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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 4em; height: 4em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhSTCt1GpOlN1m723eVQHmnMPibkBuuuJtkF6P032R8GWsdx0niaXbpmltpckiaSdwPicJNKTfxHlhGCg/0?wx_fmt=png); background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhSTCt1GpOlN1m723eVQHmnMPibkBuuuJtkF6P032R8GWsdx0niaXbpmltpckiaSdwPicJNKTfxHlhGCg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.9409090909090909" data-w="220"  /></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-left: 1.2em; margin-top: -1.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; height: 2em; margin-left: 1em; border-bottom-left-radius: 1em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-bottom-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); max-width: 85% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-left: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5; padding-right: 0.5em; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">点击蓝字快速关注规划师杂志</section></section></section><section style="float: left; width: 5%; margin-left: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-top: 1.82em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 1px dashed rgb(33, 71, 215); padding: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 3px solid rgb(33, 71, 215); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">作者南京林业大学风景园林学院景观建筑系副教授、副系主任邱冰<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，南京林业大学风景园林学院城乡规划学系讲师</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">张帆</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2016年第8期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文章将公共艺术介入环境空间规划设计的内在原理置于城市集体记忆建构的框架下进行解读，并分析了城市公共艺</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术对城市集体记忆建构的影响机制，认为其有助于增强人们对城市空间的认同感。在此基础上，结合城市集体记忆建构的社会</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">过程梳理城市公共艺术实践的规律性内容，并将城市公共艺术与城市规划融合，从价值基点与技术策略方面提出城市公共艺术</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划的要点，以此作为公共艺术介入环境空间规划设计的操作路径。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 2em; height: 2em; margin: 0.5em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(33, 71, 215); transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em; height: 2em; margin-top: 7px; margin-left: -8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-45deg); -o-transform: rotate(-45deg); width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">★</section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border: 6px solid rgb(33, 71, 215); border-radius: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin: -6px 8px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-bottom-width: 8px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市集体记忆建构概况</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.68em; margin: -0.4em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 0.14em dotted rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.相关概念</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">集体记忆是指一个具有特定文化内<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">聚性和同一性的群体对其过去的共同记</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">忆，它能够增强组织的凝聚力和组织成</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">员的归属感</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。该理论的研究者长期以</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">来致力于阐释集体记忆建构的内在机制，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">即共同体成员如何选择、组织和重述“过</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">去”，以创造一个群体的共同传统来诠</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">释该群体的本质及维护群体的“凝聚”</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">美国社会学家保罗·康纳顿在此基础上</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">提出了“社会记忆”的概念。与集体记</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">忆理论宣称“立足现在，重构过去”不</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">同，社会记忆理论研究如何通过纪念仪</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式、习惯操演和身体实践来保持记忆的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">传递性与延续性，强调对记忆的控制，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">带有宏大叙事的意味。城市记忆无论是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对于档案学还是城乡规划学而言，都是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一种文学化的概念表述。不同于集体记</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">忆、社会记忆以“人”为研究对象，城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆关注的是能揭示一座城市发展与迁延</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">过程</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">的物质或非物质内容。比较而言，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">集体记忆的下列特性使其更适用于城市历</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">史、风貌保护的研究与实践。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)社会选择性<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。集体记忆对城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市过去的认同是社会选择和地理建构的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">结果，突破了城市记忆单向关注保护对</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">象的局限。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)媒介依赖性。集体记忆的建构过<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">程需在空间框架下展开，并分布于城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与地方的每一个地段</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(3)群体多样性。集体记忆中的“集<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体”大到全世界、小至一个单位，可以</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">使产生城市认同感的群体、途径多样化，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规避了社会记忆的宏大叙事陷阱。而以</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">此来认知城市空间的多样性更易于把握</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市风貌形成的原初动力与时间维度。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(4)动态重构性。集体记忆的建构强<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">调以“现在”解读“过去”的发展观，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在某种意义上提供了动态解决城市发展</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与城市风貌保护之间矛盾的思路。