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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 4em; height: 4em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhDvYpaImHuViat26Op3YqKAR65XWGHCT5PwTsxDURun8lS0zSJXmeaEjH8Fhfk1XibLnCibs23mZJjA/0?wx_fmt=png); background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhDvYpaImHuViat26Op3YqKAR65XWGHCT5PwTsxDURun8lS0zSJXmeaEjH8Fhfk1XibLnCibs23mZJjA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.9409090909090909" data-w="220"  /></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-left: 1.2em; margin-top: -1.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; height: 2em; margin-left: 1em; border-bottom-left-radius: 1em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); max-width: 85% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-left: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5; padding-right: 0.5em; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">点击蓝字快速关注</section></section></section><section style="float: left; width: 5%; margin-left: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-top: 1.82em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 3px solid rgb(96, 70, 161); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">伴随着技术创新和互联网共享经济的发展，创客运动席卷全球，由此孕育而生的众创空间作为一种新的空间载体，<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">正在多地出现，并成为塑造城市空间的新模式。基于此，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">中山大学地理科学与规划学院教授、博士生导师，并任职于广东省城市化与地理环境空间模拟重点实验室</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">周素红</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">，武汉市土地利用与城市空间规划研究中心</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">裴亚新</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2016年第9期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">梳理众创空间产生的动因，探讨规划应对措施具有较强的现实意义。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">非正式创新联系网络的构建是众创空间产生的基础和核心，文章在梳理相关研究的基础上，探讨非正式创新联系网络的组织模</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式和网络构建，认为投资主体、运营主体、使用主体和生产性服务机构等是构建非正式创新联系网络的主体；入驻个体和团队</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间的咨询联系、情感联系和合作联系等非正式联系构成了内部联系网络，而各内部主体与外界的生产性服务企业间的业务联系</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">则构成了外部联系网络，二者共同影响众创空间的选址和空间利用方式，是其得以发展的基础。进而分别从规划选址、社会环</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境建设和微空间设计等维度，构建众创空间规划编制和管理的内容体系，为创新城市规划提供思路。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/HpDib9V3Oxu2PralDm6OYYIrRw8rM1KianRsG4ibreahhj2wmOJ09Ld85mDuiasn1kVGkicR2kuIWia69LpGwCVXtW6Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px solid white; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 50%; border: 3px solid rgb(254, 193, 192); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(255, 202, 0); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间的非正式创新网络构建</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 50%; border: 3px solid rgb(42, 118, 162); float: right; margin-top: -6px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">广义的众创空间包括区域尺度的创<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">新产业集群空间和微观尺度的众创空间。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">前者由来已久，表现为以实体业务协作</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和正式创新网络联系为基础的产业集群</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区，如硅谷、128公路、“第三意大利”、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">北京中关村和台湾新竹等；后者表现为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以非正式联系和非正式创新网络构建为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">基础的中微观层面创新空间，即狭义的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间，是近年来快速发展的空间表</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">现形式，也是本文研究关注的重点。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创新及创新网络的构建是众创空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">产生的前提。进入21世纪以来，在西方</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">经济地理学界“关系转向”的影响下，越</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">来越多的学者开始关注集群内部企业之间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的联系与网络，而很多证据显示，现代</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创新过程已经变成了一种网络过程</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">Freeman由此提出创新网络的概念，他</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总结了自1980年以来的关于创新网络的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相关研究，并进行扩展，提出企业与大学、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政府研究所、咨询企业、研究中心之间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的正式网络与非正式联系网络对于创新过</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">程是至关重要的；而个人属性中的信任、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">自信或者畏惧都在网络运行中扮演重要角</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">色；技术的进步引发了网络的变化，表现</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为创新网络形成方式的改变</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">可见，创新的过程是一个网络构建<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的过程。一方面，创新网络的形成使得</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一定空间范围内的相关企业在分享创新</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">资源、利用知识外溢效应与降低创新风</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">险方面有着潜在的优势，并在微观层面</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">极大地方便了企业之间的信息共享、研</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">发合作、技术互补和人才流动，强化他</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">们在空间上的集聚</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">；另一方面，这</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">种集聚的形成与发展又不断促进周边创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">新网络的建设与完善，促进地区的整体</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">发展。因此，创新网络成为塑造新产业</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间的重要动力。然而，已有关于创新</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">网络的研究主要针对的物质空间载体是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">产业集群区</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，与新型众创空间在不</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">同尺度上的创新网络构建方面有一定的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相似性，主要差异在于前者的创新网络</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">构建以正式联系网络为主，后者则更强</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">化了非正式联系网络的作用。