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城市设计字母歌|J---S篇（中）
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（编号：1116）
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2016-09-24 00:09:51
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<br /><div class="rich_media_content " id="js_content"> <section style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicUNiaQ3ExwlypYqichRGySxuBxruIT6Znk45Toj5bNAJOr00ZUMFHm73B5ap3wwmMuw0VL5AD8kicmw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 10.5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: black; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 原文/ Mark Sheppard </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"> 翻译/ 徐鹏（A-N） 相欣奕（O-Z）</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 校验/ 相欣奕 编辑/ 众山小 文献/ 刘苏</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; border-radius: 0px; width: 60%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicUNiaQ3ExwlypYqichRGySxuliaxxDYnicxwWVKywSqy4F17b62rm74MdTjXCWeQicxFpEmm9ib533Z6yw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></span></section><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;">J 是简雅各布斯，这位勇敢的老太太让人难以忘记；K是凯文林奇，城市意象化繁为简对城市加以解析；L是地标，它们让一个地方令人难以忘记；M是购物中心，小型购物中心设计为步行大型购物中心或可允许通车按需决定；N是宜步行住区，又方便又舒适傻子才会开车去买酱油；O是过度开发，胡同中建摩天楼就是过度开发；P 是场所营造，不要以为修个房子建个广场就是营造；Q是设计品质，设计是技术也是艺术二者俱佳才成其品质；R是视觉退隐，傻大个子填充建筑该隐则隐；S是街墙，何种风格何种高度要以氛围和文脉为重；T是高楼间距，为安全为健康为隐私不可密不透风... ...</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(239, 99, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">紧 接 上 集 </span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> J- Jane Jacobs，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">简·雅各布斯。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; background-color: rgb(45, 44, 47); color: white; text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯是一位美国（后移民加拿大）作家和活动家，致力于研究城市内部问题。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">自《美国大城市的死与生》问世以来，迅速占领主导地位并开启了城市设计的新篇章。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯抵制20世纪中期城市规划的常规做法，因此它们为了创造规整的城市形态，不惜分离功能、在开敞空间建造超大街区和大体块建筑。雅各布斯主张，传统的那种有机生长的城市空间，强调高密度在创造活力方面的价值以及多样性对于经济和社会的贡献。复杂秩序是一个城市的真实体现，而不是用机械理性去伪造城市秩序。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">那么，雅各布斯给我们当代的城市设计留下了哪些遗产呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">很显然，她的许多观念都是有悖于“老一套”的规划理念。她主张，混合功用和混合社区、高密度以利于便捷（获得服务设施）、不同年代的建筑、合适尺度的街道网络、儿童可以玩耍的街道、划分明确的公私空间、“街道眼”、具有弹性和活力的开放空间等等。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是也许雅各布斯最伟大的成就在于她，深入地体察和分析城市如何运作，而不是关注表层现象。在书的卷首语，她就力促我们“请用心感受真实的城市。当你在看的时候，你也要听、也要去琢磨、去思考你的所见。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">每个地方都有各自的特色。城市的持续进化归结于不断改变的社会行为、技术、全球化等等因素。因此，虽然雅各布斯提出的原则是一时的，但可以根据情况复杂程度进行实地调整，而不是以一概全的书本式规划。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">K- Kevin Lynch，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">凯文·林奇。