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<p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5Slt4iaibP40QDf9he1iaIvhhhBsAVh1ibstZDvHHEbGrfeHn9ib9jibsXcoQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5557553956834532" data-w=""  /><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 15px 0%; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 15%; padding-right: 1px; padding-left: 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(160, 160, 160); padding: 3px 5px; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">导</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">读</section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 85%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(97, 182, 204); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">为更好完成国家发改委委托开展的“国家新型城镇化综合试点评估”工作，清华大学中国新型城镇化研究院办公室于2016年8月8日和9日分别邀请了清华大学社会科学学院院长李强教授和人民大学土地政策系叶剑平教授为评估小组成员进行了相关领域的政策梳理和系统培训。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>本期内容分享李强教授《新型城镇化、市民化与人的城镇化》讲座的主要内容。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">（报告内容均为李强老师及其团队的研究成果，未经允许禁止转发。）</span></strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 30%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; overflow: hidden; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="transform: rotate(3deg); margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 148, 61);"><section style=" transform: rotate(-3deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-3deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-3deg); -o-transform: rotate(-3deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(255, 148, 61); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5cVK3aDibDd88lqiaMTBXo9LUFszAtskvXRzJ1zcUWiaBn7iaBqV8ql1bQQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="153"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 69%; padding-top: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(7, 99, 151); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">李强 <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">教授</span></strong></span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(70, 127, 156); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">现任清华大学社会科学学院院长、博士生导师。同时任中国社会学会会长、教育部社会科学委员会委员、国家信息化专家委委员、国家民政部、卫生部、北京市人民政府专家顾问团顾问等。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">主要研究领域：社会分层与流动、贫困问题、收入分配问题。著有：《多元城镇化与中国发展》《农民工与中国社会分层》《转型时期中国社会分层》《中国水问题：水资源与水管理的社会学研究》《中国社会变迁30年（1978-2008）》《社会分层十讲》等。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 8px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border-radius: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><section style="padding-right: 5px; margin-top: -2.3em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.831373);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">中央关于农业转移人口市民化的政策</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">2009年，“农业转移人口”的表述在政策文件中出现；而“市民化”则在2012年十八大报告首次被提出。</span></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5jz84GZXibdHy1jrXFSMuYegibaDgNJn4JtialGdOHZo1FgtMibiaDDPY8Ug/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="3.4838129496402876" data-w=""  /><br  /></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px;">农业转移人口和市民化的政策演变，根据李强教授讲座内容整理自绘 </span></p><p><br  /></p><p>2016年8月5日，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">《国务院关于实施支持农业转移人口市民化若干财政政策的通知》</span>是最新出台的建立健全支持农业转移人口市民化的财政政策体系的文件。其十条政策要点围绕<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">落户、加钱、不动地</span>三条主线。</p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border-radius: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section><section style="padding-right: 5px; margin-top: -2.3em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.831373);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">农民、农民工与农业转移人口</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">“农业转移人口”要从两个方面理解。其中，<span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">“农业”指“从事农、林、牧、渔在内的第一产业”，主要涉及农村户籍人口。</span>而“转移”包括<span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">就地转移与异地转移</span>。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p>从历次全国人口普查和全国1%人口抽样调查数据中可以看到流动人口数量的变动趋势，三十多年来大量劳动力从农村流往城市。但中国的户籍城镇化率仍然非常低，这意味着农民虽然“进城了”，但是没有成为真正的“城市居民”。</p><p><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5z2dv0bo0rl5YZFic1VoiaIvv7F3eyeTicrsvLeHhFljWAWB7eGXWLxyOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.3995433789954338" data-w="438"  /><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px;">中国流动人口数量变动趋势。