国匠城工作台

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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 147, 157);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">点击标题下“”关注我们吧！</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1.4em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 147, 157); margin-bottom: -0.9em; margin-left: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 2.5em; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">编者按：</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">9月24日，2016中国城市规划年会在沈阳新世界博览馆召开。郑思齐教授的大会报告以“对中国若干区位导向性政策的研究及讨论”为题，从方法论的角度、定量分析研究的角度为科学编制城市规划提供了参考，也揭示了区位导向性政策对规划和城市发展的影响。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 2.5em; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.5em; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 1.4em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(0, 147, 157); margin-top: -0.9em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: justify; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; height: auto;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbejwJPHtOqBoWrfjVYYAOI3rRF2zQMp1NrWk3DuzvLbPylBGL2ciaiblw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.666" data-w="500"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">清华大学恒隆房地产研究中心主任、教授郑思齐</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(0, 147, 157); border-right-color: rgb(0, 147, 157); border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 147, 157); border-left-color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 147, 157);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">区位导向性政策的基本逻辑  </section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">谈到区位导向性政策的基本逻辑，郑思齐教授认为，<span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">从广义来说几乎所有的规划政策应该都是区位导向。</span>而报告中所涉及的区位导向性政策主要指国家有目标的资源投入，比如说公共投资、政策优惠和用以推动地区发展的补贴。这些政策与具体区位“绑定”，强调政策与地方自身的自然禀赋和经济基础形成合力。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">政策制定者可以选择以“人”或“区位”为政策目标。</span>帮助那些人，让他们能自己帮助自己。例如：教育和培训，住房劵，交通劵等。或者帮助某些特定的区位，例如：基础设施投资建设，保障性住房建设，特定区域内的税费减免，新城新区开发及配套政策等。这两者有的时候会有些交叉，例如城市和农村的教育政策的差异。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: justify; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; height: auto;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbmaVBmX9uf3LoxliaMZgRdT9FFqyZoozQAdY5WcicW2fYcWZzryUscb8w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">郑思齐教授表示，之所以选择这个研究题目是因为区位导向性的政策是城市经济学和城市规划的交叉研究热点。<span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">此研究有助于从经济学的角度识别因果机制，看这些政策是否有效。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">区位导向性政策之所以有效有几个基础条件。第一个就是集聚经济，企业扎堆的话会有高增长，带来更高的水平，从而形成递增。第二个人力资源溢出，一个地区的生产力随着该地区人力资本水平的上升而提升，边际收益递增，吸引高技能劳动力的地区政策是有益的。第三个空间均衡。要素流动会使得企业在所有区位上的利润相同；居民在所有区位上的效用相同。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">从理论到实际是困难的，仅认识到集聚经济的存在是远远不够的，按照空间的均衡理论，应该将资源投向那些生产力更高的地方。更确切的说，是那些生产力相对于集聚经济弹性更高的地方。但经济学家往往不能精确识别这些地方到底哪里——连集聚经济实际规模的测算都很困难，更难以精确估计它的非线性特征。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">也有对区位导向性政策的批评观点，认为它会导致资源配置的扭曲，将经济活动从高效率的地方转移到低效率的地方。例如：中西部落后区域的开发区政策；形成“依赖”的习惯和文化，例如：保障房政策；或者政策制定者将其用于政治和个人目的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">下述条件存在时，区位导向性政策才能发挥效果。一，要素配置存在扭曲，要素流动不充分。例如原材料、产品、土地、劳动力没有市场价格或价格机制无法实现资源有效配置。二，存在集聚经济。三，存在知识溢出。</section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(0, 147, 157); border-right-color: rgb(0, 147, 157); border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 147, 157); border-left-color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 147, 157);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">对中国几类典型区位导向性政策的定量研究</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); line-height: 25.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">郑思齐教授对中国几类典型区位导向性政策进行了的定量研究，包括交通基础设施投资、开发区政策、城市内破败地区的更新（“城中村”拆迁）和保障房建设。</section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); line-height: 25.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">交通基础设施投资</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); line-height: 25.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></span></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">郑思齐教授在对中国交通基础设施投资的研究中主要研究了城市内轨道交通和城市间高速铁路的相关影响。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">地铁投资是否会引致周边地区的士绅化（gentrification），是否有定量证据？研究发现地铁投资导致周边住宅的价格和销量增加，消费活力增加，零售业和餐饮业店铺增长，以及最根本的证据——周边居民的收入上升，教育水平上升。