国匠城工作台

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<section style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.25em; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Mike Davis</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 张鹤鸣    文献/ 徐颖</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小    校验/ 相欣奕     排版/ 张鹤鸣</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 35%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: right;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-right: 10px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(251, 210, 107); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicRjIP2BibHU0yEYN1shC5lnlBsd4OWgdH6PsiaOI3rDD5gg479tCC6Z0bibxTMp4HuAr0aWZbIice48w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(182, 182, 182); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">人居III特刊 - 新城市议程</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">倾听你对城市的声音<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9p3Komkicg6UcciaLWRjx4Y1Jytc0FQKySQV6yrflCib897rFCQuqkFvsEQOQXtPxmFia1JUZuiaPZn1Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.9828125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">第三届人类住居大会（Habitat III conference）将于今年十月在厄瓜多尔首都基多市召开，联合国将在会上宣布它的新城市议程（New Urban Agenda）。在接下来几期的评论特辑中，我们展示了一些会上可能提起的话题。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文是Daniel Brook的著作《未来城市的历史（ A History of Future Cities）》的书评。书评先以格迪斯1910年代针对印度提出沿袭土生土长的城市模式优于复制英国式城市模式，并主张以“保护性修复”应对印度城市卫生与贫民窟问题为引出，从而与本书提出的观点进行对照。本书作者Brook并不认同对城市的保护视是城市现代性的先决条件。他认为真正的现代性往往是对取自别处的复制品的征服与转化，并认为“迪拜代表真实的当今世界”。书评作者认为，格迪斯的观点更为可取。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 5px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia89uc20dySHFLj2kRrpUfibo08Gw7ianLLyJL0xSTf8w87Rkm7hjhXQUM4CH8r3H2Qmr8FQsPiaKntdg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.3640625" data-w="640"  /> <section style="width: 100%; height: 1em; margin-top: -0.95em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 0.8em solid white; border-right: 0.8em solid white; border-top: 0.55em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; margin-left: 80%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.6em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(202, 198, 198); letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: -5px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(133, 118, 106); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">人居III特刊</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">第十篇：巨大的仿制品</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 15em; margin-bottom: -1em; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicRjIP2BibHU0yEYN1shC5lnOKmQCPiby7AwPJBrw6zYst4Sw9HbQaicyVoeYNRPmXZ6H85l0u6hZP7A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicRjIP2BibHU0yEYN1shC5lnOKmQCPiby7AwPJBrw6zYst4Sw9HbQaicyVoeYNRPmXZ6H85l0u6hZP7A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6421875" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="" style="width: 35%; height: 15em; margin-top: -15em; margin-left: 65%; background: -webkit-linear-gradient(right, white, rgba(255, 247, 234, 0)) rgba(174, 81, 81, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、中国上海天都城的一座埃菲尔铁塔复制品</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1914年，Patrick Geddes来到印度的马德拉斯市，当时城市正处在衰落阶段，瘟疫的肆虐造成了南亚次大陆1000万人死亡。