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">综合上述分析，本文借用“集体记忆”</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的概念，将“城市集体记忆”(以下简称</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为“记忆”)定义为一个具有特定文化内</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">聚性和同一性的群体对与群体相关的城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市空间、城市事件的共同记忆。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.记忆的构成</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)记忆对象。城市事件构成了记忆<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对象的来源，因此可将记忆对象分为2</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">类：一类与城市建设直接相关，并物化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为城市空间、建筑和景观等集体记忆场</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">所。另一类与城市建设间接相关或不相</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关，但属于发生在城市范围内的真实或</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">虚构事件。事件的内容、发生与传播过程、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">结果均可作为记忆，因此而产生的空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">环境、物品、文字、图片、声像也可形</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成一种记忆媒介，用于唤起“记忆”。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)记忆主体。与记忆相关的个人称<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为记忆主体。零散的记忆主体因某种关</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">联形成一个个集合，成为共同体。从与</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆对象之间的关联度看，可从2个方</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">面对记忆主体进行分类：一是按记忆主</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体是否在场可分为记忆亲历者与记忆分</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">享者，前者在记忆对象的形成过程中处于</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在场状态，而后者因不在场，不得不借</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">助于具有社会、文化性质的行为实践及</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">物质媒介(如语言交流、空间环境、物品、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文字、图片与声像等)来分享前者的记忆。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">二是按其与记忆对象的主客体相关性可</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分为直接相关型、特殊相关型和一般相</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关型。其中，直接相关型即与某种记忆</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">直接相关的人群；特殊相关型即对记忆</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">予以特殊关注的人群，如研究者、城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">管理者；一般相关型即对记忆的关注一</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">般的人群，如普通游客。某个记忆主体</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不仅可以兼属两种类型，还可以身处不</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">同的共同体。由于个体的经验及文化程</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">度决定了城市空间对记忆主体所具有的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">含义，记忆也因此区分出了不同的层次。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.记忆建构的社会过程</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">城市集体记忆并非个人记忆的简单<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">叠加。“谁的记忆”、“记忆什么”和“怎</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">样记忆”的问题须置于共同体生活的社会</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">环境下，只有在共同体依托的具体情境</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">中，借助社会交往、身体实践与社会框架</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对记忆对象进行回忆、识别、定位，结合</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">时代的特点进行重构，才能最终形成记忆。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆建构的社会过程包含以下要素：</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)宣称。记忆的形成需要集体成员<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">或集体以外的人士进行事件的再现。在</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">未对记忆进行宣称的条件下，记忆主体</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">难以意识到集体的共性、范围及个体的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">身份。当再现的次数减少或消失，记忆</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">也可能随之消失。例如，历史街区改造</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">工程迁走居民的做法消除了街区日常生</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">活事件的再现机会，即便保留了街区的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">物质外壳，所谓的“文化内涵”也因居</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">民“记忆”的消失而流失。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)承载者(言说者)。这里是指宣<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">称记忆的群体，可能是与该记忆有关或无</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关的精英，也可能是集体中的普通成员，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">但必须在公共领域里具有宣称记忆的某种</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">条件或优势。例如，城市管理者、专家、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">专业技术人员及开发商等群体因掌握了空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间资源而成为“记忆”的一类潜在承载者。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(3)受众。这里指记忆主体，其所含<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成员的范围取决于记忆宣称的范围。例</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">如，南京大屠杀的纪念长期没能超出中</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">国地域范围的一个重要原因是记忆建构</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">过程曾局限于控诉侵华日军的暴行而未</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">将其宣称为全人类的集体记忆。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(4) 情境。这里是指承载者宣称或言<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">说“记忆”时所处的历史、文化与制度环境。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(5)制度化场域。这里指承载者宣称<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆及集体成员开展社会交往、身体实</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">践活动所需的实体或虚拟的空间。制度</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">化场域从社会学的角度赋予了城市记忆、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市风貌保护对象另一种身份，强化了</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">它们存在的合法性及其对于“人”的意义。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(6)认同重构。事件的不断再现促成<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了集体认同，但再现不仅要追忆集体的过</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">去，还需面对现在与未来，因而记忆的建</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">构始终伴随着动态的认同重构。