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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 4em; height: 4em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhSTCt1GpOlN1m723eVQHmnMPibkBuuuJtkF6P032R8GWsdx0niaXbpmltpckiaSdwPicJNKTfxHlhGCg/0?wx_fmt=png); background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mhSTCt1GpOlN1m723eVQHmnMPibkBuuuJtkF6P032R8GWsdx0niaXbpmltpckiaSdwPicJNKTfxHlhGCg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.9409090909090909" data-w="220"  /></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-left: 1.2em; margin-top: -1.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; height: 2em; margin-left: 1em; border-bottom-left-radius: 1em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-bottom-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); max-width: 85% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-left: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5; padding-right: 0.5em; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">点击蓝字快速关注规划师杂志</section></section></section><section style="float: left; width: 5%; margin-left: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-top: 1.82em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 1px dashed rgb(66, 187, 209); padding: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 3px solid rgb(104, 175, 201); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，随着文化创意产业的发展，艺术在推进城市经济发展方式转换、激发创新驱动和重塑城市空间形态等方面<span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">具有重要的作用。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">作者清华大学建筑学院硕士研究生祝贺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，清华大学建筑学院副教授</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">唐燕</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2016年第8期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文章通过分析城市中文化艺术要素的交换、转移和集聚现象，指出“艺术流”是一种可以左右城市空间利用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和形象特征创造的特殊力量，由此从动态与人本视角探讨了“艺术流”塑造城市空间环境的多元途径，进而提出利用“艺术流”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">提升城市空间的规划设计举措和相关政策保障，以期为艺术介入环境空间的规划设计提供参考。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 2em; height: 2em; margin: 0.5em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(66, 187, 209); transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em; height: 2em; margin-top: 7px; margin-left: -8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-45deg); -o-transform: rotate(-45deg); width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">★</section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border: 6px solid rgb(66, 187, 209); border-radius: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin: -6px 8px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-bottom-width: 8px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">艺术的流动性及其对城市空间塑造<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的影响</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.68em; margin: -0.4em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 0.14em dotted rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">长期以来，城市一直被管理者、规划师和建筑师等当作固态的物质空间来规划与建设，即先有房子、街道等“器”的规划和生产，再有人的活动等“用”的植入，二者之间的分割导致传统规划始终困顿于静态、蓝图式的理性悖论之中。在对理性规划展开批判的过程中，先驱者们发现了重塑“器”与“用”两者关系的重要性，“城市流”(Urban Flow)的概念应运而生。“城市流”是指在城市内部或城市之间交换、流动与转移着的各类要素，包括人流、物流、资金流和技术流等多种可见或不可见的“流”，具有解构及重塑城市和区域空间的潜在力量。本文探讨的“艺术流”是“城市流”的组成部分和衍生概念，它涵盖了与艺术文化相关的各种动态的要素。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在“后工业”“新经济”“新常态”“创新”引导城市发展的新时代，城市中的“艺术流”越来越多地影响着城市物质空间的创造和演进，并成为一些城市整体发展水平的重要量度和空间规划对象。例如，在法国里尔的圣索弗尔(Saint-Sauveur)火车站，正是艺术的介入，使得曾经无人关注的破败空间转身成为每年迎接近百万人的文化载体(图2)。诸如此类的空间转型，往往并非是由规划师指令性的静态蓝图创造出来的，而是由艺术按照自我规律运作和创造的结果。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miamFnvZibaFgLuZ1Ngq3I4iaib4GTDOdjCzDIr2ntjeH8X87ibyYsicsah8MVojnnDYmGKQtt4d19LibIicw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.8738317757009346" data-w="214"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">毕加索认为，艺术只有流变而没有发展，后来的艺术不会覆盖已有的艺术，艺术美的流动也不会抹杀前辈艺术家的光辉。艺术与工艺不同，不是一成不变或只在原有基础上的单方向推进。当今艺术的繁荣更是通过不同地域间的要素流动，借助交流、碰撞与融合而得以升华。艺术在流动和交织的过程中，其要素往往会向着更具吸引力的城市空间聚集，而吸引它们流入的关键取决于环境空间的品质、生活工作所要支付的成本，以及与之相配套的各种物质和非物质保障。现代化的交通、物流与信息技术的发展进一步加剧了艺术的这种流动倾向，使艺术要素流动的成本更加低廉、速度更加快捷。显然，艺术作为城市发展的一种动力，不仅需要城市空间能有效承载其流动与发展的需求，还需要制定不同举措对其进行积极引导，以促进其良性流动。这里涉及的流动包含了艺术家、各种类型的艺术作品及艺术氛围等的流动，它们层层递进，相互影响。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">从艺术品的流动性看，环境中艺术作品的不断更新，可以使人们对同一空间环境时刻保持新鲜感，促使人们乐此不疲地多次重返同一地点。同时，高流动性带来的活力也有助于吸引艺术家的聚集，实现艺术创作与城市空间品质改善的循环互动。2012年纽约时报报道称，过去10年中当代艺术活动在全球范围内高速增长，往返于世界各地的策展人利用便捷的航空物流使同一件艺术品可以在几个月内被纽约、伦敦、米兰、东京和上海等不同地点的市民所欣赏。艺术作品不再像从前那样固定收藏于世界各地的美术馆、画廊和博物馆中。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">从艺术家及相关工作者的流动性看，艺术从业者因自我雇佣(自由职业者)而比其他职业群体更有可能作出跨越州(省)和区域的迁徙，影响这个过程的要素主要是生活环境品质与社区生活成本。2011年美国社区调查的结果表明，美国艺术家的自我雇佣率为34%(不包括第二职业)，高于其他行业平均值的3.5倍。</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">从与艺术关联的资金流看，越来越多的公共与私人资本正在投入艺术领域中。截至2014年底，北京文化创意产业的GDP贡献率已经占到全市总量的13.1%。文化与艺术的经济带动效应在发展方式不断转型的今天愈发凸显，蔡武曾指出，我国潜在的文化消费能力高达4万多亿元人民币，目前还有3万亿元的空间可以挖掘。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 2em; height: 2em; margin: 0.5em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(66, 187, 209); transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em; height: 2em; margin-top: 7px; margin-left: -8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-45deg); -o-transform: rotate(-45deg); width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">★</section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“艺术流”塑造城市空间环境的<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">多元途径</span></strong></section></span> </section><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(160, 160, 160); margin-top: -1em; padding: 20px 10px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); min-width: 1.2em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.活动作品</section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">活动作品指的是在一定的公共环境<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间中不定期更新的艺术作品—环境</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作为相对固定的容器，艺术作品则在其</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">中不断地更新变化，其形式包括街头涂</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">鸦、可活动的装置艺术、巡回和临时展</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">出的雕塑、画作与摄影作品等。