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: justify; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; height: auto;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbdAlZ8InLYsBVqIAfRZFmTXLU09c47Eb8pYIIuQzt1HPBbgGRfQJFaw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.5622406639004149" data-w="482"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">北京五道口（1995）</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: justify; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; height: auto;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbNnrUj4yDKMQqFdKiasHO0G2uvXdauYkLPuRoadcyzKFh6hiaRfU6sDZQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.6657381615598886" data-w="359"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">北京五道口（2015）</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">这就意味着区位导向性的交通基础设施投资能够带动周边土地和房地产升值，为“溢价回收”政策提供理论和现实依据。体现了城市开发中公共部门与私人部门之间的协同效应。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">这也提出了一个公平的问题，那就是在这个过程中，穷人是否受损，如何补偿？对于士绅化地区，穷人是否被高房价和高消费挤出？例如，拆除“城中村”，农民工仍然会留在北京，但只能被挤到更远的“城中村”中居住，福利受损。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">在高速铁路方面，高铁将特大城市与其周边的二、三线城市连接的更紧密。</span>由于时间距离缩短了，这些特大城市和周边的二三线城市可以在产业和人口上实现差异性分工布局，带动了二三线城市的发展，同时也减少了特大城市由于规模过大所带来的社会成本，促进了区域经济整合。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">研究发现高铁建设能够促进学者间的合作。</span>面对面的交流对于学者合作完成高质量的论文来说至关重要。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">高速铁路和高速公路可能会“抛下”一些落后地区。</span>在高速铁路连接大中城市的同时，在铁路沿线的小县城的GDP和人均GDP反而受到了负向的影响。主要原因在于：在小县城停靠的低速火车的频率下降了；大中城市连接的更紧密后，吸引投资的比较优势更大了。中国的国家高速公路网是要将省会城市与人口超过50万的城市相连接，因此产生的一个副作用就是有大量边缘的小县城也因此被连接入了大都市区域。实证结果发现，这些小县城的经济增长受到了负向的影响。</section><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </p></section></section></section><strong style="color: rgb(0, 147, 157); line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">开发区政策</strong><br  /><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">开发区是中国一个很重要的区位导向性产业政策，开发区在中国经济发展过程中发挥重要作用。有关研究表明美国的类似政策所带来的收益远小于付出的成本，<span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">中国的工业开发区提高了当地全要素生产率、FDI以及工资。</span>中国开发区建设后人均GDP提升7.28%、人均可支配收入增加4.6%、外商直接投资增长30.6%</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; height: auto;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbwpOkb7ngPXuuWFAkIQTrvwdu3g789DtNyc5uVRjmWXewD9ecy5Yw0w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">郑思齐教授及其团队对北京、上海、天津、深圳、成都、大连、武汉、西安等八个城市的众多国家和省级开发区进行了研究。研究样本数据选取了制造业企业数据、新建商品住房数据和服务业商铺数据，实证研究设计以全要素生产率TFP，劳动力工资，就业密度、住房价格和成交量，新建服务业商铺数量（餐饮、休闲娱乐和购物商店）为核心指标，采用双重差分模型。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; height: auto;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbRYfAFEwRV4VwtRyyl7P1vYnl5LiaBHtVjgbjtZiauXXgcfeUxBUVR1jg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">研究发现开发区政策具有显著的生产和消费溢出效应，但开发区政策有成功也有失败，要重视差异性，“尊重城市发展规律”。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">中国开发区政策存在若干问题。有些开发区的选址决策不当，随着诸多优惠政策的减弱，内在的市场机制逐渐取代政策外力，生产成本的增加使得其发展受到制约，经济产出的增长速度趋于平缓甚至下滑；由于缺乏合理的规划，导致基础设施和公共服务供给的缺失，这使得开发区的人口甚至产业集聚力不足，难以发展成为产城融合、具有活力的产业新城。</section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6;"></span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市内破败地区的更新</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"></span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbgHDib6ttjec29iczWPk5WGrn9Ex3wkic8DibwT8ichlmsWBqRlHhMHv3wCA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="960"  /><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box;">通过对北京市两批城中村拆迁，2008奥运会前104个村子，2010年开始的50个重点村的研究发现</span>城中村拆迁能够为周边房价带来的溢出效应，城中村越大、越老、越分散，溢出效应越明显， 但同时会迫使原本居住在城中村的进城务工人员搬迁到更远的城市郊区。 </section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">保障房建设 </strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">保障房住房补贴可分为消费者方补贴和供给方补贴。消费者方补贴的劣势是住房供给缺乏弹性，价格不断上涨；优势是能够提高低收入家庭的住房支付能力，促进住房过滤。供给方补贴的劣势是增加的低质量住房抑制住房过滤，优势是能够增加住房供给，使价格下降。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">住房保障覆盖范围过小，无法有效解决城市住房困难，过大，冲击商品房市场，给政府带来财政压力。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">地方政府提供住房保障的短期成本包括土地出让收入的巨大机会成本、建安成本与税费减免，长期成本包括公租房的长期运营补贴，以及周边低收入者涌入，会降低人力资本平均水平，增加财政负担。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">而短期效益包括吸引（中低技能）劳动力，促进经济增长；降低企业的劳动力成本，提高招商引资吸引力；保障房建设投资直接拉动GDP增长；长期效益包括有利于（中低技能）劳动力的人力资本积累，促进社会融合与稳定。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">通过对3600万套保障房的供需匹配情况的研究，比较测算的需求和实际供给发现存在很大的问题，包括保障房空置和建设资金闲置。