Geddes，作为苏格兰城市规划的先驱人物，受邀来这里进行对他的观点进行演讲，还要对政府推出的通过清除贫民窟、拓宽街道、增设公共厕所等措施来实施城市“净化”的方案进行评价。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Geddes却有一些出乎意外的举动。在历时四年探访了数十个印度城市后，他撰写了一系列的报告，指明沿袭土生土长的城市优于复制英国式城市。他的结论是，政府所开展的公共卫生的清理和改革，对于维系印度城市生活的文化和环境基础来说是一个巨大的威胁。他主张采用“保护性修复”的途径：为当地社区居民提供所需资源，由人们可以自发进行清理与修复，改善而非清除贫民窟，并在拆除的地块上种植花园。他还倡导回收利用粪便，在种植蔬菜和水果的公共花园内挖些沟渠存放利用，而不是直接倒入溪流或厕所。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">他的这些想法在勒克瑙、巴罗达和印多尔取得了一些小范围的成功。印度更大规模的城市改革运动在第一次世界大战之后失败了，部分原因是由于为建造尺度庞大的新德里市耗资甚巨。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Geddes并不是一个现代主义的反对者。事实上，他对混凝土技术和电气技术都极为狂热者。他所要反对的是那些傲慢自大的英国工程师对于当地人生活文脉的无视，反对他们为印度城市所提出的，已经应用于英国利物浦、格拉斯哥等工业化城市的那些极端的、治标不治本的措施与方法。Geddes的工作向人们提出了一个永恒的问题:为什么那些政客、银行家和开发商一直忽视“非西方的”地方精神以及当地的城市生活，非要去普及一种模式化的都市现代性？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">而这个问题恰好是Daniel Brook在他的著作《未来城市的历史（ A History of Future Cities）》一书中所要讨论的问题。他用一种卓越的写作手法，有意将圣彼得堡、上海、孟买和迪拜的社会历史与遥远的阿姆斯特丹、伦敦和拉斯维加斯进行一种进行平行对比。这些“瞬间崛起”的城市与Geddes所推崇的修补型、循序渐进式的城市主义相去甚远，后者在当今自主建设发展的贫民地区中盛行。全球中产阶级，尤其是亚洲的中产阶级，似乎更喜欢“主题公园”式的城市，在这样的城市里有埃菲尔铁塔的复制品（例如上海的天都城），和那些从美国电视真人秀“橘子郡家庭主妇的真实生活”那里复制过来的封闭式住宅小区（例如北京附近的橘郡）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicRjIP2BibHU0yEYN1shC5lnib9FIE6RmX9r3jEoianc6JpgLyXZCggfzQTX67qnDF1oC6OIIoqTAIjQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.509375" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、《未来城市的历史》作者DANIEL BROOK</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Brook面对这种模拟景观和巨大仿制品的流行并没有气馁。不同于Geddes，Brook没有将对城市的保护视为现代化的先决条件。他认为真正的现代性往往是对来自于别处的复制品的征服与转化。从历史的角度来看，“模拟往往只是第一步,而不是某一地方发展的最终目标”。为了阐释他的理论，Brook把“迪拜建设思路”加以回溯，早在圣彼得堡的建造，就是对荷兰阿姆斯特丹的仿造，而上海和孟买的建设则是对英国城市模式的搬用。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">然而，从我个人阅读体验来讲，如果没有读过本书引言部分，阅读会更加愉悦。引言中，在我看来，Brook对复杂的中国和印度文明的表述，这就好像那些狩猎的部落第一次看到铁制工具时那样震惊：“对于中国和印度的居民来说，那些奇怪的新建筑和国际化大都市，是混乱的、威胁的、却又鼓舞人心的。”同样，Brook断言：“迪拜的建设思路…其实是对我们所处时代的思路：这是亚洲的时代，也是城市的时代”，这或许会是阿联酋航空客机的一句很好的口号。但是我非常不情愿去设想一个债务缠身的君主专制帝国去压榨外国的劳工，从而得到我们未来的社会形态。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一旦抛弃那些陈词滥调，对圣彼得堡、上海和孟买的研究开始浮现出重点（不讨论迪拜是因为它发展的时间太短，难以嵌入本书的叙事结构)。Brook描述了强制的现代化，加之以长期不平等发展，如何最终导致了三方的冲突：包括殖民或独裁政府，凶猛且现代化的本地资产阶级，以及新式工厂中出现的激进劳工运动。这种冲突，尽管其爆发消耗了巨大的人力资本，但却产生出非同凡响的结果，例如前卫列宁格勒的先锋派艺术、上海爵士乐时代和孟买的装饰艺术（Art Deco）所蕴含的巨大能量。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">历史会在迪拜、阿布扎比、新松岛或其他当今快速发展的城市中重复这种类似的模式吗？我认为这其实相当于追问这样一个问题：什么时候“乌托邦”革命将在拉斯维加斯开始。然而Brook其实是将国际化大都市的现代性与购物中心、摩天大楼和主题公园混淆，特别是那句奇怪的论述“迪拜代表真实的世界”。 与其像Brook推荐的“在反乌托邦中抓住乌托邦的一瞬间”，我认为倒不如遵循Geddes的意见，去专注于人们日常生活中的团结合作以及实践。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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