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaictp4l0mYjuDOdiag8iasl9Lm7r24782ptTwadUV7aArQHSvnTwxDhChKH3VE5eJBVEZ0nmQdWsicoPg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7511111111111111" data-w="450" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" top: 26.09%; right: -131.18%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; background-color: rgb(45, 44, 47); color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">凯文·林奇是MIT城市设计专业的教授</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">曾出版过多本关于城市形态的著作。《城市设计读本 Urban Design Reader》（Routledge 2007）中高谈论调，“The Image of the City（城市意象） 一直以来是最受广泛阅读的城市设计书。”在任何时期，林奇总能令人信服地提出有影响力的关于人们如何感知城市的理论。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">林奇展开了一套与众不同的研究方法，它是关于人们对城市结构的认知，通过组织这些信息，形成“心理地图”，帮助指引方向。他认为，对城市形态的理解可由5个要素构成：路径、边界、节点、标志物和区域。对这些要素的运用不仅可以提升一个地方的可识别性，而且可以创造出更多的令人印象深刻、增强归属感的场所。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个城市的老城区拥有较高的可识别性和当地特征，是因为其多元化的环境（要素）是经过规划设计，并随着时间逐步演化的：各种不同的街道类型、不同街道模式下直线交错创造的独特的节点、各式各样的建筑样式以及和谐的混合功用。相反，许多新的郊区却朝着枯燥、千篇一律的发展。最低标准宽度的道路随处可见，只有在连接主干道的地方才被打断的（“树”型）道路；一致的街道网格；还有均质化的住宅，并且这些住宅我们也只能从建筑的颜色区分；甚至连街角商店也没有。以此标准的建设未曾改变是因为这是基于工程理性为主导的观念，它提供了效率和可支付的住宅的好处。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">最后结果就是令人乏味的郊区比比皆是。（关于提到住宅的可支付性是有争议的。住宅是因为量大导致的价钱低，这并不代表卖的时候是打了折扣。）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个好的城市设计，如同规划，需要找到平衡。那些声称具有可支付性住宅的新郊区，就与创造可识别、值得回忆的场所达成平衡了吗？</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">L- Landmarks，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">地标。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaictp4l0mYjuDOdiag8iasl9LmNJoKNDj4Uba9uC8Dia9NO7DfhaszDs8BMq2peAOfYco51s9j1StHc7w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.4583333333333333" data-w="600" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个构筑物要独立于周边环境成为地标，可能是因为其高度、功用、独特的设计，或是因为其处于重要视廊的终点位置。这些内容是构成一个好的城市设计要素之一，它能够帮助人们在城市中掌握方向感。那地标该建在什么位置，又需要具备哪些特质呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">地标通过在城市中的重要位置，增强了可识别性；可能是活动中心，也可能是重要的公共职能部门（比如市政府）或是重要的交通节点（比如地铁站）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">地标坐落的位置需要反映出这个地方的重要性。教堂通过高耸入云的尖塔直指云天，图书馆也可因其杰出的设计同样成为地标。地标生来具有强烈的视觉冲击力影响着区域，并承载着优秀设计的使命。（相反，“填充式”建筑应该循规蹈矩，不应太突兀）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">地标是良好城市形态的重要一环。需要注意的是，它的独特性应当根据其重要程度来决定，而设计特征也应符合视觉效果。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">M- Malls，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">购物中心。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1956年，墨尔本第一家无车购物中心在Bell街道上（毗邻奥运村）开业。随后在1970、80年代快速增殖，创造了行人友好的市场中心。然而后来，机动交通的大量入侵，导致双方针锋相对。为什么会产生这样的局面呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">行人友好环境是中心区具有吸引力的重要因素，能够带来经济上的发展。但是这不是的唯一条件。许多人驾车去购物，便捷的交通工具和停车位也非常重要。随着夜幕降临当人们穿过大街小巷走到停车场时，会产生不适感，这时方便停车的意义就凸显出来。需要把一条街道上的小汽车交通和停车位分散到周边的街道上去。当这条是主干道时，则会导致中心周边严重的交通拥堵，这一点使行人深痛欲绝。（最近到访过Ballarat？ 那样便可窥见一斑？）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">不管怎样，机动交通倒是也有好处。源源不断通行经过商店的车流能够产生“通行交易”（每天经过商店上下班的人群都是潜在的用户）证实了“传统”中心沿着主要街道的普遍性。另外，当夜晚行人稀少时，机动交通所提供的“街道眼”，也提高了行人的安全性。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这暗示我们，步行购物中心在任何地方都可以运营。商务区和区域购物中心能够融入步行街是因为，大量的商店和更高层次的竞争力足以吸引人流。但是大多数中心缺乏竞争力优势，无法抵制商场的碾压。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">有一个折中办法。