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 2em; height: 2em; margin: 0.5em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(33, 71, 215); transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em; height: 2em; margin-top: 7px; margin-left: -8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-45deg); -o-transform: rotate(-45deg); width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">★</section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共艺术对记忆建构的影响<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">机制</span></section></span> </section><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(33, 71, 215); margin-top: -1em; padding: 20px 10px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">尽管城市公共艺术在记忆建构的社<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">会过程中并非必备的要素，但与生俱来</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的意识形态表达与传播功能使其极适合</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作为制度化场域中的言说媒介，积极推</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">动记忆建构的过程。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.超越时空，增强内容与场域的选择性</section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆的多数载体受制于内容的时间<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">性、空间性。例如，城市历史遗存一般</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">无法改变其所属年代及其所处的空间位</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">置，加之受保存规模、质量的影响，其</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">承载的记忆内容既无法选择又相对有限。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市历史遗存对承载者来说是一种客观</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">存在，其蕴含的历史信息无法复制。尽</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">管城市记忆保护与规划实践试图将历史</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">片断在新的名义下连接成整体，但是能</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">否重塑为记忆，受制于受众的个体经验</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及文化程度，记忆的修复、重塑效果也</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">缺乏来自受众方面的实证数据。同样，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">档案馆、博物馆中关于城市的图片、影</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">像等历史资料将记忆内容定格在瞬间。这</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">些资料的丰富度、完整性及受众接触资料</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的机会与重复次数影响了记忆的修复及</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">重塑效果。而城市公共艺术如同现代的数</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">字化媒介，其形式、位置与表达内容均</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">受承载者控制，因而可超越时空的限制，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">令宣称记忆的过程带有明显的建构特征。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">首先，依据设定的记忆线索，用于</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">修复、重塑由承载者指定的记忆。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">其次，依据受众的特点选择记忆的<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内容，还可针对反馈信息进行修正。例如，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">中山岐江公园这类由工业遗产改造而来</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的开放空间，通过保留部分机器、构筑物，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">并以艺术再现的形式加固了原先在那里</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">工作过的人们的记忆。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">最后，除承载记忆对象外，记忆的<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建构过程也可以因城市公共艺术而转化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为不同层次的记忆。例如，全国30 多处</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">校园仍保存着20世纪60年代后期树立</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的毛主席塑像，不仅承载了国家层面革命</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">英雄主义的集体记忆，塑像的兴建与移去</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">事件对于亲历者而言也构成了一种记忆。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.形式多样，提高建构过程的参与性</section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">当前，由承载者主导的记忆建构过<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">程常存在参与度低的问题。尽管“城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆”工程的实施推动了城建档案馆、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">公共档案馆和城市记忆数字资源库的建</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">设，但文字、图片、影像和声音等档案</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与受众的互动性有限。同时，单向度操</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作的城市历史、风貌的规划实践实质上</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分离了记忆主体特别是事件记忆者与记</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">忆场所之间的关系，甚至导致城市记忆、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市风貌的建构过程建立在消除原有记</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">忆的基础之上。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共艺术以各种具有参与性、<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">交互性的形式建立由符号记忆、情节记</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">忆和价值记忆构成的集体记忆系统，使</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">直观的符号记忆携带意义的象征、生动</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的情节记忆丰富符号的意义、情节的选</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">择和价值的研判强化符号与记忆的情节。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">例如，美国越战纪念碑以光滑的碑体表</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">面映射出纪念者的影像，与碑体上的阵</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">亡士兵名字一起构成生者与死者的对话</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间，使阵亡士兵的亲人、朋友明知死</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">者的遗体并不在此处却仍动情地落泪。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">前来祭奠的普通民众则透过这一空间及</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">祭奠情景反思这场战争。碑体上未刻一</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">处介绍越战的字句，却使不同类型的受</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">众透过碑体(符号)以两种方式参与了情</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">节记忆与价值记忆建构的过程。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.