国匠城工作台

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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-right-width: 0.6em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 从中国地理看中国革命（节选<span style="line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;">）</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-width: 0.5em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 0.5em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; border: 0.3em solid white; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx0R0rs9Ag0libOKCOBgUkTZlh9uOBIjfLAOb6yYCG67F5LlgxwvsVulgA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.6616541353383458" data-w="532"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 50%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文/李零</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 50%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: right; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">滹沱河上  摄影/任超</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国史学，非常看重地理，过去叫史地之学。王应麟《通鉴地理通释》、顾炎武《天下郡国利病书》、顾祖禹《读史方舆纪要》、魏源《海国图志》，都可反映这个传统。地理在中国是经世之学。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">毛泽东是当代革命家，也是著名军事家。兵家都很重视地理。他曾在广州农民运动讲习所讲地理，唐晓峰做过介绍。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">唐晓峰发明两个词，一个是“救国地理学”，一个是“革命地理学”。（唐晓峰《人文地理随笔》，生活·读书·新知三联书店，2005年）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我这篇笔记就是讲这两个学。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国地理太极图</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">《淮南子 ·天文》：“昔者共工与颛顼争为帝，怒而触不周之山，天柱斜，地维绝。天倾西北，故日月星辰移焉。地不满东南，故水潦尘埃归焉。”毛泽东《渔家傲 ·反第一次大 “围剿 ”》有一句，“不周山下红旗乱”，他说共工是 “胜利的英雄 ”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这个故事讲什么？讲的是中国的地形。小时候学地理，我们就知道，从黑龙江爱辉到云南腾冲画一条线，西北高，东南低。中国是块倾斜的大地，从海边到帕米尔高原，分三个阶梯，500米以下一级，1000-2000米一级，4000米以上一级。西北、西南是个半月形文化传播带，东南沿海也是个半月形文化传播带。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx0BsaD51RHy2LSlibPSVbGF2VLB2IDolwAbAxW54VxjbDQ11K5Kp8Vh6w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.5688405797101449" data-w="552"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国地形图</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这是中国地理的太极图。其实，北京把着第二阶梯的一个角，也是这么一个地势。中国早期，重心在西北。西北是个 “高压槽 ”，风是上风，水是上水。中国有四京，西京（长安）比东京（开封）早，北京（燕亳）比南京（金陵）早。兵法，西北为阴，东南为阳，讲究 “右倍（背）山陵，前左水泽 ”（见《史记 ·淮阴侯列传》韩信引《兵法》）。兵家一向以西北伐东南为顺势，以东南伐西北为逆势。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国的东西南北</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国的东西是以晋陕峡谷间的黄河为分界线。早先，函谷关以东是一块，函谷关以西是一块。晚一点儿，潼关以东是一块，潼关以西是一块。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国的南北是由秦岭、淮河分界。人，南方和北方不一样，就连橘子都不一样。“桔生淮南则为桔，生于淮北则为枳，叶徒相似，其实味不同。所以然者何？水土异也。”（《晏子春秋 ·内篇 ·杂下第六》）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">历史上的交通要道，南北干线是大同到洛阳和洛阳到荆州的古道，东西干线是沿渭水和南河（灵宝到郑州的黄河）去连云港的道。两者构成一个大十字。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">战国纵横家，所谓合纵是晋楚合纵（确切讲，是三晋加燕，与楚合纵），所谓连横是齐秦连横，就是围绕这个大十字。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx0RcTLeeMo2eKpB1Xq4HpaqSqib09Q4H7z1G2MCwKia23QKvtSGubp2FpA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.9311594202898551" data-w="552"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国地形图</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这是中国地理的太极图。其实，北京把着第二阶梯的一个角，也是这么一个地势。中国早期，重心在西北。西北是个 “高压槽 ”，风是上风，水是上水。中国有四京，西京（长安）比东京（开封）早，北京（燕亳）比南京（金陵）早。兵法，西北为阴，东南为阳，讲究 “右倍（背）山陵，前左水泽 ”（见《史记 ·淮阴侯列传》韩信引《兵法》）。兵家一向以西北伐东南为顺势，以东南伐西北为逆势。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">从北方看中国</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 54, 51);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-top: 0.36em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; margin-left: 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-bottom: -0.5em; margin-left: -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">横着看</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">自古胡骑南下，长城沿线有若干突破口。