St Kilda的Acland Street是一个行人友好，但又允许通车的地方。路边停车和驶过的车辆发挥的“被动监控”功能是促使其成功的原因之一。所以可采取一种替代性交通管理办法，即白天营业时间对交通的限制，而在夜晚时段对机动交通的开放。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">步行购物中心可在竞争中获取自己的一席之地，但在较小规模的购物中心优势甚微。对于后者而言，我们应当采取更有创造力的措施去营造行人友好环境。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">N- Neighborhoods(walkable)，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">适宜步行的居住区。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">曾有导则（56.03-1）指出，打造步行化居住区，人们可以步行通往活动中心、学校和社区服务设施、公共空间和公交站。那什么是步行化居住区？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">目前的说法是，人们可以愉快的接受400米或5分钟的步行距离。人们步行的距离受到多方面的影响，尤其是路途环境是否友好以及是否有可以代替步行的选择，这是主要因素；而且还会受到诸如健康状况和天气等因素的影响。因此，400米是综合考虑了所有因素达成的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当我们考虑步行可达设施的服务范围时，困难就来了。维多利亚时期，小学的服务范围是3000栋住宅。而当下普遍采用的住宅密度是每公顷15栋住户，以此推算需要200公顷的土地。即使没有其他功用，这也说明了一个平均距离，从顾客来源中心区到其边缘，大约800米（或是10分钟的步行）。同样地，社区中心以及任何规模大于街角小店的零售店，都需要更多的顾客来源，而不仅仅限定于400米的半径范围之内。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此，为了实现真正的步行化社区，我们要么努力地营造好环境延长人们5分钟的步行意愿，或者增加住宅密度保持在每公顷15栋住宅以上。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">O- Over-development，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">过度开发。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaictp4l0mYjuDOdiag8iasl9LmLfsMegwGvibic87XwShMuByWPUibqsArXQBH1SqkzlrcEicC7DNsbibCung/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.116" data-w="500" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; background-color: rgb(45, 44, 47); color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">过度开发是一个正式的术语，指的是建筑物相对于其所在地点而言太过于庞大。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">不幸的是，由于人们对这一词语的频频使用，希望表达对拟开发项目的反对，却无法列明反对理由，导致其含义有所贬低。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">从城市设计的角度来看，特定场地的开发容量需要经由多种因素认真分析之后确定，包含希望达成的公共空间便利设施及特性，以及邻近物业的便利设施及开发潜力。不可仅用建筑高度加以界定——至少应从三个维度上进行描述。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计关于周边环境开发相关的诸多概念，都关注于其在地面层向人们呈现何种面貌。这也就意味着，如果高层建筑的上部加以退后，隐藏于视线范围之外，或者仅构成整体视觉印象中极为微小的一部分，则高层建筑即是可被接受的。如果建筑物有任何从任何地点都看不到的附加楼层的话，它怎么可能会产生视觉冲击？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">理解视角的影响极为关键。简而言之，与建筑物的距离越远，看起来就会越小。比如，一个3层高的裙楼，如果在地面层看，感觉会比较大；而如果在其顶部高度并退后于裙楼边缘来看的话，则感觉会比较小。（从倾斜的角度和垂直的角度而言，都有这样的效果）。宽阔平坦的场地，如果在其中心位置修建高楼，则其对周边产生的视觉冲击，与在场地边界修建的低层建筑产生的视觉冲击等同甚或更小。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">与从近处看相比较，高层建筑从远处看会更为显眼。但这一特征通常会增加天际线的趣味性，而非对其环境或者特征造成损伤。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">所以，下次当你面对一项高出周边建筑物的项目开发方案的时候，请先仔细考虑是否可从毗邻的公共和私有空间看到这一拟建项目，之后再从城市设计的角度达成其是否构成所在场地过度开发的结论。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">P- Place-making，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">场所营造。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaictp4l0mYjuDOdiag8iasl9LmtbsXBMfa9ZPfsZEFBspTfKnkar71Cj9GSUsQMalTxELsa4SfZAp2qQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="500" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; background-color: rgb(45, 44, 47); color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“场所营造”一词近年来频频被滥用</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">以至于几乎完全丧失其本意。