唤起认同，拓展记忆传播的层次性</section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">与建筑、景观、文字、图片、影像<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和声音等其他记忆媒介相比，城市公共</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术的优势在于可以一种替代性的“真</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">实感”再现事件，引发受众深层次的共</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">鸣。这种替代性表现在3个方面：一是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">当受众面对的是痛苦的记忆时，未必愿</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">意直面真实的景象，如战争、灾难的场景；</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">二是利用空间营造情境使事件发生时并</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不在场的受众(记忆分享者)产生身临其</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境的感受；三是利用城市公共艺术的参与</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">性将与记忆直接相关的受众置于情境之</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">中，以替代性的“事件再现”增加原事件</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的真实性，美国越战纪念碑即属于此类。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">可见，一件成功的城市公共艺术作</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">品可将原本处于分离状态的记忆主体与</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆对象连接起来，唤起记忆主体特别</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">是记忆分享者的心理认同，从而使记忆</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的传播突破事件记忆者的范围，形成世</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">界、国家、城市、区域、片区与街区等</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不同的传播层次。例如，吴为山先生创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作的南京大屠杀遇难同胞大型组雕超越</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了文字、图片和影像等记忆媒介的局限，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">再现了南京大屠杀的历史情境，撼人心</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">魄，向全人类宣称了南京大屠杀这一世</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">界级的文化创伤型集体记忆。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 2em; height: 2em; margin: 0.5em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(33, 71, 215); transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em; height: 2em; margin-top: 7px; margin-left: -8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-45deg); -o-transform: rotate(-45deg); width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">★</section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254);"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; padding: 2px 8px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">基于记忆建构的城市公共艺术规划</strong></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin: -1em 0px 0px; padding: 1em 10px 5px; border: 6px solid rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px 3px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-left: -3px; margin-right: -3px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); padding: 0px 10px 5px; width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.受众的泛化及缺失：城市公共<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术实践的现状问题</span></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; float: right; margin-top: -3px; margin-right: -3px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; padding: 5px; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">新中国成立初期至20世纪80年代，<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">国内城市公共艺术的创作处在单一的宏</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大叙事主线引导之下，以主题先行的方</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式在作品中融入意识形态内容。尽管当</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">时的作品往往以具象的形态呈现，但再</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">现的事件、人物及受众却表现出极强的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">抽象性。事件、人物的抽象化将观者(受</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">众)的想象引向指定方向以发挥符合主</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流意识的教育功能。受众的高度抽象化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与泛化则意味着记忆的宣称面向的是无</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">差别的社会全体成员。这种强调以史诗</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式、标题式的形式浓缩、集中地表达主</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流意识形态的城市公共艺术创作理念，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在以建党以来的革命话语体系主导的“情</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境”下确实成功地建构了几代人的集体</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">记忆。但是，这种选址、内容均可脱离</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">或忽略事件具体细节的创作方法最终导</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">致了各地城市公共艺术的单一与雷同。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">之后的城市公共艺术开始呈现大众化、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">个性化、娱乐化和商业化交织的多元化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">状态，关照对象从革命意识形态转向艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术家、城市管理者的个体主张。对受众</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的忽略使城市公共艺术沦为单纯的标新</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">立异的形象游戏，过度的视觉刺激引发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的审美疲劳又导致了另一种城市公共艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术的“千城一面”：均质化的特异性或</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">千篇一律的多样性</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在非“记忆”的视角下，上述问题<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">表征化为城市公共艺术的总体质量、空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间布局、公共性、地域性和文化性等问</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">题。城市公共艺术规划被用于应对这些</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">制约当代城市公共艺术发展的瓶颈。然</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">而，学界似乎并未真正意识到其根源是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">受众的泛化及缺失。在艺术学领域中，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">研究者就上述表征性问题探讨了对策，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">但在规划方法方面缺乏实质性的成果。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城乡规划领域的研究则沿袭了传统的规</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划思路，套用了城市总体规划、城市设</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">计中以主题规划营造城市特色的手法。