数据来源：历次全国人口普查和全国1%人口抽样调查</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5H8bvQic6icoa2hBJk4QR4ia01GRdl2VgquBqyt9891reUGF4khibL1Xib8w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.31654676258992803" data-w=""  /><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px;">户籍城镇化率变化</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">农民工市民化的目的是真正实现“人的城镇化”。</span>这涉及到<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">“社会融入”与“市民化”</span>，即在城市和乡村的发展过程中，随着生产力的提高，一部分农民从传统农业转为现代农业或非农产业，过上现代文明的生活，并形成现代文明的生活理念；<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">强调的是一种权利</span>，即在政治、经济、社会等各个方面享受与市民平等的权益。</p><p><br  /></p><p>清华社会学系曾对农民工群体进行过调查研究，总结出农民工市民化研究与政策制定时应正视的十条现状与趋势：</p><p><br  /></p><blockquote><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">1<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">)新生代农民工成为流动人口主体</span><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"></span>，</span>1980-90年代出生的农民工占调研总量的<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">49.1%</span>；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;"><strong>2)<span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">逾<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">70%</span>农民工不打算回乡就业</span>，</strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">即便回乡就业，也很少有人选择回农村；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">3)如果回乡就业，近<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">80%</span>农民工不愿意再选择在农村工作；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">4)新生代农民工中<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">愿意回村的比例很小</span>；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">5)近<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">85%</span>的农民工不再打算务农，新生代农民工愿意务农的比例更低；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">6)新生代农民工<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">愿意务农的比例非常低</span>；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">7)农民工在城镇定居的意愿：“有”、“没有”和“没想好”约各占1/3；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">8)新生代农民工的<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">城镇定居意愿比老农民工强烈</span>；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">9)逾<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">80%</span>的农民工愿意选择在县城及以上层级的城市定居；</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">10)新生代农民工<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">倾向于选择层级相对较高的城市定居</span>。</span></strong></p></blockquote><p><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5wSW7uICfPWiccBV9SdcjuVZGDbzqRVvO40vNKCicgdHV0jlYkkb0eTuA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.4172661870503597" data-w=""  /><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5dyHL0DUaq74NHr6n8agk06x1btiaec1Fcj4kH16GYksoIsSD2yIy4Vw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.4154676258992806" data-w=""  /><br  /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5A0wXibpdk4KxfB1ibdiaU95G2ESiah3R7XLibGeuM2dKlJOWyoHZDYuJbEw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.45323741007194246" data-w=""  /><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border-radius: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</section></section><section style="padding-right: 5px; margin-top: -2.3em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.831373);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">城市和农村要为市民化做什么？</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">农业转移人口市民化的推进，需要城市和农村分别解决不同的问题：其中<span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">城市要解决农民工就业、户籍、子女教育、社会保障、住房</span>等五方面问题；而<span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">农村土地制度和农业产业化、农村建设用地制度和农村新型社区</span>等三方面则是农村面临的改革需求。</span></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW4D5pYqbT5wtp5zWgvHDhQ5ibyU7aCk8mpXALWD8xWtDRrA2VfS0vnsJaQw06bntBUTc5dYTxZwHZA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5017985611510791" data-w=""  /><br  /></span></p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; text-align: center; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1、就业</span></strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top-width: 0.6em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left-width: 0.6em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.6em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>农民工的就业问题体现在：教育水平低、很少接受正规职业教育；非正规就业占相当比例；农民工社会保障比例低；在一些影响较大的群体事件中，流动人口占很大比例；工作更换频繁，职业地位很难向上流动；农民工定居意愿增强等。