的疾病——如高温压迫、哮喘和疟疾（气温的上升会使带菌蚊虫的飞行距离更长）等，将会夺走25万人的生命。由于沥青和混凝土极易吸收、滞留热量，气温上升的影响在城市中尤为显著，这种现象也被称为城市热岛效应。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.525" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzPylm0Zzzv54ocFvnwWJM95KQX3PaRicgvzhw9V3x4J61sDyDnk9wG4Kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(221, 211, 140); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性规划与设计如何发挥作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">树木是天然的降温装置：它们释放水分、提供阴凉、营造微气候。其他绿色基础设施——绿色屋顶、绿色街道、雨水花园和公园——也能够提供相同的效益。尽管树木、花园和绿色屋顶的组合难以降低温度，但可以将它们与其他降温策略相结合，如使用浅色的建筑材料。洛杉矶市正在实施这项策略，期望到2035年全市气温能够降低1.65℃。澳大利亚墨尔本市和阿德莱德市也采取了大量的降温策略，包括种植大量绿色植物。预计到2020年，阿德莱德市将达到10万平方米的覆盖率。斯图加特市则利用建筑设计，以通风形式降低街道温度。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(221, 211, 140); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">协同效益</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为降低城市气温而种植的植物同时也能有利于管理雨洪、为野生动物提供栖息地，并使街道变得更为独特。绿色屋顶也能提供多种效益——除冷却空气外，它们能帮助建筑隔热、减少建筑能耗、吸纳雨水、为野生动物提供栖息地，并构建社交空间。绿色基础设施为当地居民提供了更多的工作机会，如安装和维护这些系统。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(221, 211, 140); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师的作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师在城市和社区绿化、城市气温的降低中发挥着重要作用。他们与建筑师和工程师合作，设计绿色屋顶、墙壁和街道以及其他绿色基础设施，为居民提供夏季极度炎热时期的宜居之所。景观设计师可利用专业知识选取降温效果更佳的树木和植物种类，同时将有害的挥发性有机化合物含量减少到最低。通过与规划师和植物学家的合作，他们可提出城市森林规划方案，设计和实施利于降温的系统。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="64737" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.0030211480362537764" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/cZV2hRpuAPia3RFX6Mvw06kePJ7HbmI7b35o17yNJx4WHYPSQj280IElEicRPq2CviaJe8fjL2AeadmIjARqVZWnw/0?" data-w="662" style="display: inline; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" title="分割线"  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><section data-role="paragraph" class="" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　生物多样性的缺失　</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">|</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　干旱　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　极端高温　</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　火灾　</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　　</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　洪涝　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　　滑坡　　</span></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">自20世纪90年代以来，美国在山火防护方面的花费已扩增至原来的3倍，每年均超过30亿美元。成本的上升表明火灾情况的加剧，且其对于社区的威胁也在逐渐增大。</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">导致火灾加剧及危害扩大的因素有多种。气候变暖和干旱导致了空气的湿度以及土壤中水分降低，气温的增高与降水的减少使得火灾更易发生。此外，在许多用于城市开发的区域，火是其自然生态系统中的一部分。这类区域中住宅面积的不断扩大加剧了山火危机。而这些社区往往会针对性地压制小火的爆发，这同样也增加了发生大面积火灾的危险。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.6671875" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzPIb1w3JbjdffUgSKzAVtRkJoFlibGXibNBBM7gTTibkKWbzfeb1oOqYI2A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(138, 190, 178); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性规划与设计如何发挥作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">更加合理地规划和管理土地是减少火灾的关键。不可否认，的确存在部分区域因极易发生火灾而不适宜居住。但是，对于已经建成的高危区域的社区，我们可在在火灾多发区安装遥感器，监测湿度、风、温度、植被密度和可用水的情况，一旦风险达到最大值便可获得预警。社区同样也能施行以景观为基础的综合性火灾防护策略，如打造“防护空间”，这在抵挡火灾方面已被证实是有效的。另一个策略是种植已经明确的能够防御火灾的树木和植物。在一些社区，人工引燃也能够减少大型的、难以控制的火灾所带来的危险，通过这种方式可有效消除容易造成大型火灾的可燃物。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(138, 190, 178); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">协同效益</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在许多生态系统中，火的功能不可或缺。因此，人工引火的重新利用可帮助修复生态系统。在这些生态系统中，人工引火激发了植被的演替，这对于生态健康极为重要。一些具有防火功能的原生植被同样能够减少大火危机、增加生物多样性。因此，生态系统修复和人工引火项目可作为大型社区建造项目并加以实行。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(138, 190, 178); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师的作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师应与规划师、护林员和树木研究者合作设计天然的防火设施，保护个人住宅或社区安全。作为进行社区总体规划的主要角色，景观设计师可综合景观方案，改善社区安全。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.0030211480362537764" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/cZV2hRpuAPia3RFX6Mvw06kePJ7HbmI7b35o17yNJx4WHYPSQj280IElEicRPq2CviaJe8fjL2AeadmIjARqVZWnw/0?" data-w="662" style="display: inline; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" title="分割线"  /></p><section data-role="paragraph" class="" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　生物多样性的缺失　</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">|</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　干旱　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　极端高温　</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　　　　火灾　　　　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　洪涝　</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　　滑坡　　</span></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">洪涝是全球自然灾害中发生最为频繁的。