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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztas1btogUrw3RTSv1oPxp8Y04Qvo1ia0l1icgC7trTywpugtcfB2zux2UPQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 100%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 原文/ Donald Shoup      <span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ </span><span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;">杨昊燕</span><span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;">    </span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;"> 文献/ </span><span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;">王奥博</span><span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;">    排版/ 众山小</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 编辑/ 众山小    校验/ 李佳佳</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasib81vTKszgH8dIv095IibRia1Qhmv3ibppsWWriaibYKumx4wDRmJwJcibhdg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">近期我国很多城市在治理城市停车难问题中，都被逼无奈走上了增加停车位的道路。而美国的经验告诉我们，这只是一种暂时性具有毒性的解决方法。因为增加停车位会带来大量的负面影响，被证实就包括简介资助小汽车产业，导致交通更加拥堵和更多碳排放，带来更多的空气和水污染，还会推动城市的不断扩张与蔓延，并推动房价的升高，并降低城市设计的品质，减少适合步行的区域，最终危害经济发展。而本文主要讨论了停车配建下限标准规定对于经济不公平的影响。作者指出一个停车位的建造成本甚至高于美国家庭的资产净值，过多的停车位还会对特别是低收入人群产生伤害，因此变革停车配建下限规定是构建社会公平更为简单的方法。作者分析了美国加州近年对停车立法修订的案例，提出通过关联可负担住房能增加停车改革的可行性 。并最终告诉我们，人和小汽车是一场包办的婚姻，是被我们的城市政策和规划导致的结果。</section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding: 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(238, 234, 242);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 10%; padding: 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 13px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6c8gWODHF0j20mI0wWib7vOiclRscj9aH2EvfTzIKiboomtGV7nPbcLXSnmIJ1p7KPgPdgKuGp6jJFmqyPMdaJzYw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="51"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 70%; padding: 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 5px 10px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 5px; border-radius: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请看正文......</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 3px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 50%; padding: 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6c8gWODHF0j20mI0wWib7vOiclRscj9aH2Dias9Mialia5g1giaSfwzP6KJBbq0oTiaS7bOKActl9ag5xcurYeicL0Ih9A/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="51"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 50%; padding: 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6c8gWODHF0j20mI0wWib7vOiclRscj9aH2ZwjRyl9ggx5jGm3nMULfH3lr8DmzlicRY4oCtC5hm6qibhy5KTw4H1dw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="51"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; opacity: 0.4; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.6; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; opacity: 0.8; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"></section><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 202, 0); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(160, 160, 160); float: left; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(160, 160, 160); float: right; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.36em; margin: -0.46em 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 0.14em solid rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“城市要么为人设计，要么为汽车设计，希望两全其美是不可能的。”