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.河北方向，幽燕之地，秦有辽西、右北平、渔阳、上谷四郡。秦长城在沈阳-赤峰一线，明长城偏南，今山海关（榆关）、喜峰口（卢龙塞）、古北口、居庸关是明长城上的四个突破口。北方民族，凡从东北进北京，多选山海关、喜峰口、古北口入；凡从内蒙进北京，多沿张家口-宣化-怀来一线，从居庸关入。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.山西方向，秦有雁、代二郡。凡从内蒙进山西，多选大同。打下大同打太原，从太原南下，走长治、高平、晋城，可去洛阳，走临汾、运城、永济，可去西安。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.陕甘宁方向，也有五个秦代边郡：北有云中、九原，南有上郡、北地、陇西。这五个郡遮着八百里秦川。云中、九原在内蒙，位于黄河以北，阴山以南。上郡在陕西北部，北地、陇西在宁夏和甘肃东部。河西走廊，汉代还有武威、张掖、酒泉、敦煌四郡。北方民族南下，翻越阴山山脉（山上有秦长城），有三条道可选：一条走东路，从云中（在托克托县古城乡），沿黄河南下；一条走中路，从九原（在包头市九原区麻池乡西北），穿内蒙的鄂尔多斯市（旧伊克昭盟）和陕西榆林、延安南下，秦直道是古代连接九原、甘泉，直达咸阳的国防高速，就从这里过；一条走西路，逾高阙塞（在巴彦淖尔市临河区），从河套地区，沿黄河南下。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 54, 51);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-top: 0.36em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; margin-left: 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-bottom: -0.5em; margin-left: -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">竖着看</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">汉地纵深，从北到南，分三道防线：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.长城线：山海关-北京-呼和浩特-包头-嘉峪关，今京沈、京包、包兰、兰新四线大体在这条线上。这条线大约在北纬40或41度上下。这条线上的古城多半都是边塞。秦皇汉武的北巡主要走这条线。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.黄河线：兰州-宝鸡-咸阳-西安-洛阳-郑州-开封，今宝兰、陇海二线大体是沿这条线走。这条线大约在北纬 35度上下。中国早期的都邑和大城市主要在这条线上，秦皇汉武的东巡和西巡主要走这条线。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.长江线：长三角-九江-荆州-重庆。这条线大约在北纬30度上下。秦皇汉武的南巡主要走这条线。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx0g6XEZbicalHZNUyUym5IVUPHrvq64F2MNTialO6Xte2C725h9wvuSzKw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.7101449275362319" data-w="552"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">秦皇巡狩封禅路线图</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">两次大一统</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">武王克商、周公东征是中国的第一次大一统。周人是从陕西崛起，东土是靠五侯九伯镇抚。五侯者，齐、鲁、晋、卫、燕。如果加上孔子周游的宋、曹、郑、陈、蔡，还有西方的秦，南方的吴、楚，就是《史记》的十二诸侯（鲁不在十二诸侯之列，加上鲁，就是十三诸侯）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">洛阳，四方入贡道里均，是本来意义上的中国，虢、郑在它两旁，晋国在它背后，楚国当其正南。周室东迁，晋郑是依。一部春秋史，郑虢争政是序幕，晋楚争霸是高潮。长江流域和南中国，楚最发达，吴越次之，巴蜀又次之。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">秦灭六国和东西周是中国的第二次大一统，还是从陕西征服中国。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">历史上的统一，成事者皆以西北伐东南，只有项羽的反秦复楚和朱元璋的反蒙复汉是例外。项羽麾师北上，一把火把咸阳烧了，定都彭城（徐州），一心想的是衣锦还乡，不足成大事。刘邦兴于蜀汉，以长安为都城，才是明智之举。朱元璋取天下，从安徽起事，定都南京，但燕王朱棣发动政变，还是迁都北京。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">金陵王气</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">南京是六朝古都，在南方，位置突前，守着长江天堑，对江浙很重要，对东南沿海很重要，从孙权起就是南方最重要的古都。朱元璋之后，洪秀全、孙中山、蒋介石都曾把首都定在南京，但没有一位真正统一过北方。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">古人说金陵有天子气，被始皇东巡镇住，500年后才能抬头（《晋书·元帝纪》）。500年后，正好是晋室南渡，定都建康。南京不能统一北方，这不是因为秦始皇把它镇住了，而是因为中国的重心，早期一直在西北，周秦汉唐都是从陕西、山西取天下。它的北方有个非常广阔的骑射游牧带，时刻威胁着整个中国，离它太近不行，离它太远也不行。宋以来，中国的经济中心不断朝南方（南京、苏杭）转移，但政治中心反而往北挪，最后竟然挪到长城线上。此不可不察也。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">……</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">茫茫九派流中国，沉沉一线穿南北</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国革命是年轻人的革命，小的十几、二十岁，大点儿三四十岁，短短28年间，身经百战，现在很难想象。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">毛泽东《菩萨蛮 ·黄鹤楼》：“茫茫九派流中国，沉沉一线穿南北。烟雨莽苍苍，龟蛇锁大江。”这是写 1927年春的武汉，“四一二 ”“七一五 ”之前的武汉，意境苍凉。作者自注说，当时的他，情绪低落，不知如何是好。1927年，他才 34岁。他根本想不到，22年后，中国会地覆天翻。