国匠城工作台

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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibRxZubgQTv90UbibhXd4z1YFyfPKUuys7iblkaz4icgfaC7w6NlUGodicViaA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 100%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 原文/ Fanis Grammenos、Scott Lane  </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 翻译/ FEBY    文献/ 徐慧中    排版/ FEBY</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 编辑/ 众山小   校验/ 众山小</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibR1X88thVhiaQmR45KT3EfcQFjYGqMT5jq3ibJGh5rcwO52KpibTImBAdyw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.0067567567567568" data-w="148"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何让城市更经济地运转一直是规划中重要的问题。对此有大量的城市研究从不同角度分析并提出建议。则一的学者通过比较加拿大温哥华地铁服务区域内购房工作者和租房工作者的住房花销与收入比、住房+交通复合花销与收入比，否定了紧凑城市会对城市住房可负担能力有积极影响的假设。则二的学者通过整合多份针对多个美国城市的研究报告，向我们证明了适合步行和骑行的社区环境不仅有益居民身心，还能能够对当地的经济有明显的帮助。</section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/F9n4X4viaC6mMibX6uAKzicO53hwvFT9WSluXHmjmJpLibDJBMx6rtqPib8W8ZRuKnkoicj0poDw1iarFtialbsEvwTwVw/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.04316546762589928" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top: 1.1em solid rgb(95, 156, 239); border-left: 1em solid transparent !important; border-right: 1.12em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 0px -0.5em -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; animation: emp_flash 1.5s ease-in-out 1s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">紧凑型城市是否可负担？</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/Fanis Grammenos 翻译/ FEBY</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; border-radius: 3.8em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibRcFoYwCic0T5RLQXef0DtQDCXOSmwn2xMm7dkTFMKzK8pUckNToK7vgA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7471910112359551" data-w="356"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、The Neighbourhood of East Van(Flickr photo by Nick Kenrick)</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">住房的可负担能力从被认知以来一直是城市中顽固而又棘手的问题。近来，多个城市视之为一个危机。但对于它的问题性质，各方观点有很大的不同：是经济问题、社会问题还是土地资源问题？或是，它是作为我们依赖错误的城市形式所产生的结果？由此，大家也提出了相对应的不同的解决方案。现在，一个新的证据排除了一个住房价格无法负担的可能原因：显然，这与城市形式无关。认为可以通过结合公共交通增加城市的紧凑程度解决来城市中可负担住房不足的问题显然是错误的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在一篇文章最近发布的研究中，我们对其所公布的城市紧凑指数（如：城市形态）与住房的负担能力相关性提出了疑问。支持论据认为紧凑的城市容许公共交通、步行与骑行更好地发展，这可以有效地减少交通花销以弥补住在城市开发密集区普遍较高的房租。但我们对这个假设提出质疑，并从美国十八个地区的地铁部门提供的数据中发现这个假设并不那么成立。即使所有数据都呈现了两者的相关关系，那也不足以被认为是一个有效地解决方式。因为那些结论只是从区域层面来看待问题。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当区域层面的数据否定了城市形式影响住房负担能力的理论，次区域层面的数据又有哪些解释呢？在这个更合理的研究层次中，“住房加交通”的模式又是否能够帮助家庭支出被更好地利用呢？为了回答问题，我们采用了加拿大温哥华地铁局（Metro Vancouver (BC) region）提供的十八个区的数据。在所给数据中，官方排除了几种特定类型的家庭——这带有一定的局限性。但他们所提供的分类数据都是原始数据<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</span></strong>，解读所得的成果都具有可信度。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究的两类主体分别是购买住房的工作者和租房的工作者。首先，我们看看购买住房的工作者是否可以在不劳役自己的情况下找到与自己收入水平相当的合适的住处。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">下图表1中显示了每个次区域的家庭支出情况以及相对应的家庭收入中位数水平。表现同步的两组数据指出购买住房的家庭其住房花销与收入表现一致。这层关系被他们的收入和住房花销的强相关性（R2=0.8598）中被进一步确认。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibRIDG0Pa3nvs7tjjmKFv6N2Ozv8mibZfuYVia3b4IGJDrnJOfdLwaMMCAg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.6996402877697842" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、（</strong></em><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">表1）购房工作者的住房花销、收入中位数和区位</span></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">与收入成比例关系的住房花销是一件好事，但这些都买住房的人是否可以在没有经济压力的情况下完成抵押付款呢？数据显示：他们可以。这个群体的住房花销占据收入的平均比例是26%。并且这个比例从未超过30%——这是被承认为资金紧张的界限。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">有趣的是，从城市形态的角度来看，该比例的最高值出现在中心的开发密集区，这是一个被证实的发现。同理，该比值的最低值出现在了距离城市中心最远的地方，这些区域都是城市近郊或远郊。