</strong></section><section style="text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">--- Enrique Pe?alosa （现任波哥大市长）</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(160, 160, 160); float: left; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(160, 160, 160); float: right; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">汽车的早期时代，如果你被福特(福特汽车创始人)和洛克菲勒(石油大亨)雇佣去给政府提建议增加小汽车和汽油的需求时，什么样的规划标准能够让小汽车当之无愧地成为出行方式的首选呢？<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，肯定是对土地进行分割处理，才会增加交通需求，这就意味着将用地功能单一化，这儿是居住、那儿是工作、再找些地方作为购物中心，人们就会增加交通需求；其次就是降低单位面积土地上的人口密度，从而进一步增加人们出行的小汽车需求；第三，就是要求充足的街外停车位，让小汽车成为默认的选项。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这样一些政策非常不明智地推动了美国城市机动划的发展，吸引了约87%的人将小汽车作为首要的交通工具。而鼓励小汽车使用的政策包括:土地分区规划、限制开发密度、要求建设更多停车位，同时阻碍街区的可步行性。城市历史学家常说是小汽车改变了城市，但其实是相关导向性的规划政策改变了城市、让小汽车变成最受人们喜爱的交通工具。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规定停车指标下限会产生严重的问题。因为建造更多的停车设施会资助小汽车产业，帮助增加交通拥堵和碳排放，污染空气和水源，并推动城市的不断扩张与蔓延，还导致升高房价(车位成本最终反映在房价上)，并降低城市设计的品质，减少适合步行的区域，危害经济发展，最终还将穷人赶出去形成收入单一化的街区。据我所知，没有哪个城市规划者能够否认停车的这些危害。事实上相当多的研究表明这些危害的真实存在。而过多的停车需求正在毒害我们的城市。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">停车下限的规定几乎成为规划行业的旧约。虽然我们不应该干涉其他人的信仰，但在停车的问题上规划行业必须要改革。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasUWZyqaFfEERjXfatVMXBE40pzqoc7rhku4CNgCribfCW832DqbLjs2Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8267326732673267" data-w="404"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、停车问题</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(137, 196, 255); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、停车配建下限规划的高成本</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">当被问及到底如何给不同分区设定停车标准时，城市规划者们处于一种困难的境地：他们不知道每一个画廊、保龄球馆、舞厅、健身房、五金店、电影院、夜总会、宠物店、酒馆、动物园和几百种其他土地用途的停车需求。规划者们也不知道这些停车位的成本、以及停车是否妨碍了其他城市用途。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;">尽管如此，规划者们必须为每个地块每种用地设定停车标准，并将这个过程专业化、标准化。停车规划是一种边工作边学习的特别技能，有时候需要更多的政治技能而非专业技能。尽管缺少相应的理论和数据，全球的规划者们已经为上千座城市中为上百种土地利用分区内为停车设定了标准---而且甚至出台了多达上万种街外停车规划管理条例。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果规划者们不知道停车位的建造成本，他们就无从得知停车位会增加多少房屋成本。斯巴达式简单朴素的小公寓,比奢华宽敞的公寓建造成本低，但它们的停车位成本是一样的。许多城市要求公寓不论大小都应该拥有相同数量的停车位，而这导致了停车位建设成本大大提高了低收入住房的价格。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">停车下限配建要求也降低了拥有一辆车的成本，却同时增加了其他很多事情的成本。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如最近，我估算出洛杉矶购物中心的地上停车成本是建造成本的67%。假如停车场建在地下，这个数值是93%。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">即使城市没有要求，开发商们也会提供一定的停车位，但如果停车供应没有那么高，就会造成停车位过剩。这种增加的成本分摊给了所有的购物者。例如，不管购物者有没有开车来，他们必须承受因为过多的停车位指标而增加的超市食物价格的上涨。因为贫穷而买不起车的人为此付出更多，因为这样才能保证富人开车去购物时享有免费停车。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“一个停车位的成本比很多美国家庭的资产净值还高。”</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">停车配建的下限要求就像工程师眼中的组装机，笨拙低效，东拼西凑，繁复冗余，维护昂贵，但却是一种暂时性有效的解决方法。</strong>与其思考它的工作原理，规划者们必须首先让它合理化。停车配建是从复杂的经济和政治推力中产生的，但城市规划者们却让这些不得已的规定得以实施，他们甚至反对对这些规定的改革。这导致最终普通民众承受这种伪科学的昂贵代价。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(137, 196, 255); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、中位数隐藏的信息</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市需要每栋建筑具有一定数目的停车位，而没有考虑到为此施加在穷人身上的负担。