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<p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">音场：印度西高止山脉热带雨林地区的生态声学基础设施<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">罗亚丹 <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">原文刊发时间：2016年8月 <p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">场地环境<p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">西高止山脉位于印度的西部沿海区域，是一条横跨整个印度南北的热带雨林气候山脉，同时也是联合国教科文组织认证的世界遗产区域以及生态热点区。整条山脉长近1 600km，覆盖面积约16万平方公里，平均海拔约1 190m。这里是世界上最大的亚洲象栖息地，约有25 000头亚洲象以及其他珍稀物种生活其中①。<p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">支离破碎的大象廊道<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">大象在印度宗教以及世俗文化里均占有很崇高的地位。西高止山脉是整个印度大象活动最为频繁的区域之一，然而近年来，随着人口的增加以及人类活动的扩张，大象的生存区域在不断缩小——在当地一个近4.7km2的区域里，每年有30头大象以及数百人死于人象抗争之中。铁路、公路等基础设施的建设对整个热带雨林地区的生态环境造成了剧烈影响，包括一项长期以来被忽视的关键性生态要素——声音。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">声音是一种震动，这种震动经由不同媒介的传播后被生物的大脑所读取。而所听到声音的不同取决于其震动频率的不同。震动频率越高，声音越尖锐，传播的距离越短；频率越低，声音越低沉，传播的距离越长。每个物种都有其独特的声音频率接收范围。大象是生物界中非常罕见的能够发出、接收到低频声音的物种——在普通热带雨林环境里，大象大约能够听到2.5km之外发出的低频声音。而对于生活在西高止山脉里的大象来说，身处热带雨林特殊的空间环境中，声音是比视觉图像更为重要的环境判断因素。人类聚居地中有很多低频噪音源，而疾驰的火车、高速运转的马达，以及速度达到80km/h以上的汽车是产生低频噪音的主要来源。由于低频声音传播距离远的特性，其覆盖范围已对当地象群造成了极其巨大的干扰。大象会下意识地回避这些发出低频声音干扰的区域。西高止山脉区域内一共有88条大象廊道，大部分都是南北走向。而由于绝大部分铁路与高速公路都是东西向穿越西高止山脉，这些交通基础设施便成为了一道道音场隔断带，将88条大象廊道“切”成无数碎片。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.3640625" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2EhKF3Cjdr9FicbQMCjFeEfEN5JpV23k3hKVYIyq8siajUGgRdVf8ibX1AA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 1. 在普通热带雨林环境里，大象大约能够听到2.5km以外发出的低频声音。在一个周边环境干扰较小的区域中，同时满足昼夜温差较大以及无云的夜晚时分，大象的低频声音接收距离能达到10km，即约300km2的面积范围。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">音场<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">音场项目希望以声音为切入点，通过设计策略以及空间设计改变音场环境，从而修复大象廊道。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.6734375" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2EjqS0QQJlW0XyicftAdg4NsQG6JuxcVgvEdU4ew6icK5AWGGl7uUib0Ltw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 2. 本项目着力于设计出不同的音场范围来引导象群的行进方向，进而在大象及其他野生动物与当地居民间创造出一种新的生态平衡。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">穿越西高止山脉的高速公路势必会有一段上山与下山路，而其中有部分路段采用Z字形山路，以应对极端陡峭的地形变化。车辆在这些路段会降低行驶速度，而低速行驶的汽车并不会制造大量低频声音；与此同时，地形高差的变化也为项目设计创造了机遇。这些天然优势让Z字形山路成为音场隔离带的潜在突破口。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">我选择了65号公路阿贡比以南段的Z字形山路作为具体的设计场地。首先，我对场地进行了细致的调研，并尝试使用序列剖面图将其视觉化。序列剖面图不是以地理位置为逻辑依据，而是根据我们在道路上如何“听”到场地而绘制。道路处于剖面的中心，也是该剖面的基点位置，地形根据这个基点向剖面两侧延伸。如图5所示，我们可以清楚地看到地形与植被对声音扩散或阻隔的影响。靠山体一端的声音会被阻隔，而靠崖一端的声音较易传播。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.975" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2EmJw32OwibEkzdRL9slGC99uWLjSG9l9gcfK8uNdWThywSTM6lQJ9eVQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 3. 作者在西高止热带雨林记录的音场环境部分片段。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.459375" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2E58vbm89m72I5zebqE6nMeP5mRACobTkJcXQ70N3tYaibueEveWy5DLA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="line-height: 24px; width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 4. 人与大象穿越西高止热带雨林时截然不同的听觉体验：通过使用交通工具，人类穿越雨林时的体验是连续的；而大象的迁徙则会被很多原因打断。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.55" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2EMsqXG5ibFz0q23ETAia9HBUm88e18VKt38NN8pyUHic9iaYHFLKe0jlhaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 5. 