本文重点</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对非正式联系网络进行专门的研究。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1;  "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); padding: 0px 2px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; line-height: 1; text-align: center; border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%; color: rgb(255, 255, 240); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(96, 70, 161); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">非正式创新联系网络的特征</section></span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">非正式联系网络是与正式联系网络<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相对的概念，学界对此并没有严格的定</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">义。一般认为，正式联系是指基于正式</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">合同的创新联系，如由战略联盟、技术</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">研究共同体和合资等形成的合作关系；</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">非正式联系则指没有正式合同的创新联</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">系，如由企业延生、人才流动和长期贸</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">易网络等形成的社会关系。二者被认为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">是推动产业集群技术创新与进步的重要</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">因素</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。其中，非正式联系网络是指人</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">们在日常的工作与互动过程中，经过较</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">长时间的相处，基于共同的爱好和利益</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">或者情感关系联结起来的群体网络。这</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">类网络在现代组织管理理论中有较多的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">研究。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">具体而言，非正式联系网络没有固<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">定的组织形式，结构松散，形式多样，具</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有一定的自发性。相对的，正式联系网络</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的形成是由企业以任务或命令的形式来约</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">束和驱动的，具有一定的被动性</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。由</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">上述的分析可知，非正式联系网络与正</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式联系网络是基于联系的视角对创新网</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">络进行的分类，两个概念之间并不是对</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">立的，非正式联系网络与正式联系网络</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">也不会单独存在，在多数活动中都是协</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">同发生作用的，从其在创新网络中发挥</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的作用看，二者对创新行为的影响起到</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相辅相成的作用 ( 表 1)。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhDvYpaImHuViat26Op3YqKAexibYrrOlHveSr3810PVF7sicdlgiaEWUtqTYWpeNT1ZFENtnibiblg6d2w/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5234375" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">非正式联系网络在创新中发挥的作<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">用越来越受到关注。相关研究主要着眼</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">于对创新网络“非正式”属性的探究，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“非正式联系网络”“非正式联系”“非</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">正式交流”等相关概念都被频繁使用。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">研究普遍认为产业集群技术创新的非正</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式联系是技术和知识在集群内快速传递</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的路径与渠道</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，同时非正式联系的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">类型和形成过程也受到关注</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。但总</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体上，当前的研究成果仍存在很多不足，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对非正式制度形成的原因与影响机制的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">研究还不够丰富也不够深入，且除了区</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">域与地方尺度，尚缺乏其他尺度与维度</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的研究</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在非正式联系网络类型的分类方面，<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以网络作用的范围为依据，可以分为企</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">业内部非正式联系网络与企业外部非正</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式联系网络。内部非正式联系网络是指</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">企业内员工在工作与非工作环境下产生</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的联系；外部非正式联系网络是指员工</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与非本企业人员建立起来的工作或情感</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">联系等。前者与空间内部的使用有关，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">而后者则对区位选址产生影响。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">此外，以网络联系建立的方式为依<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">据，可以划分为咨询网络、情感网络和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">业务网络等</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，其中信任是非正式联系</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">网络建立的基础</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，而信任文化的建</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">设需要一定的保障机制，众创空间的合</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">理组织和运营有利于构建上述文化。因</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">此，本文分别从这两个维度分析众创空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间的创新网络类型以及对其区位选址与</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内部空间组织的影响。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1;  "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); padding: 0px 2px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; line-height: 1; text-align: center; border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%; color: rgb(255, 255, 240); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(96, 70, 161); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">非正式创新联系网络的构建机制</section></span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 21.0909px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">为了分析众创空间非正式创新联系<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">网络的构建机制，需要分析其关注领域、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务对象和服务功能，进而梳理众创空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间各相关主体的关系和运营机制。