常规的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共空间多半是一成不变的，固定</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的艺术作品长期安置于不变的环境之中，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">由此造成的审美疲劳是在所难免的—</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">尽管其中也可能不乏经典之作。而活动</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作品倡导的是：环境空间中的公共艺术</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">应及时更新，以满足大众不断变化的审</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">美需求，甚至于高明的环境空间艺术应</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">当通过自身的变化来引领每个时期的审</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">美变革。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">2016年4月，为期6个月的费城<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术博物馆室外展 (Inside Out) 拉开帷</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">幕，6个普通社区的街道被艺术品装点</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成了室外画廊(图3)。活动展出的并非</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术品真迹，而是费城艺术博物馆过去</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一年中最受欢迎藏品的复制品。这种做</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">法成本低廉，却能极大提升所在社区的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术氛围，使附近居民获得艺术的熏陶，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">并吸引从其他地区慕名而来的市民。展</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">览也成为费城艺术博物馆宣传自身的良</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">机，实现了艺术收藏与环境提升的双赢。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">如果说费城的例子是在固定空间中引入</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流动的艺术元素，那么荷兰艺术家霍夫</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">曼创作的“大黄鸭”则是同一艺术作品</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在不同空间中快速流动的典型。自2007</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">年作品诞生以来，这只大黄鸭已经游历</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了13个国家和地区的22座城市，并为</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">它们带来了巨大的价值收益。以2013</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">年在北京颐和园与圆明园的展出为例，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">短短1个月的展期为这两座公园带来了</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相较历史同期300万人次的额外到访量</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及近两亿元的直接收入。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miamFnvZibaFgLuZ1Ngq3I4iaibq5pSA7m8ALr8BKicriaBouXrvVBbleMjzxUOXjeoBuKw6UE6ZOM70mqg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5379537953795379" data-w="606"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); min-width: 1.2em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.街头艺术</section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">街头艺术体现的是艺术家等创意人<span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">群的流动性。在巴黎、罗马、悉尼和纽</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">约等城市街头的很多公共空间中都能看</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">到街头艺人的身影。虽然这些街头艺术</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">家所表演的多非高雅艺术，但风格流派</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">各异，且与行人之间往来互动，成为吸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引人流、提升公共空间场所感的催化剂。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一部分街头艺术家以公共表演为生，另</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一部分街头艺术家仅仅将公共表演当作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展示个人才艺爱好的方式，这与我国街</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">头艺人多为非法乞讨者的现象截然不同。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">街头艺术的价值不仅在于为特定场所吸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引人流，还在于其以不断变化和流动的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术活动营造出的城市整体艺术氛围及</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文化形象。每天，不同的街头艺术家流</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">动在城市的不同场所中，形成不同的表</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">演组合，由此营造出的艺术气氛带动着</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术家的聚集和交流，为城市艺术文化</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的发展奠定了基础。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">文化繁荣的都市不会只有在大剧院<span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与剧场中表演的艺术，它离不开自下而</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">上的艺术供养与锤炼，二者相辅相成、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">互相汲取养分。相比之下，我国尽管早</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在唐代以前的城市中便出现了“瓦子”(即</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">供民间艺人表演的公共娱乐空间)，但大</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">部分城市目前对街头艺术采取的都是“一</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">刀切”的禁止态度。我国曲艺文化源远</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流长，杂耍、相声、快板、评书、大鼓</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和评弹等传统艺术形式都是在街头巷尾</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">诞生的，近代诸多文艺大家(如马三立、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">侯宝林和单永魁等)也都经历过从街头</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">到殿堂的成长过程，而城市对街头表演</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的限制无疑成为了传统艺术发展的无形</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">桎梏。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); min-width: 1.2em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.节庆活动</section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">相较于活动作品和街头艺术，节庆<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">活动式“艺术流”所囊括的元素更加综</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">合。节庆活动更容易在较短时间内全方</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">位营造城市的艺术气氛，实现艺术的聚</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">集效应，而人才流、艺术家流、资金流</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和技术流等的数量与质量在一定程度上</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">决定着其成败。以澳大利亚珀斯举办的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">两届OMFM音乐节为例，澳大利亚希</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">望以此增强珀斯与亚太地区音乐市场的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">联系，并将其培育为区域的文化之都和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创意产业中心，吸引艺术元素流入并打</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">造城市特色与艺术品牌。