一个停车位比很多美国家庭的资产净值都高。在我最近的研究估算中，在2012年12个美国城市平均地上停车设施建造成本（不包括土地成本）是24000美元，而地下停车设施是34000美元（见图一）。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasWWCafvVPt2EFXvFfQcHoZsJSw4PYI5phcUDLibXLnO6Llyccc3M3I3A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.715625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、一个停车位的建设成本（图：Donald Shoup）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">相比而言，2011年居住在美国的西班牙家庭资产净值中位数只有7700美元，而美国黑人家庭则只有6300美元。这表明一个停车位的建设成本大约是占这个国家一半以上家庭的墨西哥裔与黑人家庭净资产的三倍还高。尽管如此，美国的城市规划还在通过下限指标强迫每个美国家庭要建好几个停车位，因为他们不得不在家、工作地点、商店、餐馆、教堂、学校和其它地方之间周转。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasP1kJL95pQMEUHen5PZ2AYCwSATlaXJQf5jqEOmJSuU862yDRzjxydQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6890625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、2011年美国家庭资产净值的中位数（图：Donald Shoup）</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;">很多家庭的资产净值是负数（他们的债务超过资产）。而上图显示出2011年18%的家庭，29%的西班牙裔美国家庭和34%的美国黑人家庭的资产净值是零或负数（见图三）。对于这些负债的人来说，唯一能使用这些非必需的停车位的方法，就是买一辆车，而他们必须通过高利率次级贷款的方式筹措买车的钱。因此提供免费停车位不过是一种误入歧途的尝试，开发商们被强迫提供大多数人负担不起的停车位，这会产生严重的经济不公平。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasTb0hs21AUmJ7NkSU1ia2tsREnGuXxfGric7zOfZu79yuHqQWtZhl1JibA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7328125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;">图四、2011年美国家庭资产净值为零或负的比例（图：Donald Shoup）</span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划者们不能直面对抗美国的财富不均，但他们可以帮助改革停车需求，从而减少低收入者和少数民族群体的负担。简单的停车改革应该是城市规划者们构建公平社会最简单迅速且成本不高的方法了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(137, 196, 255); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、构建限制停车需求的指标</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">街外停车增加了可负担住房的成本，并减少了它们的供应数量。很多城市的本意并非想通过街外停车将低收入人群赶出去，但好意并不一定有好的结果。不加思索的停车规划和保守派深思熟虑的规划一样有害。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">或许因为大众对于停车位的顾虑越来越多，有一些城市开始，至少在市区，降低或者废止这类停车下限指标的政策。规划者们和政府官员们开始意识到停车设施会增加住房成本，同时由于无法停车位的下限需求，不仅会阻止城市的填充式开发，还会阻碍旧街区的更新改造。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasNIJO2dXBngqbZB3AZf6R4augwmuGualnFFneeImZectrXJbWER9OMA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5953125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.52; box-sizing: border-box;">图五、停车场建筑（图：Donald Shoup）</span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">根据最近的报纸文章，有一些城市在降低或者废止停车配建下限指标有如下原因：提倡市区居住公寓（格林菲尔德与麻省）；提供更多可负担住房（迈阿密）；适应小规模经济需求（密歇根 ）；给企业家创造有活力的市区更灵活的条件（Sandpoint, Idaho）；阻止丑陋的小汽车导向城市（西雅图）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">根据当下的政治势头，我认为议会法案第904号《2012年可持续性最低限度的停车指标条例》考虑立法时，是加州停车配建规划改革的最好时机。这个条例要求在交通发达的区域设定停车位配建的上限指标：每栋住宅不超过一个停车位，或每1000平方英尺的商业区不超过两个停车位。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这项法令适用于发车频率高于15分钟/班的公交线路其所覆盖的250米范围区域内。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">采纳这项政策的理由很多：联邦政府和州政府每年花好几十亿美元建造并运行公共交通系统，而很多城市却对过多建设的停车位无能为力，而这几乎导致里当地居民每次出行都会开车。这当然会抵消政府在公共交通上的大量投资。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如，洛杉矶建造位于 Wilshire 大街的地铁已经极大提升了这个地区公共交通的使用率，但是Wilshire 的很多地方仍然要求每个住宅单元（无论房间数目）至少配建2.5个停车位。与此类似，毗邻的UCLA大学校区能有超过二十条公交线路抵达，仅早高峰时期每小时就有119辆公交车抵达校园。然而与校园一街之隔的街区，却要求每套超过四个房间的公寓至少要配建3.5个停车位。