</p><p><br  /></p><p>为针对性的解决这些问题，李强教授建议：</p><p><br  /></p><blockquote><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">a、在九年义务教育之外，<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">由国家为农村就业人口提供免费的职业技术培训</span>，提高农民的职业技能和就业能力。</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">b、推进<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">建立农民工的职业协会和行业协会</span>。建议恢复八级工制度，增加技术等级的层次。</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">c、企业雇主应承担相应的<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">企业社会责任</span>，给农民工提供有归属感的就业和生活。</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">d、为成功农民工返乡创业提供<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">政策支持</span>。</span></strong></p></blockquote><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; text-align: center; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2、户籍</span></strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top-width: 0.6em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left-width: 0.6em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.6em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>由于我国现行户籍制度中“嵌入”了太多的社会利益，以及在人口迁移方面的严格管控，使城乡之间、城市之间的户口出现了一定程度的<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">价值化和等级化</span>的趋势，严重影响了我国城镇化或市民化的进程。</p><p><br  /></p><p>对此，李强教授提出的改革建议是：</p><p><br  /></p><blockquote><p><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">a、根据分类指导原则，<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">分层次、分阶段推进户籍制度改革</span>。率先实现市域、省域内的人口自由流动，再逐步推进跨省流动。</span></strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">超大城市（如北上广）</span><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">：目前全面放开户籍政策仍不太现实，但可以<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">适度降低户籍门槛和准入条件</span>，让一部分高学历、高技术人才有机会落户，特别是给青年大学生更多准入机会，以优化人口结构。</span></p><p><br  /></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">大中城市：应进一步放开户籍限制</span><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">，鼓励和吸纳更多有条件的农民工进城落户，实现市民化。</span></p><p><br  /></p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">小城市和小城镇：应全面放开户籍限制</span>，实现市县范围内人口的自由迁移，让更多的农民工有机会回当地城镇就地或就近实现市民化。</span></p></li></ul><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">b、逐步剥离户口中附着的各种社会利益，<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">淡化户口价值</span>。将附着在户口上的各种社会福利进行分解，<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">促进基本公共服务均等化</span>。</span></strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">c、<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">加强中央统筹，协调各个部门、各个地方的利益</span>，做好户籍制度改革的顶层设计和总体规划。</span></strong></span></p></blockquote><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; text-align: center; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">3、农民工子女教育</span></strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top-width: 0.6em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left-width: 0.6em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.6em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>农民工的子女教育问题包含多个方面：既有城镇随迁儿童的问题，又有农村留守儿童的问题；既有农民工子女数量统计的缺失，又有教育资源无法匹配的现实困境。</p><p><br  /></p><p>李强教授强调，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">农民、农民工对城镇化的最大期望就是“子女教育”和“老人医疗”</span>，因此解决这一问题具有重要意义。目前新的文件要求，将农业转移人口及其他常住人口随迁子女义务教育纳入公共财政保障范围，同时要逐步完善并落实中等职业教育免学杂费和普惠性学前教育的政策。</p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; text-align: center; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4、流动人口的社会保障</span></strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top-width: 0.6em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left-width: 0.6em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.6em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>调查发现，流动人口在流入地的社会保障比例很低，主要问题概括为<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">缴费难和转移难</span>。目前，流动人口社会保障有三种模式：综合模式、城保模式、广覆盖“双低模式”。在全国统筹难以一步到位的前提下，国内已有一些省份探索省内社保统筹。</p><p><br  /></p><p>对此，李强教授提出的改革建议是：</p><p><br  /></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><strong>a、<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">分步骤、分阶段推进社会保障制度改革</span>。现阶段先行推进省域范围内的社会保障统筹；再逐步制定并完善全国范围的社会保障跨省转移续接办法，可在农民工流出大省和流入大省进行社会保障转移支付的跨省实验，并逐步向全国推广。</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><strong>b、在我国经济社会发展的现阶段，<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">“低缴费、低保障”的广覆盖“双低模式”</span>是符合多数地区的保障模式，可以此为基础，逐步向城镇居民社会保障体系过渡。