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但难道每一个购买住房的家庭都会因为区位原因而受到过高交通费用的不利影响吗？数据显示，他们正常、平均的交通花销占收入的14%并处于8%到20%之间。这个比例确实会随着出行距离的拉远而增长但与收入没有明显的相关性（R2=0.0178）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibRfvaQOwbhZeLF0QrN0JicESIph5a9CzLOg3l2BMRDDOE7ITN9swicEGkw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.6888489208633094" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、</em></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">（表2）各区购房者和租房者的交通花销与收入比</span></em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在选择居住的地方时，是否购买住房的人就更在意住房花销而忽略交通花销呢？如果是这样，是否可以将支出引导为以复合成本为衡量标准问题呢？这显然是不可以的。<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">表3中（蓝线）所示的这个群体需要承担住房和交通的复合花销，这个数值也从未超过被认为是负担能力的界限值：收入的45%。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibRBjDQgaBf7oFxPP8u93ou6UgnuUgqFtoS9XsSzVLl6Uj4ibr9jajqH0w/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.7050359712230215" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、（<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">表3）各区购房者、租房者的住房+交通复合花销。</span></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(245, 163, 10); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box;">那么结论是？在温哥华地铁提供的305,000个数据中，背负着抵押贷款购买住房的工作者家庭，并未因为他们的住房花销而承受着经济压力，并且这与他们对住房形式偏好、区位或是交通出行方式均无关系。城市结构中位于市区内及近郊区位的人都对他们的住房和交通条件都感到满意。而城市的紧凑性与否对他们的财政情况均无消极影响。</span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据为224,000位租房的有工作者家庭描绘了一张完全不一样的图表。他们为住房和交通花费的的复合花销是他们收入中位数的51%，并处于负担能力界限值45%到65%之间。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">图表所示的内容并非是由高额房租带来的结果，除了两处地方以外其他所有区位的租金均在可承受范围以内。租房的工作者在住房上的平均开销占收入的26%，这与购买住房的工作者的表现相似——低于资金紧张的水平（30%），除了十八个区内的两个异常值——35%和45%。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(245, 163, 10); box-sizing: border-box;">对于购房者而言，住房开销最高的值出现在更密集开发的区域。而对于租房的人而言，这个值则出现在社会精英聚集的社区——人们向往的社区——并与城市形式完全无关。</span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">既然已经知道租房花销在除两个地区以外的其他所有地区都在可承受的范围以内，我们可以推断地铁覆盖的地区在它目前的市内/近郊结构中为这个群体提供了足够大的房租价格选择范围。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买住房的人和租房的人在住房上的花销与其收入的均衡比例进一步证实了该发现。在同一地区的租房家庭的收入是购买住房的家庭的收入的45%到63%，而前者的住房开销则占后者住房开销的45%到65%，两比例处于几乎相同的范围。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">由此可以认为，租房者所面对的过重的住房+交通负担有一部分原因是来自他们在交通上的花销。但是，与预期不同，在六个有快速轨道服务（rapid rail service，sky-train，图表三中的黑色符号）的区内，没有一个区的住房加交通复合开销是低于负担能力界限的。这个情况也同样出现在两个租金最低的城郊区域里。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">下图表4清晰地表示了购买住房的人和租房者收入的不同，并且由负担能力界限划分开来。那些认为紧凑城市模式能够提供解决住房负担能力观点显得并不可靠。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibRD207ibmwqOCWBzaNoJTASgL5ZibFclK1xZd3vcn2TAacbq8qy7EeOogA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.183453237410072" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、</strong></em><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">表4）购房者、租房者的收入与住房+交通花销占收入的比值</span></em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(245, 163, 10); text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box;">总的看来，数据表明对于购买住房的工作者而言，无论是在市区内、近郊或是远郊，没有一个被地铁覆盖的区域会使住房开销或是住房与交通的复合开销超过负担能力界限。城市的形式对这类家庭的支出预算没有影响。</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">对于租房的工作者而言，18个区域内有16个区域的租金是可以被承受的，无论是市区、近郊或是远郊。当将交通开销与住房开销一同计算时，新的复合开销会将让他们陷入资金紧张的状态之中，即使是在有快速轨道(rapid rail) 服务的区域。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(245, 163, 10); box-sizing: border-box;">这个针对次区域的有局限的分析肯定了我们之前在区域层面的发现：<span style="text-decoration: none; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市的紧凑型和交通的可达性并不如他们所称地会对住房的负担能力有好处。紧凑城市并不意味着更多住房的花销可以被承受，尤其是对那些不那么富足的人而言。</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/F9n4X4viaC6mMibX6uAKzicO53hwvFT9WSluXHmjmJpLibDJBMx6rtqPib8W8ZRuKnkoicj0poDw1iarFtialbsEvwTwVw/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.04316546762589928" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top: 1.1em solid rgb(95, 156, 239); border-left: 1em solid transparent !important; border-right: 1.12em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 0px -0.5em -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; animation: emp_flash 1.5s ease-in-out 1s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 21px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">算笔账：为什么完善的</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">街道配置更具有经济效益？