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这类研究虽然在文字的表述上纲举目张、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">逻辑清晰，但问题显而易见：再度强调</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了自上而下的宏大叙事、过度强调了文</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">字本身的编辑、加剧了“泛文化”现象。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px 3px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-left: -3px; margin-right: -3px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); padding: 0px 10px 5px; width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">回归人与生活的关照：城市公共</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术规划的价值基点</span></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; float: right; margin-top: -3px; margin-right: -3px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">基于记忆建构的城市公共艺术规划<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的核心目标是塑造集体认同，价值基点</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">是令城市公共艺术回归对人与生活的关</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">照，具体要点如下。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)关照对象的具体化、人性化。将<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共艺术的关照对象从承载者转变</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为受众，其关照对象的“具体化”分为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">两种情况：一是在设定、宣称记忆时，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">具体分析记忆所属范围，不再将受众视作</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">毫无差别的公众；二是针对分属不同团</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体的受众设定需建构、重塑的记忆。关照</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对象的“人性化”是指城市公共艺术的创</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作从受众与记忆的关系入手，在分析受众</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">所属范围及类型的基础上，充分考虑受众</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的情感及心理反应。例如，侵华日军南京</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆中的南京大屠杀</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">名单墙刚落成不久，一位老奶奶拿着一张</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">小板凳来到墙前，哀悼她在南京大屠杀</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">中遇难的丈夫，因为一直没有尸体和坟</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">墓可以让老人及其后代祭奠遇难的亲人。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">而墙上密密麻麻的名字对于普通受众而</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">言也会造成强烈的心理冲击。这种形式</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">下的记忆重塑效果远胜于其他南京大屠</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">杀纪念空间仅仅设立一块石碑并镌刻“遇</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">难同胞纪念碑”字样的做法。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)叙事立场的个体化、日常化。记<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">忆的建构过程有赖于各要素的协同作用。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">当记忆的内容与记忆建构的情境相差太</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大，特别是当受众的出生时间离事件发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">生的年代太远时，若承载者采取的叙事</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">方式超出了受众的日常生活经验与文化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">阅历，宣称将难以引起受众的共鸣。在</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">当今的时代语境下，市民社会的兴起、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">个体意识的增强、现代生活的私人化使</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以往那种承载者单向主导的宏大叙事方</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式面临近乎失效的境地。而对于少数知</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">识精英依据自身经验主张的个体叙事，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“民众也不会如知识精英所理解的那样</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">上心”。个体化、日常化的叙事立场要</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">求城市公共艺术的立意、构思细节化、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">生活化，即从事件中的细节或因该事件</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引发日常生活发生的变化入手构思、设</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">置及表现记忆内容。例如，深圳雕塑院</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的大型系列雕塑《深圳人的一天》因讲</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">述了老百姓的故事而获得成功。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px 3px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-left: -3px; margin-right: -3px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); border-left-color: rgb(33, 71, 215); padding: 0px 10px 5px; width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(33, 71, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">强调统筹与弹性共存：城市公共</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术规划的技术策略</span></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; float: right; margin-top: -3px; margin-right: -3px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">根据国内现行的空间规划体系，由<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">于规划内容为非强制性控制要素，城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">公共艺术规划应属于引导性的、意向性</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的非法定专项规划，可采取统一的编制</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标准、弹性的编制要求，具体包括以下</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">5 个方面。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)编制格式统一化。为保证规划成<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">果的可靠性，城市公共艺术规划应具备</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">统一的编制格式，如编制目的、框架、方</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">法和成果表达形式等。编制目的如“价值</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">基点”所述，其内在核心是塑造、增强城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市空间的集体认同感，但操作过程及结果</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的外部显性特征是激活空间活力、表现历</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">史文化和营造景观特色等，因而与城市总</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体规划下的多类专项规划具有连接性。编</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">制框架、方法和成果表达形式可参考城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总体规划下的相关专项规划。规划成果分</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">两类：一是仅作为专项规划置于城市总体</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划文本及图则中；二是在前一步成果</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的基础上再独立进行详细的规划编制。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)编制过程协同化。