2012年，洪涝使3240万人流离失所；自1975年到2000年，洪涝在世界范围内共夺走17万人的生命。尽管洪涝一直以来就是人类居住区中的一大威胁，但气候变化、城市迁移、扩张等因素以及人们对不透水铺装的依赖使得洪涝的影响越来越广泛，其所波及的范围愈加庞大、所造成的代价愈发高昂。美国路易斯安那州最近发生的特大洪涝灾害预计损失100~150亿美元；飓风桑迪（于2012年袭击美国东北部）造成了710亿美元的损失。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">常见洪涝诱因有如下几项：潮汐活动、风暴潮或暴雨，及海平面上升。在城市区域，包括传统屋顶、街道和停车场等在内的不透水地表，会进一步加剧洪涝灾害。过剩的雨水极易冲垮破旧的合流下水道和雨洪管理系统，进而严重影响水质。长期的海平面上升会让这种情况变得更加糟糕，且不说其他次生灾害，其本身便会导致滨海社区的巨大变化。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); line-height: 25px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.4166666666666667" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzPJBEwFcToYQicsJPia7ThNxYtjdy8pL6TlW6FmdXREB6f8JE8DlIIccAw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p></section><p><br  /></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(130, 56, 53); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性规划与设计如何发挥作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从历史经验来看，对于不便往高处迁移的人们而言，应对洪涝的办法就是修建防洪墙、拔高房屋或进行简单重建等。但是，防洪墙不可避免地存在制作成本高昂、阻碍通行、难以抵御重大灾难等弊端；且并非所有类型的房屋都适宜拔高；重建的代价也很高。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性景观规划设计可帮助社区应对阶段性或持续的洪涝灾害，使其适应于新的生活方式。以系统为基础的设计策略远比单个的项目更为重要。这些系统由受保护和经过强化的生态系统构成，可用作为天然渠道和缓冲区；公园和开放空间保证了水流的安全穿行，同时可以储存过剩的雨水，供未来使用；健全的绿色基础设施系统（包括用于交通网络、净化吸收洪涝的设施）也可帮助社区更加有效地管理水资源。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(130, 56, 53); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">协同效益</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在防洪过程中对于生态系统的保护，即是对生物多样性以及对其所提供的生态系统服务的保护——在净化空气和水源等过程中尤为突出。在洪涝期间，可转移或吸纳雨水的公园在平时亦可为人们提供休闲空间，促进了公共健康。除吸纳雨水外，绿色基础设施可净化和冷却空气、改善雨水质量，同时补给地下水。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(130, 56, 53); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师的作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">洪涝是一个高度局域性的问题：其可分为内陆和海岸洪涝、由暴雨或海平面上升引起的洪涝、由其他多重因素诱发的洪涝。因此，必须根据特定条件进行设计。景观设计师应开发多功能系统，以提供公共空间和防洪设计方案。景观设计师更应利用对地形、水文和生态的了解，构建能够转移、吸纳或存储雨水的系统。受过良好训练的景观设计师需与规划师、生态学家、工程师和建筑师等合作，规划、设计和实施这些系统。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="64737" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.0030211480362537764" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/cZV2hRpuAPia3RFX6Mvw06kePJ7HbmI7b35o17yNJx4WHYPSQj280IElEicRPq2CviaJe8fjL2AeadmIjARqVZWnw/0?" data-w="662" style="display: inline; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" title="分割线"  /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="" data-color="rgb(229, 243, 208)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　生物多样性的缺失　</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">|</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　干旱　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　极端高温　</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216);">　　　　火灾　　　　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span>　洪涝　<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　滑坡　　</strong></span></span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当陡坡上的土壤受到暴雨冲刷时就会发生滑坡，引起崩塌。滑坡致死的官方数据尚不明确，但《地质学》期刊的一项报告显示，2004年到2010年期间，全球发生的2620次滑坡共夺走32322人的生命。根据美国地质勘探局的统计，在全球范围内，滑坡对建筑和基础设施所造成的损失每年达数十亿美元。由于部分发展中国家在滑坡死亡事故及损失方面的报告不完善，这些数据仅是保守估计。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">滑坡和泥石流之间的区别在于：滑坡是对土壤与岩石的地表运动的总称。泥石流往往与洪水并发，洪水过后，地下水上升、土壤松软，极易形成洪流。洪水、地震及其他灾害也会引发滑坡。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人类对自然的干扰会加剧滑坡和泥石流危机。树木和其他植物可稳固土壤，但是森林砍伐、易发生滑坡区域的肆意开发以及气候变化（如不稳定的降水）均会加剧滑坡对人类和基础设施的影响。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.7504690431519699" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQfcRHVg4xvHISL5GH93PQzPkkvhpc1I2PnHfV9B5FDHH7kegwo2qUeny1SXO5RLoFibibp9GHSLOduA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="533" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(82, 75, 46); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弹性规划与设计如何发挥作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">选址对于减少滑坡灾害而言甚为关键。在符合场地轮廓的前提下，植物及其根系可以起到加固土壤、防止侵蚀的作用。同样，某些特定的土壤比其他类型更能抵御滑坡灾害，而土工布则能帮助改善土壤性能。在设计中运用这些自然防御系统可有效减少滑坡危害。