OMFM 的活动</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内容包括传统音乐表演、现场音乐节和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创意音乐产业会议，以及不定时在酒吧、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">俱乐部内举办的各种展示和现场演出等。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">第一届音乐节带来了80位国内外艺术家</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的表演，周边活动区域承载了107个珀</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">斯本地乐队的演出。音乐节的活动场所</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不是局限于一块固定场地，而是采用传</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">统表演场地与独特城市空间(如滨海艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术中心)和非传统表演空间(如停车场)</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相结合的模式，广泛散布于珀斯CBD</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">地区，推动艺术元素渗透到城市空间的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">各个角落。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，与艺术相关的节庆活动在<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">我国也得到迅猛发展，体现出了文化艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术在生产、服务与消费领域所蕴含的巨</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大潜力。以户外音乐节为例，据不完全</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">统计，2011 ～ 2014 年，我国每年举办</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的音乐节次数从69场攀升到148场，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">增长约2.14倍；票房收入从1.61亿元</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">攀升至 3.79 亿元，增长约 2.35 倍；观</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">众规模从126万人攀升至307.45万人，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">增长 2.44 倍。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); min-width: 1.2em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.艺术家聚集地与共享空间</section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section style="width: 3em; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术家街区抑或艺术村是因艺术工<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作者发现了城市或乡村中一些廉价的特</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">质空间，并聚集在这个空间而形成的，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这些创意阶层也可能因租金的上涨而随</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">时搬迁到别的地方。在聚集地中，艺术</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">家经常“非正式”地占用或租用一些废</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">弃建筑或农宅，抑或自建工作室来开展</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">创作，他们对空间的利用具有较大的发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">言权，决定了空间使用的方式和地区呈</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">现的面貌。艺术家群体对于空间具有很</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">强的“集中”倾向，这是艺术元素在某</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">些特定空间场所自发聚集的原因。由于</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">很多艺术家是自我雇佣，其创作也具有</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">极强的独立性，故而对外界的区位条件</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">并不十分看重，这让他们在选择落户空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间时具有了更大的自由度。可见，较低</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的生活成本、较高的生活质量及空间环</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境中不断汇聚强化的艺术氛围，往往是</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术家群体选择聚集地的首要考虑因素。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">“共享空间”是艺术家聚集的另一<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">种形式，也是新型的空间利用方式。部</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分艺术家群体因没有独立租用空间的能</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">力而会为了降低成本，共同租建或分享</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间；部分艺术家则出于互相交流、宣</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">泄等需要而进行空间的使用结盟—艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术本是表达艺术家自身精神世界的媒介，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术创作的本源是传达与交流，即使最</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">晦涩、曲高和寡的艺术品也渴望知音。</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">崔凯在设计西山艺术家工坊时，认为“扎</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">堆儿”一词最形象、贴切地反映了当代</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">中国艺术家的生活状态，他将对这种生</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">活状态的概括通过恰当的建筑语言反映</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">到了空间与场所中，建构了一个拥有大</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">量共享空间的艺术聚集地。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 2em; height: 2em; margin: 0.5em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(66, 187, 209); transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em; height: 2em; margin-top: 7px; margin-left: -8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-45deg); -o-transform: rotate(-45deg); width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">★</section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254);"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; padding: 2px 8px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">利用“艺术流”提升城市空间的</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划设计举措：动态与人本的视角</strong></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin: -1em 0px 0px; padding: 1em 10px 5px; border: 6px solid rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" transform: skew(-35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(-35deg); -moz-transform: skew(-35deg); -o-transform: skew(-35deg); padding-top: 3px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); line-height: 1; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: skew(35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(35deg); -moz-transform: skew(35deg); -o-transform: skew(35deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -3px; margin-bottom: -3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-left: -11px; margin-bottom: -2px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="padding-top: 2px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.