</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><strong>c、通过<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">立法</span>，要求企业承担社会责任，保障农民工的基本社会权益。</strong></span></p></blockquote><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; text-align: center; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">5、农民工住房</span></strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top-width: 0.6em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left-width: 0.6em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.6em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>现状农民工的住房仍以单位或雇主提供的简易宿舍为主，但到县城购房和返乡居住的比例呈上升趋势。此外，尽管其定居意愿强，但住房购买力低，能支付的房屋租金低。目前的流动人口聚居区多集中在城郊和城中村，属于管理真空地带，治安、环境较差，但却是农民进城的第一个落脚点。</p><p><br  /></p><p>对此，李强教授提出的改革建议是：</p><p><br  /></p><blockquote><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">a、由国家制定政策，<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">鼓励企业建立单位住房</span>。</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">b、对农民工聚居区，应强化政府在环境卫生、垃圾处理等方面的责任，加强社区建设和服务，增强社区社会资本，形成<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">社区归属感</span>。</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">c、<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">规范住房租赁市场</span>，完善住宅和综合服务配套。</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">d、在<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">中小城镇推行购房优惠政策</span>，鼓励农民工返乡购房。</span></strong></p></blockquote><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; text-align: center; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">6、农村制度改革</span></strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top-width: 0.6em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left-width: 0.6em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.6em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>鉴于产业升级的长期性，城镇就业容纳的有限性，农民市民化的推进过程应是循序渐进的，反对将农民“赶进城”的政策导向。农村制度的改革，是为了在市民化或者说城镇化的过程中保护农民的合法财产收益，实现城乡要素的平等交换等。在此原则下需建立完善两方面机制：即<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">农民合理分享土地收益的机制，和农民有序、有偿、自愿退出农村的机制</span>。</p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border-radius: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</section></section><section style="padding-right: 5px; margin-top: -2.3em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.831373);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">什么是以人为核心的城镇化</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>“人的城镇化”是指作为城镇化主体的人自身的<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">生产方式、生活方式、文明素质和社会权益</span>所发生的重大变化。</p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">1、生产方式的转变强调的是生产运作的体制、机制所发生的变化</span>，即劳动者与现代产业运营方式相接轨。农民、农民工进入到城镇工业服务业就业、完成市民化是一种方式；而农民学会和接受现代产业运营方式，就地城镇化也是一种方式。按照这样的理解，未来的现代化的农业与工业的劳动者，都是现代生产方式的从业者。这样，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">城镇化不意味着放弃农业，而是强调将农业生产也转变为现代产业运营方式，它更体现为城乡一体化。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">2、生活方式的转变是指农村居民进入和融入现代文明的生活方式的过程</span>，包括获得现代化的交通、基础设施条件和高品质的文化娱乐、医疗卫生、体育休闲等生活服务。生活方式的转变可以通过农民、农民工进城，转化为城镇市民完成；就地城镇化、就近城镇化也是生活方式转变的重要途径。当前，生活方式的转变在某些城镇化建设中往往被忽视了。</p><p><br  /></p><p>在生活方式的转变中，一个重要的方面是居住方式的转变。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">住房的运作要符合当时当地的实际情况，不是以置换宅基地的利益为驱动，而是以改善农民、农民工的居住条件为目标，这才是人的城镇化的本意。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">3、现代文明素质的形成是城镇、城市对较高公共意识和公民素质的要求。</span>城镇人口聚集，大城市、特大城市更是巨型人口密集居住，如果个体不遵守公共秩序、公共卫生规范，人口密集的乘数效应就会造成巨大灾难。在文明素质上，无论是进入城镇还是留在农村，居民都应随着生产和生活方式的转变形成现代文明的行为、规范、意识和理念，特别表现为教育素质、守法素质、公共卫生素质、公共活动素质的大大提升。同时包括与现代生产方式转变相适应的知识、技术、技能素质、劳动素质，以及与生活方式的转变相适应的交往素质、心理素质和审美素质的提高。</p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">4、实现公平公正的社会权益。</span>城乡分割的二元体制的突出问题是权益上的不公平、不公正。为此，城镇化就要建立和完善一整套，包括权利公平、机会公平、规则公平的制度、体制、机制。</p><p><br  /></p><p>李强教授最后强调，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">人的城镇化的最终目标，<span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">是</span>城乡居民拥有平等的经济权利、社会权利、政治权利和发展权利</span>，例如土地和住房等财产权利、获得社会保障和公共服务的权利等。户籍、保障、教育、农村的权益都是其中重要的方面。</p><p><br  /></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px;">本内容由清华同衡 战略发展与技术应用研发中心整理，并经专家审阅，未经允许禁止转发</strong></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: inherit; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-color: rgb(171, 87, 94); word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 15.9943px; width: 24px; float: left; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(171, 87, 94); border-left-width: 6px; border-left-style: solid; 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