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(82, 75, 46); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">协同效益</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市中较易受到滑坡灾害侵袭的区域可用于建造绿色空间网络。在这里，保留的树木和灌木丛不但可以稳固斜坡，更能为野生动物提供栖息地。而这些景观地块也能融入到公共空间之中，如哥伦比亚麦德林市的都市绿化带项目。</span></p><h2 style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(73, 73, 71); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(82, 75, 46); line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">景观设计师的作用</span></strong></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">减少滑坡的最有效的方法是避免在滑坡多发区建造开发。但是，城市扩张的需要和对于最佳视野的追求往往迫使人们在这些危险地形上进行开发。在这样的情况下，景观设计师可与工程师合作，建造能够抵御滑坡的斜坡。而防冲技术、土工布、土壤和水文方面的知识同样可以帮助景观设计师减少这些危机。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></p><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="64737" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.0030211480362537764" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/cZV2hRpuAPia3RFX6Mvw06kePJ7HbmI7b35o17yNJx4WHYPSQj280IElEicRPq2CviaJe8fjL2AeadmIjARqVZWnw/0?" data-w="662" style="display: inline; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" title="分割线"  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">配图来源于网络。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">更多相关案例与相关文章请点击底部<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“阅读原文”</span></span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">前往网页</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">查看。</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">特别感谢以下专家审稿人的指导：</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Alexander Felson</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，ASLA，副教授，森林与环境研究学院，耶鲁大学建筑学院；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Kristina Hill</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，ASLA附属会员，副教授，景观与环境规划城市设计学院，加州大学伯克利分校；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Nina Marie Lister</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，ASLA荣誉会员，研究生项目主任、副教授，瑞尔森大学城市与区域规划学院；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Nate Wooten</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，准ASLA会员，景观设计师，OLIN；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">俞孔坚</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，FASLA，创始人兼院长，北京大学建筑与景观设计学院。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(160, 160, 159); font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(118, 146, 60); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(160, 160, 159); font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(118, 146, 60); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); font-family: 'Hiragino Sans GB', OpenSans-Regular, 'microsoft yahei', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">统筹：佘依爽</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); font-family: 'Hiragino Sans GB', OpenSans-Regular, 'microsoft yahei', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">翻译：高银锋</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(91, 91, 89); font-family: 'Hiragino Sans GB', OpenSans-Regular, 'microsoft yahei', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">校对：王颖　崔灿</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(160, 160, 159); font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(118, 146, 60); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">本专题为ASLA官方授权翻译，翻译内容截止于2016年10月17日，如需转载请注明来源。 原文链接：https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx</span></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="paragraph" class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.5" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G4YN3T6xMQdU9UYU7AKXKkew1CHJP52BHvibbZyB53nscXjYQJIdpSda8jRD06PnMYsbAG8jevDtCfxKlMfzqLw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66); font-size: 14px;">注：授权转自景观中国网（ID：LACweb），版权归原作者所有，感谢小编的悉心编辑与分享。</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66); font-size: 14px;"></span></p><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/6Hzm0fsHuBE6GExvicjV2CHJ2hQULI1Q4Fvn0sNyibN3ZgZogpRLmsttfe38TDAfP0mBUaJRKib7wkI6nM2Ne5QYA/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65" style="vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><p><br  /></p><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; 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