</span></section><section style="line-height: 21.0909px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">（1）众创空间的关注领域、服务对象</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和服务功能</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">本文通过浏览深圳42家众创空间<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的官网，以及查找其他互联网资料，统</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">计众创空间运营方关注的领域和提供的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务类型。数据显示，已有的众创空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的关注领域集中在高科技行业(如智能</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">硬件、机器人、3D打印技术、基因技术</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及生物工程等)，科技、媒体和通信行业</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">(Technology, Media, Telecom，简称</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“TMT”，如移动互联网、软件工程、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">游戏及网络新媒体等)以及咨询行业(如</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">教育培训等)。其中，高科技行业占据</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">50％的较高比例，TMT行业次之，咨询</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">行业最低。需要指出的是，众创空间所</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关注的领域多是复合的。 </span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">大多数众创空间通过实行会员制以<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">进行收费与管理。因此，其服务对象是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不同类型的会员，主要分为个人会员和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">团队会员两类，两者享受相同的服务，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">差异在于个人会员多是出于对某一类创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">新事物的兴趣，以个人的形式参与众创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间的活动，并不一定有固定的工作卡</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">位，是灵活自由的参与个体，如柴火空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间与Techspace中的会员。这些众创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间一般物业面积并不大，多为开敞的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间，其中安置多个工作台，方便会员</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">进行头脑风暴和一起动手制作。团队会</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">员大多都是已经成型的初创企业，他们</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以团队入驻的形式拥有固定的集体办公</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">卡位，类似于公司，他们在众创空间的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">主要任务是完成团队的工作，有着长期、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">稳定、规律的活动。以团队会员为主要</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务对象的众创空间比较多，是目前最</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">主要的会员构成类型。对于入驻众创空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间的创客团队而言，由于正处于企业发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展的最初阶段，他们所拥有的可能仅仅</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">是一个想法，而要使项目被成功孵化，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">到后面成立公司，完成创业，在这个过</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">程中所需要的人力资源、装置设备、天</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">使投资、技术培训和创业培训等知识、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">技能与资源等对他们来说是至关重要的，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">而众创空间的优势就在于能够在这些方</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">面进行补充。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间为创客团队提供的服务可<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">归为以下三类：①第一类是提供联合办</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">公的物质空间。众创空间作为载体提供</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">工作空间给创客团队，这些空间的类型</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有完全开敞型的大空间，也有标准化了</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的小型封闭办公室，氛围开放，较多的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">公共空间提升了人与人之间面对面交流</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的机会，促进了信息流通与人际交往。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">②第二类是提供一般性工作设备或者根</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">据创客团队所从事的行业差别，提供高</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">端硬件设备，如3D打印机等。③第三</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">类是提供投融资以及其他创业服务，包</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">括创业培训、投融资对接、商业模式构建、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">团队融合、政策申请、工商注册、法律</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与财务咨询等功能。基本上多数众创空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间都具备这三项功能，并以其功能的多</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">样性和有效性来吸引创客团队的入驻。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总的来说，众创空间不仅是创业者</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的工作空间、网络空间、社交空间和资</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">源共享空间，还是一个能够为他们提供</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创业培训、投融资对接、团队融合、政</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">策申请、工商注册、法律财务及媒体资</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">讯等全方位创业服务的生态体系。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（2）众创空间的运营模式与网络构建<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">机制</span></strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">上述众创空间的关注领域、服务对<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">象和服务功能与众创空间的运营模式有</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">很大的相关性。其关注领域会影响服务</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对象对其的选择，服务对象的类型又会</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">影响其提供服务功能的类型，而功能类</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">型则影响其运营模式，运营模式也同样</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">反过来影响着服务功能以及关注领域的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">调整。