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<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-type="png" data-ratio="0.4578125" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/cfQYjaXI66UE8RnfqiaV8MP9Xj3zcoIcrdjLGjicicX1pZ8IYeW2fQletQcicyibQHVrvwibDicRVTibJ6OIrHtSzauTkw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">自2015年起，〇筑设计与上海交通大学建筑系合作，以</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“Cycling@Shanghai骑行上海”</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">为主题，对上海非机动车道进行了两轮城市研究。此项研究以自行车道作为研究切入点，在参考欧洲尤其是北欧自行车系统规划设计的基础上，梳理上海浦西市区内自行车系统现状，并最终在研究基础上提出设计方案。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在上一篇文章里，研究团队谈到了自行车友好城市的标准以及上海与其各方面的差距，此篇我们将抽取样本城市，介绍各个自行车友好城市的特点。在此阶段，团队进行了大量的资料收集，以了解其发展历史，并绘制了各个城市的自行车道系统图，与公交系统、铁路系统、河流、绿地、重要建筑进行比对，以了解城市具体出行情况及规划特征。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><hr style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">丹麦哥本哈根：复兴的范例</section></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 8px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 5px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;">自行车在哥本哈根的普及可以追溯到20世纪初。 1910年，由于骑行者日益增多，一条环湖的马道被改成了独立的自行车道。至1890年，哥本哈根已经成为欧洲最适宜骑行的城市。然而20世纪50年代开始，随着城市中机动车数量的激增以及新建道路对自行车设施的忽视，在60年代末和70年代初，自行车出行比例下降到了历史最低点－10％。</span><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">70年代两次石油危机及日益高涨的环保运动促使了自行车的复兴。为了节约石油储备，丹麦政府被迫将周日定为无车日。与此同时，丹麦自行车协会在哥本哈根及其他城市组织了示威游行，要求建设更好的自行车基础设施，以提升骑行安全性。这些抗议活动对新的城市规划产生了直接影响，政府由此开始了独立自行车道的建设。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.7015625" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1DhnxAtPyr7lJFVQf4GKpiclbEUVxatJSp1bXrR9ldkYX9y2PGh0e9Jqfvg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">哥本哈根自行车道系统</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在市民及政府的共同努力下，至2010年，哥本哈根市内的自行车道长度达到了397公里，相比上世纪80年代几乎翻了一番。除去市内沿主要道路通勤用的自行车网络系统，哥本哈根自行车系统还有两个特点。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一是规划了22条100多公里的绿廊系统，此路线尽可能沿市内现有绿地河流及景观进行建设，以避开嘈杂的机动车线路，给骑行者提供舒适的体验。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二是自2012年起，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">哥本哈根开始在近郊建设通往市中心的辐射状的自行车快速道（28条500公里），以鼓励更多市民通过骑行进入市区，减少拥堵。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">除去规划层面思考，对自行车友好也体现在具体路段及细节设计上。例如为了与机动车道区分，非机动车道标高会相应抬高，并通过铺装予以标示。在路口则设置脚踏及扶手，红灯时骑行者可靠在上方休息无需用脚勉强撑地。此额外还特地为自行车设置交通灯，凡律师比机动车信号灯至少早四秒，这样骑行者可提前通过入口。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.4087136929460581" data-w="482" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1Dhn9yw7Q3mPFhKYnHbgfly9b0JsaDyhWibEHwCx6HKlYvmUZibcjfGzr3tQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">路口脚踏及扶手</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">哥本哈根政府计划在2025年时，骑行者在路途上花费的时间较2010年减少15%并且较2005年骑行者受重伤比例下降70％，使市民在享受快速出行的同时又得到更可靠的安全保障。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">荷兰鹿特丹：多层次的自行车道路网</section></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 8px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 5px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.653125" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1DhnJibrbO32Ys2yKb8me1mFTbZbO9F5q7u0UI7vXibKnalibcWjP6t0zSR3A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">马斯河地下隧道</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">鹿特丹政府向来重视自行车设施建设。作为欧洲最大的港口城市，为了连接城市南北两侧并且避免影响海船进出港，早在1942年，鹿特丹就在马斯港建设了一条水下隧道，其中包括两条并排机动车道（2*2），一条人行道及一条自行车道。至1950年，隧道内自行车使用量曾一度达到40000。尽管随后的几十年间，马斯河上新建了不少桥梁承担了部分流量，但隧道内每天依然有4500辆自行车穿梭其间。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从鹿特丹市政府的规划（2010）来看，鹿特丹现有的城市自行车网络大致可分为3层。