但这一词语是最为基本的城市设计概念之一。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">场所营造意即创造出可供记忆的场所。尽管在城市设计之中，连通性、安全性和可持续性非常重要，但城市设计的“艺术”却在于，同时确保营造出的场所是独特的、欢愉的和有意义的。最佳的城市场所所具有的品质，应可确保其在人们心中产生持久积极的印象，吸引游客到来，并引来潜在居民入住。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">场所营造的含义包括对良好的自然环境加以利用，营建独特的环境或者设计独特的活动。墨尔本南岸以及港区的开发，就充分利用其水岸环境，创造出令人难忘的场所。墨尔本的林荫大道，比如St Kilda路，皆为众所周知的美好场所。联邦广场的成功，则归功于在其上举办的连续不断的各种节庆事件。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计者应警惕规避公式化雷同的规划方案。场所营造应把任何一项规划作为营建崭新城市场所或者改善原有环境的基础工作对待。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Q - （Design) Quality，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">设计品质。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaictp4l0mYjuDOdiag8iasl9LmGJiaLkdgPnpFXfsCMckV5wlh6iazA2KZEZ7L6sEwmANuyoG7p3pic9aGA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.334" data-w="500" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">随着城市密度增高，高层建筑益发普遍，因而设计品质就成为了一项重要事宜。为何重要？如何确保？如何加以评价？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">低层的密集建筑对环境的视觉品质产生的影响有限，因为难以从其街区之外的其他地方看到。而高层建筑则可从很远处看到。这样就对整个城市区域的特征及吸引力方面产生显著影响。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划业界有一种趋势，即要求建筑师编制出在整个项目持续期间都被采用的应用规划。其目的是为了避免高品质设计概念不会被良好执行，因为开发商有可能想简化设计以降低成本。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">设计品质包含对文脉的恰如其分的响应，以及提供能够满足方案的内部布局。但是，建筑物在审美方面取得的成功，是最难以进行评价的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在一定程度上，建筑物之美是以旁观者的角度发现的。建筑风格极为主观。但是，关于何谓好的和坏的建筑物，还是有普遍的原则以供达成共识。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">富有吸引力的建筑，应具备清晰且易于识别的建筑构思。典型而言，其中包含的是一种建筑理念，而不得是加以精心设计的概念，由采用雅致充分的材料和装饰加以表现。正如路德维希·密斯·凡德罗所言，少即是多。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">对于建筑物的视觉效果而言，设计质量的重要性日益显现。可通过明晰的节约成本的建筑概念确保设计品质，而非依赖于昂贵的建筑技术或者材料。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">R - （Visual) Recessiveness，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">视觉退隐。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaictp4l0mYjuDOdiag8iasl9Lm3ovVoM892nPwJcBH2nGicuzLBHZXc56TBqHqgiaR8DBI3NRicexYwydcQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.4019933554817276" data-w="301" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; background-color: rgb(45, 44, 47); color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">退隐是一种重要的城市设计工具</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如需在特色区域进行城市开发，比如在传统的活动中心，可能需要对高层建筑进行视觉退隐处理。其出发点在于，如果建筑高层能够得以充分隐藏，则不会对低层建筑形态构成的极富价值的街景特征产生不良影响和干扰。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何对视觉的隐退进行控制与评价则存在难度。高层建筑需要进行何种方式的视觉退隐呢？如何对视觉退隐进行评价呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划的趋势，是通过最小化的建筑退缩尺寸达到视觉退隐的目的。但是，这是在对低层建筑和高层建筑高度作出假定的基础上提出的。考虑到高度限制通常为自由裁量的最大值，所以与最小建筑上层退缩尺寸中规定的希望达成的退隐相比较，有相当多的建筑物具有更低矮的基座或者更大的总建筑高度。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为达成视觉退隐可采用的另外一种方式是，限制高层建筑在建筑视图中所占比例。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">高层建筑可通过轻巧美观的外形达成视觉上隐退的效果，如果与厚实凝重的低层建筑产生反差，那么隐退效果会更好。可通过采用高比例立面开敞的形式，诸如退缩式阳台或者大窗，使用金属或者木材覆层等分隔性材料而非庞大的整体性材料来营造轻巧美观的建筑外形。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">颜色对视觉的退隐也会产生影响。