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">目前地方政府提供住房保障的短期成本与长期效益不匹配。</span></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何避免区位导向性政策成为“扭曲之手”</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">高铁、高速公路布局在哪里？是否需要产业政策？哪里需要？需要怎样的政策？ 社会保障（住房、教育、医疗等）是投入到“人”上，还是“区位”上？</section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">针对以上常见问题，郑思齐教授表示，<span style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); box-sizing: border-box;">想要为了避免“扭曲之手”需要遵从三个原则。效率原则，要把资源投入到具有比较优势和规模经济的地方；人口自由流动原则，公正性、集聚经济、束缚人口流动；向没有享受到区位导向性政策好处的地方进行适度财政转移，改善其基础设施和公共服务。</span>最近上海交通大学陆铭教授出版的新书《大国大城》中就论述了相关的观点。</section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 111, 29); text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">总的来看政策需要正确，而非反向的考虑空间性。<span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box;">要符合经济规律的空间指向，临近港口（国际贸易）和区域性大城市非常重要，大城市发展能够为小城镇发展提供带动力，不应限制大城市发展来为小城镇发展“腾空间”。“反向”的空间指向会导致“扭曲之手”，比如2004年后向中西部倾斜的开发区政策、投资和转移支付、土地供给等空间平衡政策，以及地方政府各自为政的产业政策与相互竞争，包括产业同构（汽车、光伏）、产能过剩，过度地方保护等。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">*以上内容由根据专家在2016中国城市规划年会上的报告编辑整理。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 111, 29);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国城市规划年会</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong>“中国城市规划年会”是我国城市规划行业影响力最大、学术水平最高、参与性最强的学术峰会和行业性盛会，是城市规划领域最重要的学术创新交流平台，每年举办一次。中国城市规划学会先后在全国多个城市举办了23届年会。主办单位根据城市发展和城市规划领域的需求，确定年会的主题，系统交流全国及各地在城市规划研究、规划管理、规划设计和规划教育等领域的最新成就，探讨当前城市规划工作中面临的一系列热点和难点问题。年会一般由全体大会、专题会议、自由论坛、特别论坛、主题展览和工作会议组成，每年邀请国内外著名的学者作报告，同时在行业内广泛征集论文，通过匿名评审，确保报告的质量和参与程度。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />“中国城市规划年会”不同于一般的商业性大会或行业性工作会议，以学术为核心，以学术质量为唯一标尺。由于年会具有学术性强、信息量大、参与度高的特点，年会已经成为一线科技工作者首选创新交流平台。每年的年会吸引了大量专家学者和规划第一线的科技工作者参加，参会代表主要来自各级政府城市规划行政主管部门、城市规划编制单位、大专院校城市规划专业，此外，参会者还包括各级党政负责人员，境外城市规划专业人士等。历届年会分别在杭州、厦门、北京、西安、广州、哈尔滨、大连、天津、重庆、南京、昆明、青岛、海口、贵阳、沈阳举行。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 147, 157);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; padding: 10px; font-size: 10px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">?版权声明</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文版权和使用权属所有。任何网站、微信公众号等其他媒体未经授权不得转载、摘编、修改或以其它方式使用本文内容。授权事宜请在微信公众号留言或发邮件至www@planning.org.cn联系我们。对此保留最终解释权。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 147, 157);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; padding: 10px; font-size: 10px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国城市规划学会官方网站</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">www.planning.org.cn</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">知规划动态 | 晓行业前沿 | 听学会声音 | 碰学术火花</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="float: left; margin-bottom: -10px; font-size: 12px; text-align: right; color: rgb(71, 140, 137); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 2em; padding-left: 10px; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 147, 157);"><section class="" style="overflow: hidden; color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="padding-right: 1em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: left; padding-right: 5px; max-width: 63% !important; min-width: 63% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">长按识别图中二维码关注我们</section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-top: -3.8em; width: 6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: 6em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbLDoAia2yibXU9iaQYeTnicLwRpic7jBMicPB8rdIFZS1tbVyjgs75ZQMVVVg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="300"  /> <img style="width: 6em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbq0woD7hhV2HOantsDL7SbicvBdsWv9I3GZV3vbP3ibYyLdhz6EzSs6vxhEmzOJ2MYFicADDfu18g4Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.1" data-w="10"  /> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 147, 157); font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 147, 157); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">更多精彩请点击阅读原文，查看“2016中国城市规划年会”专题http://www.planning.org.cn/2016anpc/index.html</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-left: 8%; margin-right: 8%; line-height: 1.1em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(0, 147, 157); border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important; border-right: 0.8em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section>
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