因此对人们来说，尽管住房非常昂贵，但停车位却几乎是免费的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">还是在 Wilshire 大街，Beverly Hills （比佛利山）要求餐馆每1000平方英尺至少要有22个停车位，也就是说停车面积至少是餐馆本身营业面积的七倍。在这种到处都有停车位的地方，公共交通就像沙漠里的一艘划艇。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“如果每个人都很开心地为其他人的免费停车付钱，这个城市就会变成一个愚者的天堂。”</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市愿意付高价也要保证免费停车，但是实际上比起可负担住房、清洁的空气、可步行的社区和优良的城市设计等一些公众目标，人们真的更需要免费停车位吗？如果每个人都很开心地为其他人的免费停车付钱，这个城市就会变成愚者的天堂。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(137, 196, 255); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、为什么要限制停车指标？</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">停车下限配建指标就像沥青一样破坏城市环境。对免费停车的支持会鼓励每个人都去开车。在交通发达的社区限制停车指标能通过减少停车从而降低这种破坏。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">减少街外的停车位到底会怎样影响城市发展？纽约大学 Zhan Guo 和 Shuai Ren 的研究比较了2004年伦敦，从停车配建下限指标改革为上限配建指标所取得的成果。他们的研究表明，改革后的（上限配建）停车位供应数量仅是改革前（下限配建）的52%，并且只有68%的项目建设了上限停车位数量。这意味着在之前的下限配建知道下，开发商几乎多建设了需要的停车位的两倍以上。Guo 和 Ren 的结论是，取消停车位下限指标能减少98%的停车位需求，而增加停车上限配建指标只会减少2%的停车位。相比而言，取消停车下限配建指标的效果更加显著。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市经常被要求或限定停车，而不考虑处于停车位上限和下限之间的中间状态如何规定。这种现象就如苏联的格言所说，“没有规定的事情必须被禁止。” 第904号议会法案包含了一些新的东西：它没有限制停车，但它给停车配建下限政策加了一个约束性的帽子。这是一项极为温和的改革，限定城市需要多少停车位，并不会限制停车供给，因为若开发商们认为市场有合理的停车需求，他们总能提供超过下限配建规定的停车数量。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在限定停车需求方面有一些先例。例如俄勒冈州的综合交通规划要求地方政府修订土地利用和分区规定，以便达到降低10%的人均停车位数量的目标。而英国的交通政策则要求地方政府在做规划时，需要写明为不同程度的发展目标而设立的停车要求，除非专为残疾人士设定的，其它情况不应设定停车配建下限指标。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(137, 196, 255); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五、停车立法的成功与失败</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">令我失望的是，美国规划协会（American Planning Association）游说反对加利福尼亚州904号议会法案，他们认为这项规定会“约束地方机构要求公共交通发达地区实施高于全国的停车配建比率的能力，除非地方机构有确凿证据才可采取相关条例以取消停车规定。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划者们必须接受政府官员而非美国规划协会代表的指挥。议会法案第904号给了支持改革的机会，让规划者们能协调停车要求和公共运输。然而，美国规划协会却坚持加利福尼亚州应该让城市们对停车指标保有完整的控制权，尽管它们的管理能力如此糟糕。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> “就像汽车一样，停车是一个好的仆人却是一个坏的主人。”</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">第904号法案在2012年未能通过立法，但它弱化的版本——第744号议会法案——之后复活，并在2015年得以通过。第744号法案规定了低收入住宅的停车要求。这一规定适用于全由低收入出租房屋组成的区域，加利福尼亚州设定停车要求的上限是每个住宅单元0.5个停车位。对于包含至少20%的低收入住宅或10%极低收入住宅的区域，则允许每间卧室0.5个停车位。开发者们如果愿意，也可以提供更多的停车位，但他们必须能够通过调研证明，多出的停车需求是合理的，否则他们的扩建要求将不会得到批准。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">可负担住房的支持者们最初反对744号议会法案，因为这会限制所有公共交通发达地区的住房的停车要求。另一项加利福尼亚法律SB1818已经减少了一部分可负担住房区域的停车要求。减少所有住房的停车要求会减轻现如今市场建造可负担住房的动力。即使限定所有住房的停车指标会增加房源供给、降低住房价格，并且不享有任何补贴，限定744号法案中减少可负担住房的停车位对于取得可负担住房主张者的政治支持是必要的 。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">考虑到地方政府全权控制土地使用，限制停车指标可能难以在全国范围内实施；<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">然而加州的事例说明通过和可负担住房相关联，限制停车要求是可行的。</strong>只要可负担住房主张者明白，停车配建下限要求是对住房的负担，并且减低停车配建指标能增加可负担住房的供给，就能取得他们的政治支持。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果没有来自主张可负担住房的人的支持，加利福尼亚州在公共交通发达区域减低停车要求将不会成为法律。直到更多人认识到停车要求的广泛危害，一种增加政治支持的方法是让限制停车要求变成建造可负担住房的一种奖励。然而这种方法可能会导致可负担住房的支持者们反对任何有关停车要求的降低，即使这样做能让住房更能承受得起。