序列剖面图<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">方案将Z字形山路分为两个区域：1）缓冲区：车辆减速抵达的Z字形山路前段，以及车辆开始加速离去的后段；2）十字路口：车辆缓慢行驶的Z字形山路中段。 <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">缓冲区<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">我将Z字形山路前段和后段定义为大象廊道与机动车廊道的“缓冲区”，建议添置新的频率高但传播距离短的声音源，并且保持密度较高的植被环境，以将大象引导至山路中段。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="1.0546875" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2EBFkb4QBczJZqqbdlKEqrFsqlukWY6kgnGAt9gheMViaNljvZLfUibZ5Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 6. 缓冲区<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.84375" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2Ezmtmic44tibodUZsSgtjzVvlaJicodEwuQkicWVeSvGvicn0Xk8WW2Rj1icw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 7. 缓冲区效果图<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">已有的关于大象用听觉分辨捕食者的实验证明，对于猎豹的低吼声，大象表现出疑惑和紧张的态度；而令人惊讶的是，对于人类的咆哮声和老虎的低吼声，大象并没有表现出惧怕和规避。最有趣的是，18群通过测试地点的大象均对蜜蜂的嗡嗡声表现出很强烈的反应——立刻转移行进方向或者跑开。蜜蜂的嗡嗡声属于一种高频声音，传播距离短但强度很大。基于大象对蜜蜂嗡鸣声的本能回避反应，方案在盘山路上下两端各设置了数个蜜蜂农场。在具有经济效益的同时，这些农场成为了在车辆抵达Z字形山路开端开始减速的路段和驶离Z字形山路开始加速的路段中一道针对大象的有效声音屏障，进而将接近场地的迁徙象群引导到Z字形山路的中段通过。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">十字路口<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Z字形山路中段被定义为大象廊道与机动车廊道的“十字路口”。在该段行驶的车辆速度相对较慢，并且司机精神最为集中。方案建议设置一个覆盖Z字形山路中段的音场监测系统，以及与之相连的道路交通灯系统。当系统监测到有大象活动时，交通灯变成红色或者黄色闪烁，以阻止或警示司机减速行驶；同时项目还进行了道路加宽、通过地形重塑减缓道路两旁的坡度变化，以及移除部分植被等改造。这些举措有利于司机与大象拥有更好的视野和更宽阔的缓冲范围，以应对可能的突发状况，从而创造一个机动车与大象共享的十字路口区域。设计还建议在此处设立一个生态声学监测研究中心，以便对“十字路口”这个生态声学基础设施的作用进行长期监测与评估。<p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.6625" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2EwPuSuSlqdBqFsaCEqzfRS9StRrG6JiaB1ebYUabdJeJjHfWja0pqIhg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 8. 十字路口<p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">音场数据网<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">音场监测系统除了警示司机外，还有一个更为深远的意义——其不间断地记录着一个生态热点的所有音频数据。我们设想，如果将十字路口视为一种被设置在西高止山脉所有的Z字形山路处的交通基础设施，那么其就可编织出一张覆盖整个山脉的实时更新的声音数据网。热带雨林中的声音蕴含着巨量的信息。西高止山脉的声音数据库将会成为一个宝贵的原始数据库存，为不同的生态学家和不同的研究课题提供颇具价值的原始数据支持。<p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="1.4125" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R5chAUw1mYykIOQEG593I2ErYGaGCojf5ZFbIJn5I253yuZdPZkzhwCWGUlRhlTia5EaxkHNnX6JmQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 670px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%"> 9. 音场生态监测系统。粉红色线段表示音场监测系统所能覆盖的范围。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">结语<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">音场项目将声音作为最主要的感官途径来理解设计场地——印度西高止山脉区域，发现导致当地居民与大象矛盾背后的重要原因，并基于对声音环境的改造来修复被高速公路切断的大象廊道，同时为西高止山脉热带雨林地区提供一种独特的生态监测手段。<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">我们可以从三个角度来评估音场项目的意义：1）从本地村庄角度来说，过往车辆能够拥有一个更加安全的行驶环境，而当地居民则可以通过养殖蜜蜂与果树获得额外收入及工作机会；2）从生态价值角度来说，一个十字路口能修复一条长度50km以上的大象廊道；3）而从对未来的贡献角度来讲，每一个十字路口都是一个可以覆盖微型生态热点区域中所有声音数据的资料库，当我们拥有了10个、100个，乃至成千上万个这样的十字路口时，声音数据网将为我们提供一种全新的理解西高止山脉，甚至全球热带雨林生态规律的切入视角。<p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">注释<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">①更多信息请参见：http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/magazines/coverstory/6830-right-ofpassage-elephantcorridors-of-india.html。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">  <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">REFERENCES<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[1] Baskaran, N. (2013). An Overview of Asian Elephants in the Western Ghats, Southern India: Implications for the Conservation of Western Ghats Ecology. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5(14), 4854-4870.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[2] Elephant Voices. (n. d.). Elephant Sense & Sociality Section. Retrieved from http://www.elephantvoices.org/elephantsense-a-sociality-4.html<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[3] Western Electric Company. (1969). Fundamentals of Telephone Communication Systems (p 2.1). Retrieved from http://www.pdfdrive.net/fundamentals-of-telephone-communicationsystems-e5664273.html.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[4] Carles, J. L., Barrio, I. L., & deLucio, J. V. (1999). Sound Influence on Landscape Values. Landscape and Urban Planning, 43(4), 191-200.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[5] ?iaran, S. (2013). Low Frequency Noise and Its Assessment and Evaluation. Archives of Acoustics, 38(2), 265-270.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[6] Pijanowski, B. C., Villanueva-Rivera, L. J., Dumyahn, S. L., Farina, A., Krause, B. L., Napoletano, B. M., Gage, S.H., & Pieretti, N. (2011). Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape. BioScience, 61(3), 203-216.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[7] Zeppelzauer, M., St?ger, A. S., & Breiteneder, C. (2013). AcousticDetection of Elephant Presence in Noisy Environments. Retrieved from http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_223884.pdf<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[8] Jung, S. S., Kim, Y. T., Lee, Y. B.,Kim, H. C., Shin, S. H., & Cheong, C. (2009). Spectrum of Infrasound and Low-frequency Noise in Passenger Cars. Journal of the Korean Physical Society,55(6), 2405-2410.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[9] King, L. E., Soltis, J.,Douglas-Hamilton, L., Savage, A., & Vollrath, F. (2010). Bee Threat Elicits Alarm Call in African Elephants. PLoS One, 5(4), e10346.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin-bottom: 0.1px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; line-height: 26px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background: white;">原文出处：罗亚丹. (2016). 音场：印度西高止山脉热带雨林地区的生态声学基础设施. 景观设计学, 4(4), 116-129.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Source: Luo, Y. D. (2016). Soundfield in Western Ghats, India. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 4(4), 116-129.<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">【长按图片扫描下方二维码，现在订购LAF022即可获赠一本13或14年期刊奥！】<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="0.565625" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R6w1Y4YhDBabgeN7Qk3aVwiclr9QHqOR91cSugXQ4JgqS0KFMylmXh8wnibHiceFhAiaVxgCd6uMflG6w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-ratio="1" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1ND9zSb92R6w1Y4YhDBabgeN7Qk3aVwicdaIPjZQrXq13ddMaAxoyroesGqIKWKqlU1ojlfmpBE5Frs7iaibfEO5A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"><blockquote>注：本文授权转自景观设计学（ID：lafrontiers），版权归原作者所有，感谢小编的悉心编辑与分享。