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.70625" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1Dhnm0yrkL3kJVYcKTGKGRPCp8RU8l5xojkvQ28MgKC0OM9HGRx6tEb6fQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 鹿特丹自行车道系统</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第一层为城市自行车干道，针对骑行距离约为3至12公里，主要连接城市公共中心及各交通节点（如南剧院，市中心，亚力山大火车站），目标是帮助骑行者快速穿越城市抵达目的地。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二层则是区域型道路，它设计网络密度为1至 1.5公里，考虑到部分区域骑行者数量较多，网格有时被进一步细化至0.5至1公里。这样的网格密度保证了居民在250-500米范围内就能使用到规划的自行车道。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第三层则将鹿特丹与周围景观联系在一起，它兼具了通勤与休闲的功能。这个自行车网络穿过了霍夫波莱恩的高架桥，沿着河流到达南部公园和艾瑟尔蒙德地区，同时还沿着马斯河向西部的港口区延伸，这一块是鹿特丹主要的工业区。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">德国柏林：独立而丰富的自行车系统</section></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 8px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 5px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.5625" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1DhnB3BmJ6IcXEgCAXL8u4BydZgSUEQQDHDvlkVKBVdLaiaK2t9RgfmJUjg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">柏林墙下的骑行者</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">柏林为现有面积最大的自行车友好城市，达到了891.85平方公里（上海中心城区面积的4倍），为大型城市推行慢行系统的典型案例。自2005年第一条通往市中心的自行车道开通后， 到2008年时，柏林已经拥有了620公里的自行车道，其中包括150公里的自行车专用道，190公里的越野自行车道以及100公里的自行车行人共用道。在引入“<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">限声区</span>”（calm zone）后，机动车被限速在30公里/小时以下，这样的策略间接地提升了骑行体验。统计数据显示，在2013年柏林每天骑自行车的人数已经达到了50万，柏林每1000个市民中就有710名拥有自己的自行车。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">柏林的自行车道系统由四个层组成，沿柏林墙自行车道，长途自行车道，自行车主干道及自行车支路。 长途自行车道呈放射状，将柏林与周边城市进行连接，如哥本哈根，欧洲自行车道R1。12条自行车主干道亦呈放射状，其间配合8条环状道路形成蛛网型架构。自行车支路则在此系统上进一步将系统进行细分。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.7078125" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1Dhnz1YXYRPj7WUhT9a6wTw67pd9oZicB3hMwQNNJicXQ3cXyw5zSgojqMVQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 柏林自行车系统图</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在比对柏林自行车道与地铁线路后我们发现，柏林的地铁线路与自行车的主干道具有相似的放射趋势，但两者大部分线路不吻合，都是作为一个完整的系统单独在运作，自行车系统在柏林并不只是作为地铁交通的补充，而是一个独立的系统。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.25" data-w="600" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1Dhny5MCPvd8W8t36HviabfNkib0XdmqmVIT8eIHLM1JgWMia3Wia3WptIMWIw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">德国铁路自行车标示</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">值得一提的是，尽管线路规划上并不强调公共交通与自行车衔接，但大多数轨道交通都允许自行车上车，并会在车厢外进行标示，这样的想法与荷兰相似。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">奥地利维也纳：街道活力的再现</span></section></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 8px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 5px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;">1980年，为了改善城市公共空间品质激发街道活力，维也纳市议会将自行车道路修建提上日程。6年后，维也纳修建了168公里的自行车道。这一阶段自行车道建设沿着多瑙河展开，主要服务于旅游区。1993年，议会又提出了新的规划建议，希望将骑行出行比例提升到6%（维也纳骑行出行率相较其他欧洲城市是非常低的）。一年后，第一版自行车道系统规划成型，其中设计了27条基本自行车道，供日常通勤及休闲用，此版规划也为之后发展打下了基础。</span><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.3484375" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1DhnM0jZAjlMpcKiaxdE67K8Jxe6jmsk6sBRribk6XItPjBs3HBesme3mcPQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">左图：1990年代自行车道规划；右图：2010年后自行车道规划</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2003年，维也纳政府开始加大自行车设施建设的预算，这一政策推动了市内自行车基础设施全面发展。在原有设计的基础上，网格被进一步细分，并在2013年的时候，实现了自行车在各区域内全面覆盖。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在研究维也纳自行车道规划后可以发现，由于多瑙河将维也纳一分为二，重要建筑均集中在南岸，其自行车系统规划或多或少反映了这一特点。多瑙河两侧沿岸均设计了景观骑行道，并通过桥梁对两岸进行连接。市中心的自行车道沿着环城大道，连接各个主要建筑，并随现有路网辐射状向外散开。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">法国巴黎：地铁系统与自行车道并重</span></section></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 8px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 5px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;">从上世纪90年代开始，巴黎开始修建自行车道系统。到2015年时，巴黎已经建设了700公里的自行车道，其中包括有独立专用道及在原有道路上拓宽后的自行车道。