空闲设计</section></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-right: -8px; float: right; margin-bottom: -1px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; padding: 5px; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">对于城市规划师群体而言，如果能<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">将艺术思考自发的与城市规划设计相结</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">合，那是一件十分有益的事情</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。基</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">于此，回应“艺术流”要求，规划师群</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体应更加专业化、系统化地认识艺术发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展的内在规律和空间需求，充分考虑空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间对于不同艺术元素的适应性，以设计</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">出更多可以实现临时使用、功能混合和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">组合拓展的多类型城市公共空间。例如，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一些空间设计只需做到“半完成”，以</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">便给艺术家留下自主利用与改造的机会，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体现空间设计的灵活性、弹性和可变性；</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一些空间在设计时兼顾考虑组织公共艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术活动的可能性，强调空间利用的功能</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">复合，随时可为临时性的街头表演、艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术展陈等提供场所；一些空间不作强制</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">性的内容安排，最终通过流动的艺术作</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">品、艺术家及其活动等来实现空间形态</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和场所意义的时时更新；一些城市或地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区可以通过建设歌剧院等重要文化旗舰</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">项目来彰显艺术地位，打造城市的文化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术触媒。从上述分析看，很多城市中</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一些现有的艺术空间仍有持续优化的必</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">要。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">例如，北京酒厂国际文化区是在朝<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">阳区酿酒厂的基础上改造而成的，至今</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">已经历了10年的发展历程。园区主要由</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术家工作室、艺术企业与艺术机构等</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">组成，但由于缺少可灵活布置使用的“未</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">完成”的公共艺术空间，导致该地区的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">外部艺术性严重不足，已有艺术元素以</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建筑为单位自我封闭，建筑外部几乎没</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有可容纳外来展示、活动举办和公共交</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流的必要场所。因此，有必要对其空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">进行优化设计，具体优化方向包括：将</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">租户封闭起来的交流空间重新对全园开</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">放；在园区内的中心位置开辟及改造出</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">公共艺术空间；引导和鼓励租户使用自</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">家门前空地并作为艺术活动的延伸场地；</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对垃圾堆放、街角巷尾的消极空间进行</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">清理和再利用；实现集中式立体停车，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">将节省出的空间与道旁绿化带打造成供</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">室外临时展览用的艺术长廊等 ( 图 4)。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miamFnvZibaFgLuZ1Ngq3I4iaib3xNqEgHTPM29iaKzAj5icHdsxQLTr11PkeRyxFTqOfyThVZ4uhBuCOhQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.7857142857142857" data-w="532"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" transform: skew(-35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(-35deg); -moz-transform: skew(-35deg); -o-transform: skew(-35deg); padding-top: 3px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); line-height: 1; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: skew(35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(35deg); -moz-transform: skew(35deg); -o-transform: skew(35deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -3px; margin-bottom: -3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-left: -11px; margin-bottom: -2px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="padding-top: 2px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.空间包容</section></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-right: -8px; float: right; margin-bottom: -1px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在研究创意城市和创意阶层的过程<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">中，弗洛里达提出了影响深远的“3T”</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">理论，即技术(Technology)、人才</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">(Talent)和包容性(Tolerance)，指出</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术家等创意阶层相对于城市中的其他</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">群体来说具有更强的流动性，总向着包</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">容度更高的城市和地区流动</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。因此，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为了吸引艺术工作者的光顾和驻留，城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市规划及管理政策需要给予他们更多的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">自由、接纳和包容，并减少对城市空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">利用的强制性规定和控制。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">首先，城市规划设计应更多地体现<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">多元化的空间供给、不同类型的空间设</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">计优化和弹性利用机制。以伦敦的电影</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术产业发展为例，城市针对相关艺术</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">门类的实际需求提供了灵活多样的空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">供给：电影企业的管理、财务、后期制</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作集中于Soho地区，鼓励在这些地区</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建设适宜企业租赁的办公与众创空间；</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">电影的拍摄与制作位于外伦敦的北部和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">西部，利用旧工业厂区的改造进行大型</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">片场的设计</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">其次，建立包容的城市形象，需接<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">纳艺术工作者自发改造和利用城市空间/</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建筑的一些“暂时性”行为。