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">本文通过梳理资料与实地调研访谈，<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">绘制出众创空间的主要运营模式(图1)。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">其中，众创空间在运作过程中的行为主</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体分为投资主体、运营主体、使用主体</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和生产性服务机构四类，它们之间的关</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">系构成众创空间的主要运营模式。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhDvYpaImHuViat26Op3YqKAWBPhr3ibxxicfBC4leYzR08DE67WU7HjibdSibe0RziazJYIriaJXNKlnzicA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.03125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">①投资主体。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">投资主体的投资是众创空间目前资<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">金的主要来源，一般是由单个企业直接</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">投资或多个企业联合投资，也有部分是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">由政府机构投资，主要是由政府某个部</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">门和大学或研究院合作进行物业支持或</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">资金支持。资金的主要去向是用于为入</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">驻企业服务，或者投资给认为有潜力的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">项目。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">② 运营主体。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">运营主体负责众创空间的日常运行<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">事务，是执行机构。它承担的主要职责</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有两项：一是负责物质空间和设备的营</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">运，向入驻企业提供日常工作所需的设</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">备、工作环境等，大部分众创空间对于</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">入驻团队以会员制的形式按照租位时间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的长短收取工位租金、承办活动的佣金；</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">二是服务功能，为入驻企业提供投融资</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及其他创业服务，主要包括投融资及对</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">接、提供媒体资源等社会资源、创新创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">业培训、团队融合及工商注册等社会性</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">质的服务。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">③ 使用主体。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">使用主体主要是入驻众创空间的个<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体、团队或已成型的初创企业。创客团</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">队的入驻首先要进行项目申请，众创空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间运营方评估其项目价值，判断其发展</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">前景之后，签订入驻协议，同时入驻的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">时间是有期限的，这个期限是与创客团</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">队的发展紧密相关的。一般来说，创客</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">团队创业的周期为半年到一年，在一年</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的时间内，如果创客团队能够获得天使</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">投资，企业发展走向正规，大部分创客</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">团队就会搬出去，开始组建自己的公司，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">稳定地进行运营。如果在一年的时间内，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创客团队的创业不顺利，这个团队或将</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">解散或去其他众创空间看能否获得投资，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">从而搬出当前的众创空间。在入驻的这</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">段时间内，入驻团队或企业将享受到众</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创空间提供的工作空间与其他多种类型</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的服务，而入驻团队成员之间也会因为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">朝夕相处而相互产生了解，对于一些行</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">业动态、技术问题等相互咨询，不同企</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">业的成员之间进而产生工作之外的情感</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">联系，也可能会促成两家企业的技术或</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">商业合作。总结起来，企业与企业之间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有可能会产生咨询联系、情感联系等内</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">部非正式联系网络和技术、商业合作的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内部正式合作网络。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">④生产性服务机构。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">生产性服务机构主要是为入驻企业<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">提供众创空间功能之外的服务，生产性</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务类型包括：专业服务，如法律、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">会计；信息和中介服务，如金融保险</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务、展贸服务等。高校和制造业零售</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">商家也是入驻企业比较常联系的机构，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">所以被纳入生产性服务机构的范围。在</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这种情况下，与众创空间内部网络相比，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">入驻企业与生产性服务机构的联系即为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">外部网络。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">综上所述，众创空间的基本运营模<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式与网络构建机制为：由投资方为众创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间的运营提供资金和物业支持，这些</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">资金和物业由众创空间运营方进行分配</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与利用，形成众创空间为入驻团队提供</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的特色服务，以此来吸引创客团队的入</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">驻。创客团队通过运营方的项目评估之</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">后入驻众创空间，与一同入驻的企业之</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间产生咨询、情感等内部非正式联系和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">合作等内部正式联系，这些联系共同构</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建了内部联系网络。与此同时，生产性</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务机构补足了众创空间为创客团队提</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">供不了的生产性服务，从而形成入驻团</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">队的对外业务联系，进而构建了外部联</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">系网络。这两层网络共同促进了众创空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间及其会员的发展。