</blockquote> <section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PF】轨道都市规划建设的思索与实践 —以武汉为例</a><a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339745&idx=1&sn=a9d5ed47c39d633fa3a4ffda22ae2f22&chksm=8b420ea9bc3587bf0cca11348fab1e905dc6cf515e6905fe574ab4489702233cc80a39dc6a58&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339745&idx=1&sn=a9d5ed47c39d633fa3a4ffda22ae2f22&chksm=8b420ea9bc3587bf0cca11348fab1e905dc6cf515e6905fe574ab4489702233cc80a39dc6a58&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PL】2016年9期总览：众创空间特征及规划应对</a><a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339724&idx=1&sn=ef1acd0d80cf33e74ef7312c44556c68&chksm=8b420e84bc358792710b18cc939408cd7d8ced120991b81f4b352bbefc108a5b63ad314bd1fa&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339724&idx=1&sn=ef1acd0d80cf33e74ef7312c44556c68&chksm=8b420e84bc358792710b18cc939408cd7d8ced120991b81f4b352bbefc108a5b63ad314bd1fa&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PA】现代特色农业示范区规划策略与实践 —以广西天等县“天映彩卷”农业示范区为例</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339700&idx=1&sn=6f2a0be784fe9046129819f221c01101&chksm=8b420efcbc3587ea3f407ffff816b416e6c2a0085f98a662ce6ca75d9b47977f6cd4442496a8&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339700&idx=1&sn=6f2a0be784fe9046129819f221c01101&chksm=8b420efcbc3587ea3f407ffff816b416e6c2a0085f98a662ce6ca75d9b47977f6cd4442496a8&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PR】苏南乡村闲置资源再利用与空间整合研究</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339686&idx=1&sn=ca3dbe4a41bf351baf15a6fad1ddf00b&chksm=8b420eeebc3587f8688deda20bee4ab5439d07865f7bfd41a87d6738285ecf9705727736ff39&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339686&idx=1&sn=ca3dbe4a41bf351baf15a6fad1ddf00b&chksm=8b420eeebc3587f8688deda20bee4ab5439d07865f7bfd41a87d6738285ecf9705727736ff39&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PR】山水环境场地分析与选址的参数化方法研究</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339671&idx=1&sn=af792750cddcb1e221453d3456260207&chksm=8b420edfbc3587c95d3b63f90d72c8026d1959f4d959e4f4818c6c3ffdd6d950f0364dd3da95&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339671&idx=1&sn=af792750cddcb1e221453d3456260207&chksm=8b420edfbc3587c95d3b63f90d72c8026d1959f4d959e4f4818c6c3ffdd6d950f0364dd3da95&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 20.3636px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PR】高密度地区城市环境气候图编制及应用</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339641&idx=1&sn=593f04b8ef3759bcd1dab76298d36a05&chksm=8b420e31bc358727a5cf72214923d3a11d74d20009715957d71083a6710b7d325f5b2ebdf88d&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339641&idx=1&sn=593f04b8ef3759bcd1dab76298d36a05&chksm=8b420e31bc358727a5cf72214923d3a11d74d20009715957d71083a6710b7d325f5b2ebdf88d&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PR】基于风环境分析的珠三角地区城镇 空间规划引导</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339619&idx=1&sn=606facbbe95984c8e545bb865545b7f0&chksm=8b420e2bbc35873de6551c5d9ac8da38eee4ff0546c585e11fd849ab2af830f54e41d7848191&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339619&idx=1&sn=606facbbe95984c8e545bb865545b7f0&chksm=8b420e2bbc35873de6551c5d9ac8da38eee4ff0546c585e11fd849ab2af830f54e41d7848191&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PC】可持续运营导向的休闲旅游型村庄设计</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339615&idx=1&sn=f3b82534284411fe68720d75b78507a7&chksm=8b420e17bc3587018325e53b13d5df4c7eeb8842d58a5bef9781e8ee379f843f391e71a9eaea&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339615&idx=1&sn=f3b82534284411fe68720d75b78507a7&chksm=8b420e17bc3587018325e53b13d5df4c7eeb8842d58a5bef9781e8ee379f843f391e71a9eaea&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PC】众创时代城市传统商业街区的困境与转型</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339575&idx=1&sn=23602caa85c5f7a39f7f28e51029e95d&chksm=8b420e7fbc35876919672ec3852b176d4697e5cf2b16cdb9ad1512eb1245beb4a33c9224ba97&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339575&idx=1&sn=23602caa85c5f7a39f7f28e51029e95d&chksm=8b420e7fbc35876919672ec3852b176d4697e5cf2b16cdb9ad1512eb1245beb4a33c9224ba97&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PC】产业园区存量型城市设计 —以江宁高新园区二次开发为例</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339563&idx=1&sn=eed1df8a359c2c42d2fabe0751ea8aea&chksm=8b420e63bc35877593d7215df1a85d87727cd46fb063683162555fc9930e0a687f02ce18b142&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339563&idx=1&sn=eed1df8a359c2c42d2fabe0751ea8aea&chksm=8b420e63bc35877593d7215df1a85d87727cd46fb063683162555fc9930e0a687f02ce18b142&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PD】古城保护语境下的地块更新路径探索 —《苏州平江历史文化街区东南部地块修建性详细规划》思路解析</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339541&idx=1&sn=25c83b78f59f11b76617a943220ed49c&chksm=8b420e5dbc35874bc241695d0edfd67f048f858eaa4c3177a6b2fe9a2e488a907bf29e3107d7&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339541&idx=1&sn=25c83b78f59f11b76617a943220ed49c&chksm=8b420e5dbc35874bc241695d0edfd67f048f858eaa4c3177a6b2fe9a2e488a907bf29e3107d7&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PD】旅游核心价值取向下的海岛滨海空间管控 —以广东省阳江市海陵岛十里银滩片区为例</a> <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339520&idx=1&sn=44e8f5bf71108ff2dd5735e6ee4e930f&chksm=8b420e48bc35875eebf5581ae3439d93a072f86bd0b96f82dfbe2b614bd36cc75301d2068db3&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339520&idx=1&sn=44e8f5bf71108ff2dd5735e6ee4e930f&chksm=8b420e48bc35875eebf5581ae3439d93a072f86bd0b96f82dfbe2b614bd36cc75301d2068db3&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PD】沿海产业转移背景下中国中部地区产业园区 综合规划探讨</a><a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339452&idx=1&sn=04376dd393e39dcc63627a2ccf1c4f2a&chksm=8b420ff4bc3586e226c15f062eea5551b31f31850396a6e7c6c74e801b634a36ebaa140cffb4&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339452&idx=1&sn=04376dd393e39dcc63627a2ccf1c4f2a&chksm=8b420ff4bc3586e226c15f062eea5551b31f31850396a6e7c6c74e801b634a36ebaa140cffb4&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PD】基于“耦合网络化”的可实施性城市设计 —以武汉市五里界城镇核心区城市设计为例</a><p style="font-size: 14px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 20.3636px; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339405&idx=1&sn=8b9d4f78bc1e46718c6a49209a97a183&chksm=8b420fc5bc3586d303ff1d57987c0f14fd872543eac18cb092d82ae4aee78ef24c20ef255a17&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339405&idx=1&sn=8b9d4f78bc1e46718c6a49209a97a183&chksm=8b420fc5bc3586d303ff1d57987c0f14fd872543eac18cb092d82ae4aee78ef24c20ef255a17&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PC】长者经济特区的规划策略与实践 —以绵阳仙海乐龄城为例</a><p style="white-space: normal; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 0em; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339390&idx=1&sn=bca4ee5a00d5e1961668ec3b40359708&chksm=8b420f36bc358620e3bef3eaaad6de3d2a8bc6541a3cac555e7922994a610717126f8b5d5d68&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651339390&idx=1&sn=bca4ee5a00d5e1961668ec3b40359708&chksm=8b420f36bc358620e3bef3eaaad6de3d2a8bc6541a3cac555e7922994a610717126f8b5d5d68&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【PC】四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产阿坝片区保护规划探讨</a> <p style="white-space: normal; 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