在我国，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">即便是“798”这类享有一定声誉的工</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">业遗产改造项目，也总是因为现行管理</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体制的制约而沦陷在名不正、言不顺的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“非正式”运作困局中。我国工业用地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的使用年限一般为50年，由于现行制度</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规定的制约，工业用地在到期之前几乎</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">无法进行合理的退出、分割、产权变更</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">或性质升级转型，这对以文化艺术为手</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">段改造利用旧工业基地的做法形成了较</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大的阻碍。因此，深圳、广州等一些更</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">具包容性的城市，正在尝试通过设置弹</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">性年期制、缩短土地最高出让时限、转</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">售为租、分割销售开闸、减少土地流转</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">约束及允许功能变更等多项管理机制变</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">革来推动存量用地的有效利用 ( 图 5)。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miamFnvZibaFgLuZ1Ngq3I4iaibsyQZqwWfsMdfwhBg1Ffia5fbZUlnFhu8dSU4gOPRGrfAzabsvIVxynQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.0531645569620254" data-w="395"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" transform: skew(-35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(-35deg); -moz-transform: skew(-35deg); -o-transform: skew(-35deg); padding-top: 3px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); line-height: 1; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: skew(35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(35deg); -moz-transform: skew(35deg); -o-transform: skew(35deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -3px; margin-bottom: -3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-left: -11px; margin-bottom: -2px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="padding-top: 2px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.文化艺术活动的规划组织</section></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-right: -8px; float: right; margin-bottom: -1px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">规划和组织街头表演、节日庆典等<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文化艺术活动是利用“艺术流”提升城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市文化创意氛围、建构城市艺术形象及</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">改变城市空间利用方式的重要措施。传</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">统的文化艺术活动组织，在空间上往往</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">被锁定在某个小片区或文化建筑中，在</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">时间上通常是昙花一现的几天，影响范</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">围和力度相对较小；新时期的文化艺术</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">活动具有更加综合的内容组成和更为丰</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">富的表现形式，持续时间更长，活动地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">点更加丰富、多元和分散—城市中很</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">多地方都被发掘出来作为艺术的舞台，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">包括街道小巷、废弃厂房、公园绿地、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">社区中心、文化设施、胡同里弄和停车</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">泊位等。与此同时，城市规划在配套服务、</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">交通组织和空间串接设施等方面的有效</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">安排，可以最大限度地促进文化艺术活</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">动实现其价值潜力。以美国亚利桑那洲</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">凤凰城的“PHX Fridays”为例，该艺</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">术活动旨在将罗斯福艺术区的影响力扩</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大到整个凤凰城城市中心区，并与其他</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">地区的艺术元素相联系，以共同体现城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市的艺术魅力。城市政府在节庆活动中</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划了免费穿梭巴士，以罗斯福大街东</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">端的艺术区为起点，通过两条线路联系</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">起西侧大学公园附近的艺术空间、北侧</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的汉斯公园与市美术馆，并接驳轻轨线</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">路以方便交通换乘(图6)。这项规划构</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">想将分散的城市艺术要素用流动的公交</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">载体串接在一起，从而以点带线、以线</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">带面地将整个地区的文化要素和艺术活</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">动整合起来。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miamFnvZibaFgLuZ1Ngq3I4iaib8bhjiba1iaoQibaEDDSUhl4n7JfkwxMZJeq6nDJLUrVACpibN2669yT20Q/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.064676616915423" data-w="402"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" transform: skew(-35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(-35deg); -moz-transform: skew(-35deg); -o-transform: skew(-35deg); padding-top: 3px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); line-height: 1; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: skew(35deg); -webkit-transform: skew(35deg); -moz-transform: skew(35deg); -o-transform: skew(35deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -3px; margin-bottom: -3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-left: -11px; margin-bottom: -2px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section><section class="" style="padding-top: 2px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.政策保障</section></section><section style="width: 5px; height: 5px; margin-right: -8px; float: right; margin-bottom: -1px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(66, 187, 209);"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">一方面，公共部门对艺术发展及其<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间建设提供的支持应系统完整并注重</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">长远，同时将文化政策的目标与更广泛</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的社会福利计划结合起来</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。