无论是深色还是浅色，都会吸引注意力，而柔和的中间色调，比如灰色，在天空之下所产生的视觉冲击力就不会那么强烈。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">退隐是一种重要的城市设计工具。但是，不能仅仅通过高层建筑退缩程度进行测度。有必要提供更为复杂的方式和评价指标。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12.25px; color: rgb(13, 0, 21); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; animation: emp_twisterInUp 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; width: 5%; line-height: 0.8; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 38.3999px; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“</section></span> <section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: right; width: 90%; animation: ent_moveInRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">S- Street wall，</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: right; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><strong style="color: rgb(226, 165, 119); text-align: right; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box;">街墙。</strong></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaictp4l0mYjuDOdiag8iasl9LmkfUcvuYOn3xRaEkCUAsKrgBSWhhHibcb8Nj2O9BOjF1HxkYcwicCXMibQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6666666666666666" data-w="450" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 15px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-right-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; background-color: rgb(45, 44, 47); color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">街墙是在街道边界或者毗邻街道边界所修建的建筑物的外立面。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">因为其被界定为公共空间的组成部分，所以是城市设计的重要元素。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划方案通常会鼓励在城市活动中心采用3层高度的街墙。但这样的高度，是否总能达成最佳效果呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">街墙的高度和详细设计应当对任何富有价值的建成形态特征作出响应，包括传统肌理。在传统活动中心，建筑形态通常是1-2层高度，拥有狭窄的前立面，维多利亚式，爱德华七世时代风格或者内战风格建筑，护墙高度大约能达到10米。典型的现代建筑中的3层裙楼与传统的2层高度街墙恰好相对应，因为其具备极为适度的楼面至楼面高度以及护墙高度。把护墙分为垂直模块，则能够进一步反映出传统的细密粒度的街景韵律。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">传统而言，诸如银行和酒店等较大体量的建筑，都建造于街角位置。而在街角位置进行的新开发项目，则可通过更大的街墙高度来强化这一特征。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">而对于并不具备任何特殊价值特征的地点而言，又应如何？大部分街道能够接纳超过3层的街墙，不至于产生过于封闭或者因阴影而导致不适的感觉。这就提供了机会，可通过更强的空间界定来确定更独特的形象——增大街墙高度有助于产生更为深刻的场所记忆感。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在更为“城市”的区域中确保恰当的街墙高度与设计，是城市设计中的重要方面。三层高度通常最为适合于传统中心，而针对许多其他类型城市区域，采用更高的街墙高度则更为适宜。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jLtLUzt67USBx9UfbiaHicB0oCxHDBics1FZmdPGSxCbwTxsmicDg6Gtts27FWVoBXQv6bDkmIs1bRMNibNpjVtZPCQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.0828125" data-w="640" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(239, 99, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">请 看 下 集 </span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/1CTiblhnN8XKW1gvBiauFBmKYSwm1CfbF57LCLtzG1abmNpQ0J6lpoodEIfQhZwIIvU71N9fAPom6uOWbsDMS1ibw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.4625" data-w="640" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 10.5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 196, 190); 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