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/HpDib9V3Oxu2PralDm6OYYIrRw8rM1KianRsG4ibreahhj2wmOJ09Ld85mDuiasn1kVGkicR2kuIWia69LpGwCVXtW6Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 2px solid rgb(96, 70, 161); padding: 10px; border-radius: 0.8em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 1px dotted rgb(96, 70, 161); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 15px 10px 25px; border-radius: 16px; margin-bottom: -30px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">基于众创空间非正式联系网络构建</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">的规划应对</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="height: 30px; border-bottom-width: 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(96, 70, 161); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">上述分析表明，政策在一定程度上<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引导着创客空间的宏观发展，而创新网</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">络的构建则是决定众创空间能否健康发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展的重要基础，包括对外联系网络和内</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">部联系网络。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">前者以众创空间中的团队与其所处<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区位周边生产性服务业之间的正式业务</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">联系为主，在一定程度上决定了众创空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间的宏观区位选址并对土地利用规划提</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">出要求。即根据其关注领域、服务对象</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和服务功能，选择方便与上述要素产生</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">联系的空间区位，如依托高新技术产业、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">现有商务中心、高校和博览机构等，推</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">动土地利用更新。后者以众创空间内部</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">团队和个体的情感联系、咨询联系和合</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作联系等正式与非正式联系为主，在一</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">定程度上决定了众创空间内部空间的组</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">织和使用。因此，需要从政策制定、区</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">位选址和微空间设计指引三个方面引导</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间的良性发展。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 0px -0.5em -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; animation: emp_flash 1.5s ease-in-out 1s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">理性制定政策，避免跟风热潮导致</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间的低门槛蔓延</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间创新网络的构建需要一定<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的外在条件，包括创新文化、创客群体</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以及具有一定成本竞争力的物质空间载</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体等。因此，各地需要因地制宜，从实</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">际出发，找准定位，出台合理的激励和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引导政策，避免盲目跟风导致众创空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的低门槛蔓延和无序发展。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">笔者通过对深圳市众创空间的调研<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">发现，在2015年李克强总理考察柴火</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间之后，众创空间的数量增长迅速，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这种增长是基于社会力量的推动，包括</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政府机构、大型企业和创业企业，尤其</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">是政府机构的大力支持，但它在一定程</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">度上是不理智的，需要有更多深入而理</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">性的认识，不能简单地将之前的各种孵</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">化器等升级改造变成众创空间，或者过</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">分模仿国外创客空间的空间形式而忽略</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">其内涵。政府也需要对众创空间项目在</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">资金支持方面予以更严格的审核，不能</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">又变成挂着众创空间名目的房地产项目。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 0px -0.5em -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; animation: emp_flash 1.5s ease-in-out 1s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">根据众创空间的类型和</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">对外联系<span style="line-height: 1.36; box-sizing: border-box;">网络的</span><span style="line-height: 1.36; box-sizing: border-box;">构建特征，</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.36; box-sizing: border-box;">合理制定选址和用地</span><span style="line-height: 1.36; box-sizing: border-box;">规划指引</span></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">通过本文的初步研究发现，众创空<span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间有着比较明显的类型差别，不同众创空</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间的关注领域、服务对象和服务功能等都</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不同，存在不同的区位需求、运营模式以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及企业对外联系业务需求等。因此，在众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创空间规划选址和用地方面需要考虑以下</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">方面：</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)制定不同类型众创空间的规划选<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">址指引，从城市宏观层面进行空间上的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引导。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)适度推进土地混合使用的编制指<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">由于众创空间的生产模式往往集设<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">计研发、原型制作、商业运营和成品小</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">批量生产多个环节于一体，既非纯粹的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">商业商务活动，又非传统的工业活动，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">因此在一定程度上需要对传统产业用地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">类型进行相应的调整，适应新的具有一</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">定混合特性的用地类型需求。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 改造和升级已有创新产业空间。