从客观现</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">实看，当前我国的文化艺术政策多聚焦</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在艺术事业发展和文化产业提升上，与</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划相关的内容极其匮乏，仅有的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一些也多在强调固定文化基础设施的建</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">设和使用，因此针对“艺术流”的空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策建构仍然具有极大的提升和完善空</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">间。例如，调控租金以保障艺术家获得</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">可支付的居住和工作场所；为艺术家初</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">始创业提供资金支援；确保艺术工作者</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在满足相关要求的情况下使用各类城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">空间的合法性；提供艺术相关的培训和</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务等。这些手段的应用需要规划师充</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分挖掘政策潜力，广泛了解各地的文化</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">基因，在明确不同文化背景及影响作用</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的前提下，因地制宜地提出适宜具体地</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">方情况的发展建议</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。除了维护艺术发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展外，在政策保障方面还需给出必要的</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规定，以减少社会冲突和潜在矛盾。针</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对街头艺术，我国台北地区自2005年</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以来在全市范围内划定了68个公共空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">供取得执照的街头艺人进行表演，但演出</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">过程及空间使用都需严格符合“社会秩序</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">维护法”“环境噪音管制法”“交通道路</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">安全管理条例”等政策要求。这种基于制</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">度约束的精细化交叉管理，既提升了城</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市空间的使用效率、丰富了城市生活，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">又满足了街头艺术家的职业生存需求。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">另一方面，动态的城市政策是经济<span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">产业发展的催化剂</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，“艺术流”和文</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">化创意产业的综合复杂性使得单一的职权</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">部门难以对其进行统筹管理与引导，因此</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">需建立多元化的政策制订共同体(图7)，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以快速引导文化艺术的走向，以及应对</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大众的审美变化与艺术市场的波动。而</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建立有效的政策保障体系，需要实现以</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文化艺术主管部门为核心的跨部门合作，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">涉及旅游、财政、规划和土地等多个机构，</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">同时还应逐步建立起由研究机构、智囊</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">团体、艺术家群体代表、经济产业部门</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">代表和一般民众构成的多主体咨询与决</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">策网络。如此，可以促使城市从更加宏</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">观的角度审视城市、区域、国家乃至全</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">球的艺术元素流动趋势，把促进艺术交</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流、吸引艺术元素聚集及提升价值收益</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">等作为战略方向，在明确城市定位与发</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展目标的基础上，建构多纬度的地方政</span><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">策保障体系。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miamFnvZibaFgLuZ1Ngq3I4iaibhC7bN7srPKiaWeMLzEwXUpyotHuyIGgXqib761tn5IrsFfs4GsVYy0vA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.7933723196881092" data-w="513"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 1.5em; margin-bottom: -35px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; width: 100%; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2016年8期</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《动态与人本视角下的城市空间塑造：“艺术流”的力量》</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"></section><section class="" style="height: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgMfoTibhpJW46ibsBQIqQ222j5emrMFZzAufu1oMIZNCeREMsjRbkXBUXLibRaQXkcOES1VrOiarkVzw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8654867256637168" data-w="565"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; float: left; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="float: left; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"><section style="width: 0px; height: 8px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; margin-left: 23px; border-left-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px; margin-left: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px; height: 8px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-right-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-bottom-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; margin-top: -8px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-right-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-bottom-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; margin-top: -1px; border-left-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="float: right; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"> <section style="width: 0px; height: 8px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; margin-right: 8px; border-right-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px; margin-top: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px; height: 8px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-right-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-bottom-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; margin-top: -8px; margin-left: 8px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-top-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); border-bottom-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 16px; margin-top: -1px; margin-left: 16px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(66, 187, 209); 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