</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/Scott Lane 翻译/FEBY</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 2em; float: left; margin-right: -2em; text-align: start; height: auto !important; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yvDCviaB7jftNrvOl85p9ib7AITNFnzzMxqcBdZKMicIUIGfnyxdEVQxLhX0osrF5nmygPeFdJxf2UqN97PecefpQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="32"  /> <section class="" style="margin: 0.2em 0.5em -1.8em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">适合步行的城市的经济利益往往被它所带来的健康效益抢去风头---但不应该如此。</strong></section></section><img style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 2em; float: right; text-align: start; height: auto !important; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yvDCviaB7jftNrvOl85p9ib7AITNFnzzMxibBjpFVFiaqibpiczTm5JSUsqxs2KuJVjpLdepMbDtVZFezh3rWHHEvxbw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="32"  /> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们都知道，步行和骑行对我们的身体有益，但我们很少会想到这两种具有主动性的出行方式还会增强商业活动。如果有更多的城市和城镇正视这个数据，我想他们会同意在社区里创造完善的街道配置很有必要。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">每年，沿街的骑行活动为美国的经济作出了大约1330亿美元的贡献，这笔资金支持了110万个就业机会并产生了将近180亿的税收收入。但对我们而言，最重要的数据是：<span style="text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(245, 163, 10); box-sizing: border-box;">骑行为餐饮、酒店、寄存、服装和娱乐等这些非骑行直接相关产业的商业部门贡献了将近500亿美元的收入。</span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这篇与话题相关的研究以我的家乡北卡罗来纳州为研究对象，是由交通研究与教育机构(the Institute of Transportation Research and Education (ITRE) )发布的关于骑行在外滩群岛（the Outer Banks）的影响的研究内容所构成：在骑行设施、环境上的建设投资会延长度假人士的度假时间、吸引度假人士到新的地方并鼓励他们一再回到这里度假。一般来说，骑自行车的人拥有高于平均水平的收入和教育水平，这是在创造适合骑行的环境（例如增加一个350美元的自助式租借车架会是一个号的开始）时应该考虑的因素。同时，这个地方并不一定要是一个大城市或热门的旅游目的地才能发掘骑行的经济价值：在北卡罗来纳州的Scotland Neck的一个小城镇，乡村骑行游就为该城镇吸引了数百名的游客。而且，大部分的游客会在当地进行购买汽油、食物、纪念品，预定酒店房间等消费。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">那么这类主动的出行方式还带能来哪些经济效益呢？一份来自美国明尼苏达州的研究提出这类出行方式增加了物业的价值：据调查，有70%的房产中介会用交通出行方式作为房屋的卖点并且超过80%的人认为这类交通方式会让房子更好卖。在城市 Indianapolis里有一条为自行车和行人设计的与街区相连得路径叫The Indianapolis Cultural Trail。从2008年投入使用至今，距离这条8米宽的路径一个街区的物业的价值上涨了148%（请注意我们没有使用如波特兰和博得这样著名的自行车-行人路径的例子来证明我们的观点）。另一个针对城市Baltimore做的研究中写到行人道和自行车产业每一百万的产值就产生了11-14个工作岗位。最后，在2011年11月，国家环境健康科学机构（the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences）发布的报告指出，如果有一半的短途出行（5公里以内）使用自行车作为出行方式，那么每年可以在前11个中西部都市圈内减少1，295人死亡并节约38亿美元。部分上述提及的及其他研究都收录在Urban Land Institute最近发布的报告《主动的交通方式与房地产：下一个方向（Active Transportation and Real Estate: The Next Frontier.）》<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献2，请联系我们索取）</span></strong>中。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这样的利益很难被我们忽视，尤其是在这个时代背景之下，每个人和每个社区都在花心思省钱、过更精明的生活、避免老年出行问题和改善身体状况。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">俗话说：“步行和骑行对你有好处”。而现在，像城市土地局the Urban Land Institute、不同规模的城市的市长和每天越来越多的人都在说：“步行和骑行不仅对我们好，还对我们的经济好、对我们的社区好！”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“钱不用就浪费了。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/F9n4X4viaC6mMibX6uAKzicO53hwvFT9WSluXHmjmJpLibDJBMx6rtqPib8W8ZRuKnkoicj0poDw1iarFtialbsEvwTwVw/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.04316546762589928" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaicvYUnPF51ibnQUqc24IMOibRK6dwQoeTnqfib3IasdMsVEtZU6PSxkK2BnqLuAvYXx7bkaAJUBhrA2A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8471223021582733" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.《主动的交通方式与房地产：下一个方向》</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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