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx05QBCqwtkn5se72u2CrfTacjOT2gAlz9I6icg8iaremia4LzFX6WYLcd0Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1.2554347826086956" data-w="552"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">毛泽东（八路军太行纪念馆雕塑）</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">武昌是两湖新政的中心和武昌首义的地方。当时，毛泽东住在长江东岸离今武汉长江大桥不远的湖北农民运动讲习所，南有黄埔军校武汉分校（武汉中央政治军事学校，设在张之洞的两湖书院内）。黄鹤楼就在附近，1884年就毁了，不仅 “昔人已乘黄鹤去 ”，就连 “此地空余 ”的黄鹤楼都没了，光剩遗址，供人凭吊。轰轰烈烈的大革命，给他留下的是这么一个印象。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“茫茫九派流中国 ”，这是长江。“沉沉一线穿南北 ”，这是铁路。今京广线，过去分两截，北平到汉口叫平汉路，武昌到广州叫粤汉路。1927年，平汉路早就修好（1905年修黄河大铁桥，第二年通车），但粤汉路还不通，只能从武昌坐到长沙，汉口、武昌间还横着长江天堑，没有铁路桥。武汉长江大桥建于1957年。有了这座桥，才有京广线。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">历史上的大十字，渭水、南河一线是横线，大同、荆州一线是纵线。现代的大十字，长江是横线，京广线是纵线，重心已经偏离，向东移，向南移。中国南北交通的大干线，除了京广线，还有京沪线。京沪线早先分两截，平津路（北平到天津）和津浦路是一截（天津到南京浦口），沪宁路（南京到上海）是一截。蒋介石的地盘主要在华东，政治中心是南京，经济中心是上海。上海南面有杭州。淞沪抗战失利，就是被日本人从钱塘湾登陆，抄了后路。上海到宁波有沪杭甬线，可通蒋介石的老家奉化。蒋介石最最看重，主要是长三角。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这条大干线，一傍京杭大运河，二靠海岸线，对蒋介石来说，比连接北平、武汉和广州的大干线更重要。但南京的浦口、下关之间，原先没有铁路桥。南京长江大桥是1968年才建成。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">北伐也好，抗战也好，这两大干线最重要。上海、南京、南昌、武汉都在长江上，对外国人最重要，对蒋介石最重要。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">国民党栽在接收上</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1926-1927年，共产党是傍着国民党发展，国民党的核心地区在江浙，共产党的根据地在湘鄂赣，卧榻之侧，岂容他人酣睡？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1927-1936年，国民党围追堵截，把共产党从湘鄂赣撵到云贵川，再撵到陕甘宁，共产党是因祸得福。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1937-1945年，日本从华北南下，把蒋介石赶到云贵川。日本占中国东半，国民党在中国西南，共产党在中国西北。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1945年，日本投降后，鹿死谁手，关键在战后接收。中国的接收是以世界的接收为背景，这是冷战的序幕。张恨水的《五子登科》就是讲接收。国难之后，很多人发国难财，国民党成了发财党。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">战后，两党争天下，美国调停国共，希望在中国搞两党制，但条件是缴枪，加入国民党领导的联合政府。当时，美苏争霸，制约全局，前途未卜。作为底线，毛泽东也不是没有考虑过法国共产党的道路，但形势比人强，美国支持国民党，中共的选择只能一边倒，倒向苏联。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">共产党在北方接收，有地利之便。八路军从四川进陕甘宁，从陕甘宁进山西，以山西为中心，向河北、察哈尔、山东、河南、东北扩军，这是古代王者取天下的路线图。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">周取天下、秦取天下、汉取天下，莫不如此。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">风水轮流转</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">总结一下，共产党取天下，大体上是从西到东，从北到南。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 54, 51);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-top: 0.36em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; margin-left: 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-bottom: -0.5em; margin-left: -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">解放东北、华北</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">1.立足陕甘宁根据地。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.东进山西，以山西为中心，向河北、河南、山东、江苏和察哈尔发展。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.挺进东北，解放晋东南。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.辽沈战役，解放东北。同时，以八路军的晋冀鲁豫根据地为基础，解放晋西南、河北南部、河南西部和山东之大部。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">5.平津战役，以八路军的晋察冀根据地为基础，解放河北北部。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">6.淮海战役，以新四军的淮北根据地为基础，解放江苏北部、安徽北部和河南东部。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 54, 51);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-top: 0.36em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; margin-left: 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-bottom: -0.5em; margin-left: -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">解放晋绥、西北</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">1.以八路军的晋绥根据地为基础，解放山西北部和内蒙古。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.