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasIkqcRdm0Qk2beQ3QHXHRTyVs7TjuYDFbINzEyOibJkib8e5zDs1EIxzg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.364321608040201" data-w="398"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、标示牌：不要幻想能在这里停车（图：Donald Shoup）</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(137, 196, 255); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(137, 196, 255);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">六、人和车是一场包办婚姻</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">很多人相信美国人能自由地选择他们对车的热爱方式，但实际上这是一场包办婚姻。当规划者们建议将停车需求写入分区法规时，规划者们在这场 “ 婚姻 ” 中扮演即是领导者又是媒人的角色，但没有人提供一个优秀的婚前协议的样本。当人们和车的关系无法运行良好时，规划者们应变成婚姻顾问或离婚律师。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">就像汽车一样，停车是一个好的仆人，却也带给你一个坏的主人。停车应该是友善的，能轻松找到，使用方便，易于支付，但城市不应该要求一定数量的停车位或为停车进行资金补贴。当市场而不是规划者们和政治家决定停车位的数目时，城市才能更好地运转。对于这一问题，从限制停车配建下限开始，是一个不错的开端。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 20px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/3I9cMYBNRiaQpicRW8LpiaFIHGHPHb8Wdd8776lfWbcghW8icv9IyZWfWfVo32ia6c1Hibgw4xHz64aP0ibz6Y1u6IEcQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.28125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(6, 102, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;">1、《从下限控制到上限控制:伦敦居民停车位供给改革影响研究(2004年-2010年)》</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasprCzOaNIPlslV5TaTw2658Yy4QcficA06n1e89NSAUsDQTp8LYKYw9A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.456" data-w="500"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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vertical-align: top; width: 60%; padding: 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border: 2px solid transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; width: 1em; margin-left: 0.2em; margin-right: 0.2em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="" style="clear: both; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border: 2px solid transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; width: 1em; margin-left: 0.2em; margin-right: 0.2em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box;">请点击阅读原文</section><section class="" style="clear: both; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border: 2px solid transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; width: 1em; margin-left: 0.2em; margin-right: 0.2em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box;">贰零壹伍半年刊</section><section class="" style="clear: both; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border: 2px solid transparent; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); 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"><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztasuA0Z44ibxjicWGdjy4nKZ6eHVu74QxDJbKrx8MRP0CdLS5QR0SJhcRMQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.91875" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">「 欢迎投稿 」</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为专业志愿者团体，秉承理想，帮助中国可持续发展。并为之贡献：理念与传播、培训与教育、实践与孵化。欢迎您加入我们一起并肩前行！</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2016 ? 转载请注明：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />源自公众号“一览众山小-可持续城市与交通”</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicbibhyMibc9fia58wy2wYztas6SBkGEZrD9LndfjBKwxSKToJkQHxPwOTTC4GTTccLjzsn5fjvdRFjg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.4125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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