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">有效利用国家自主创新示范区、国<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">家高新区、大学科技园和高校、科研院所</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的有利条件，利用政策工具，鼓励在这些</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区域构建仪器设备和软环境资源共享的机</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">制，建设注入众创空间元素的升级版创新</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">产业集群区域，构建低成本、便利化、全</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">要素与开放式的服务模式，优化和完善现</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有创业服务机构的服务业态及运营机制，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">形成“互帮互助”“用户互动”“金融</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">支持”“社会参与”的开放式创业生态系</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">统。与国外的创客空间不同，这些众创空</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间大多是在政府和企业的推动或引导下形</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成的，其后期的运营和发展也会在很大程</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">度上受到政府政策的影响。因此，政府在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引入众创空间时，要考虑这些空间与当地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">产业的匹配性，让众创空间具备更好的发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展基础。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(4)利用众创空间的市场需求，推动<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">旧城更新规划和建设。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">通过众创空间对人才的吸引力和创<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">新活动对产业的促进作用，推动旧城用地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的再开发利用，使之成为旧城改造复兴</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的新动力。因此，可以制定相应的规划，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引导旧城有序更新。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(5) 构建特色化的城市空间。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">政府可在宏观规划布局的基础上对<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间的运营进行特色化引导，突出</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">特点，有助于对创客团队进行更有效的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">帮助与支持。同时，也能使众创空间避</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">免出现过于空泛定位及目标而低效率集</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">聚的现象。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 0px -0.5em -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; animation: emp_flash 1.5s ease-in-out 1s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">根据众创空间的内部联系网络构建</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">特征，合理制定微空间设计指引</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">上文的分析表明，情感网络和咨询<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">网络等非正式创新联系网络对众创空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的发展具有重要作用，而这些网络的构</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建需要相应的空间载体，包括办公空间、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">交流空间、共享的公共空间甚至虚拟的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">社区空间等，并促成线上线下的各类创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">新活动的开展。因此，有必要结合内部</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创新网络构建的需求，在深入调查的基</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">础上，制定适用于众创空间内部联系网</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">络构建的微空间规划和设计指引。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/HpDib9V3Oxu2PralDm6OYYIrRw8rM1KianRsG4ibreahhj2wmOJ09Ld85mDuiasn1kVGkicR2kuIWia69LpGwCVXtW6Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 1.5em; margin-bottom: -35px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; width: 100%; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(166, 91, 203);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2016年9期</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">众创空间的非正式创新联系网络构建</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及规划应对</span>》</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(96, 70, 161);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mhpibwmdkTHdPiaMayJZibv0GmTcsUVRO71t4sEjsVDe4DQiagYNjiaBjQdYmqEkvIZJBJGxsQytT8t1BQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.303125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mhDvYpaImHuViat26Op3YqKAmWPHCHg1Q1wVqmmhDQM5TSZN8D5pquHhHXcianvI98ZUDhobRumd0og/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8654867256637168" data-w="565"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; float: left; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="float: left; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"><section style="width: 0px; height: 8px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); margin-left: 23px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px; margin-left: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px; height: 8px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; margin-top: -8px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="float: right; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"> <section style="width: 0px; height: 8px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px; height: 8px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; margin-top: -8px; margin-left: 8px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; margin-top: -1px; margin-left: 16px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 90%; margin: -1em 5% 1.3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(227, 43, 107); box-sizing: border-box;">转载须知</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">由原创文章请遵循以下转载要求：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">微信公众号请于文章发布<span style="color: rgb(227, 43, 107); box-sizing: border-box;">两天后</span>转载，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">转载时后台回复“转载”二字，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">无授权图片的童鞋会被举报的哦！</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: -37px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="float: left; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"> <section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); margin-top: -1px; border-top-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(96, 70, 161); border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; 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