以陕甘宁根据地为出发点，解放陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 54, 51);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-top: 0.36em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; margin-left: 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-bottom: -0.5em; margin-left: -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">解放华东、中南、西南</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">1.解放江苏南部、安徽南部和浙江、福建。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.解放湖北、湖南、江西、广东、海南岛。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.解放贵州、广西、云南、四川、西康、西藏。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1949年1月31日，解放军占领北京；4月23日，解放军占领南京。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">占领南京后，毛泽东写下《七律 ·人民解放军占领南京》，说“虎踞龙盘今胜昔，天翻地覆慨而慷 ”，与他的《菩萨蛮 ·黄鹤楼》形成强烈对比。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这样的结果，当初想不到。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">解放战争重复了日本占领中国的路线：东北-华北-华南，蒋介石再次退守西南，希望从西南打回老家，像抗战中一样。但这回不一样，他被彻底赶出中国大陆。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx0FvOV8pg5QUOsLNVm9tIfptcoRBuaYmqMMREXIibTjuNcTiboadwNMUyQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1.2155797101449275" data-w="552"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">蒋介石（《伦敦新闻画刊》素描）</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">新中国为什么把首都定在北京，关键是华北背后有东北，东北背后有苏联，苏联对美国有威慑力。共产党是依托北方，从北方统一中国。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0.6em; padding-bottom: 0.6em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(239, 54, 51); border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; font-size: 19.2px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(239, 54, 51); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">历史再次应了司马迁的话</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国革命是一场南北战争。革命从南方到北方，又从北方到南方，转了一大圈儿。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1949年12月9日，刘文辉、卢汉起义。国民党在西南也守不住了。12月10日，蒋介石离开成都，从飞机上往下瞧，万水千山，不胜依依，别有一番滋味在心头。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">蒋介石去台湾，大陆说要打台湾。蒋介石怕台湾守不住，曾考虑流亡菲律宾或日本（日本有他的很多战犯朋友），宋美龄劝他上美国或瑞士，他觉得丢不起这个人。朝思暮想，还是踩着东南沿海的小岛，有一天打回老家去。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">国民党迁台，不是一两个人流亡，而是军警宪特一大批，连同他们的眷属，约200万人出逃，除了台湾，没一个地方可以收留这么多人。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">抗战中，蒋介石不听话，丘吉尔和罗斯福就想干掉他。现在大势已去，失了人心，丢了江山，美英等国不可能支持他。宋美龄求杜鲁门，被拒绝；求马歇尔，也被拒绝。现有档案材料为证，美国中情局策划的孙立人兵变，原定动手时间是 1950年6月底。6月25日朝鲜战争爆发，他才绝处逢生，前后只差三五天。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在，蒋介石仍端坐在台北的中正堂里，面朝北方，脚下刻着他的遗嘱，念念不忘反攻大陆，但他再也没有踏上大陆的一寸土地。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">司马迁说 “夫作事者必于东南，收功实者常于西北。故禹兴于西羌，汤起于亳，周之王也以丰、镐伐殷，秦之帝用雍州兴，汉兴自蜀汉 ”（《史记·六国年表》）。辛亥之后，山河破碎，中国的再统一，竟然还是从北方统一南方，再次应了司马迁的话。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">常任侠先生有诗，“东南王气沉幽冢，西北浮云隐玉关 ”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">徐悲鸿先生有诗，“山河百战归民主，铲尽崎岖大道平 ”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box;">2014年 4月 23日写于北京蓝旗营寓所</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 2px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(226, 226, 226); padding: 4px 10px; box-shadow: rgb(226, 226, 226) 0px 16px 1px -13px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章转载自：三联书店三联书情</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">节选自《我们的中国·思想地图》（三联书店 2016年6月刊行），原标题“”革命笔记——从中国地理看中国革命”。</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx0n6e6d7NmVnjfP5yvBaa3M3tCeyHKXYjtKXh7beANicOsHel9pKP8TUA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.22841726618705036" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9LyIcgNGcjia7xPgkQW2gLx0bM6hoc9QxB4LbKQmqKcLYX6RkFCSX8tJve85jOORWdPHibFf71YhK0w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.737410071942446" data-w=""  /></section></section></section>
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