法国巴黎的人口密度为22000人/平方千米，这与上海中心城区的人口密度相当接近。</span><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">事实上巴黎拥有着非常完善的地铁系统，我们将巴黎的地铁站用蓝色的点表示出来，然后以蓝点为中心画半径为500米的浅蓝色圆，可以看到浅蓝色圆基本覆盖了大部分的巴黎，这也意味着在大多数情况下，巴黎市民只要走不到500米就能找到一个地铁站。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.6578125" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1Dhn22GIdpXibqydNGGcrGkmZ05yGwXC0CCNPKsoymK2zYE6ib0DEnicj993Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">巴黎地铁站及服务半径</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而，即使拥有如此便利的地铁系统，巴黎仍然在继续推动自行车道的建设。在2015年4月，巴黎政府宣布计划在2020年将巴黎的自行车道长度增加至1400公里，同时在几个火车站建设更安全的自行车停车场。巴黎现行的自行车网络分三层，快速道，主干道及支路。快速道由四条路线组成，主要分为东西，南北两条轴，并沿塞纳河两岸各置一条。主干道由内而外三圈环绕巴黎市中心。自行车支路则穿插于网络空白处。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.3328125" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1DhnBvEbyQ6rT4xicoGicB7ke4icQ53HQ9hia80JQfVwmwfcvaWWCV9icGv4jwg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">左图：巴黎自行车系统图；右图：自行车系统与景观</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，我们发现巴黎的自行车道系统与城市中的绿地，著名建筑之间有着紧密的联系，自行车道或途经，或连接著名建筑，同时，在大型绿地中也密布着自行车道路网。由此可知，在公共交通发达的巴黎，自行车已经不仅是一个通勤工具，而是与众多景观相结合共同提升着巴黎的城市形象。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">法国南特：骑行网络和自然景观的融合</span></section></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 8px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 5px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;">法国南特是我们挑选的自行车友好城市中面积最小的样本，仅为65.19平方千米，即上海中心城区的1/5。据南特市政府统计，其市区内每天大约有200万次出行，如何在确保市民们方便地到达目的地的同时又保护城市环境成为规划时考虑的一大问题，在提供必要的公共交通外，南特政府修建了丰富的骑行网络（市中心密集，向外逐渐稀疏），并借助着当地的自然景观，在卢瓦尔河谷沿岸建设了长达240公里的休闲自行车道，这一数据是初期柏林墙自行车道的3倍左右。</span><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.70625" data-w="640" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/cfQYjaXI66VicOMdriaUHKic7XwV7oic1Dhnr0zDRibKtKq8DBS6p5Gtnicwm3bfEmknia63bQB574KpLNELyC0A5Hq4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 100%; visibility: visible !important; height: auto;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">南特自行车道规划</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2015年时，南特市区内自行车道网络长度已经达到了376公里，并且在同年，南特也成为了在欧洲自行车联合会引导下举办的Velo-city 2015的主办城市。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">结论：整体规划和基础设施建设的必要性</span></section></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 8px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important; border-right-width: 5px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;">在六座自行车友好城市的案例研究中，可以发现不管是有着骑行传统的哥本哈根和鹿特丹，还是近年来逐渐进入自行车友好城市行列的巴黎和维也纳，它们都在近二十多年间根据自身特点和目标持续进行自行车设施的基础建设，而这些努力也取得不少效果：出行时间成本降低，骑行出行率提高，骑行本身也逐渐成为城市文化的一部分。根据最新的民调结果及实际效果评估后，这些城市也对未来自行车网络的发展和设施又提出了新一轮的要求。</span><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">反观上海近年来在推广自行车上收效甚微，正是受制于设施陈旧而未经设计，现有的自行车道缺乏系统的规划和思考。不论是早期的永久公共自行车还是最近风行的摩拜单车,均不能改变问题本质。上海倘若希望在未来发展成为自行车友好城市，提升市民生活品质，其首要任务就是对现有非机动车系统进行合理规划并逐步改善基础设施。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">项目建筑师</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">王卓尔（〇筑设计创始人，上海交通大学客座导师）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">项目团队</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第一轮研究：付炜杰，李佳雯，施捷雨，魏宇琦，徐旖旎，周诗耀，张天韵</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二轮研究：陈柱燊，黄涛，刘梦迪，金池，金梦怡，寿成彬，唐慧莲，殷正，张愉源，朱奕臣</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">项目支持</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">上海交通大学建筑系四年级“先锋建筑师设计工作室”</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 19.2px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">微信统筹：李娟</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 19.2px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">文字：O筑设计</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; 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