为保证规划成<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">果的有效性，城市公共艺术规划应与其</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">他相关规划协同编制，并建立一种恰当</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的关系。首先，城市公共艺术依附于城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市空间特别是公共开放空间，因此其规</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划编制必定与开放空间系统规划、绿地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">系统规划及景观规划等专项规划紧密相</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关。其次，城市公共艺术规划的实施难</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以一步到位，因其所在用地的性质不同</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">而归属于不同的专项规划。为此，本文</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对城市公共艺术规划与其他相关专项规</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划的关系作出如下设定：一是与城市总</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体规划下的其他相关专项规划同步编制，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在进行总体布局、形态设置时兼顾开放</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间系统规划、绿地系统规划和景观规</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划；在定位、主题方面将记忆建构与城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市历史保护规划、城市风貌规划、城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">特色规划、旅游规划统筹考虑。二是如</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对城市总体规划下的城市公共艺术规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成果进行详细编制，应先于其他专项规</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划(特别是与专项用地相关或用于指导修</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建性详细规划)的详细编制；如不再进行</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">详细编制，则将城市总体规划阶段的成</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">果作为其他专项规划编制时的参考依据。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(3)规划内容层级化。在统筹考虑各<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相关专项规划之间关系的基础上，规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内容以记忆为主要依据。对规划范围内</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的记忆作详细调查，按照世界、国家、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区域、城市、片区与街区5个等级进行</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">归类，细分受众范围及类型，结合编制</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">过程协同化的要求，对城市公共艺术的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">主题、空间位置进行统筹布局，形成层</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">级分明、目标明确的城市公共艺术分级</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体系。在整体规划下，如某一记忆的地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">点呈散点分布，则可形成次一级的体系。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(4)控制要求弹性化。分级体系尽管<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">从本质上考虑了城市公共艺术与受众的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关系，保证了城市公共艺术创作方向及</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">实施结果的有效性，但并不能涵盖规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的全部内容。因而，制定弹性化的控制</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">要求显得极为必要。首先，层级化的规</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划体系应保留扩展余地及适度松散，为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">3种情况提供公共艺术介入的可能性：</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一是为公共艺术工作者的即兴创作、自</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">我展示留出空间；二是为未知的城市偶</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">发事件建构为记忆提前作出公共艺术设</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">计引导；三是对尚未形成记忆的片区与</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">街区进行公共艺术设计指引。其次，简</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">化控制要素且无需设定通用指标。分级</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体系下的总体布局、总体数量、局部规模、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">个体体量构成了主要且相对客观的控制</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">要素。总体布局与总体数量既受制于记</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">忆的分布位置，又受限于其他相关专项</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划所能提供的空间条件，而局部规模、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">个体体量则与规划层级对应。除此之外，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为城市公共艺术工作者预留足够的创作空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间。作品的风格、形式、材质和色彩均由</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共艺术工作者依据城市公共艺术规</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划成果、记忆及用地条件自行判断。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">(5)设计形式多样化。现行的城市公<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">共艺术规划以雕塑规划为主体，势必造</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成作品呈现出整体单一化的现象。为此，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划可从两方面突破以雕塑为主的局限，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">首先，在编制框架中强调形式的多样性，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引导城市公共艺术工作者积极探索、尝</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">试新的表达形式。其次，模糊城市公共</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术与建筑、景观的界限，实现一体化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">设计，最大限度连接建筑、景观所承载</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的记忆信息，放大城市公共艺术的效果。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">例如，美国纽约高线公园原是位于纽约</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">曼哈顿西区的一段废弃了近三十年的高</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">架铁路，设计师以艺术、园林、建筑混</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">合的形态保留了高线各历史时期的代表</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">性元素：野草、涂鸦、铁轨和工业建筑，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成功重塑了当地居民关于高线的记忆。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 1.5em; margin-bottom: -35px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; width: 100%; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2016年8期</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">基于城市集体记忆建构的城市公共艺术规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">——一种公共艺术介入环境空间规划设计的路径</span>》</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(33, 71, 215);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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