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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 4em; height: 4em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXF8d2gDMCzeBb9eBRR0wLK5hdjCotqly3LCkbBic8licwqwvql7NicWo0icQ/0?wx_fmt=png); background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXF8d2gDMCzeBb9eBRR0wLK5hdjCotqly3LCkbBic8licwqwvql7NicWo0icQ.png" /></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-left: 1.2em; margin-top: -1.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; height: 2em; margin-left: 1em; border-bottom-left-radius: 1em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(71, 193, 168); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(71, 193, 168); max-width: 85% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-left: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5; padding-right: 0.5em; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(47, 144, 224); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">点击蓝字快速关注规划师杂志</section></section></section><section style="float: left; width: 5%; margin-left: -1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-top: 1.82em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">随着我国城镇化水平的不断提高，高密度城区成为非常普遍的城市特征区域，然而其中由于基底的硬质化现象严重，<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在暴雨等极端灾害面前暴露出极高的风险性。作者</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">哈尔滨工业大学深圳研究生院副教授、意大利威尼斯建筑大学客座教授</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">郭湘闽</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">，哈尔滨工业大学深圳研究生院硕士研究生</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">危聪宁</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2016年第5期撰文，文章以高密度城区的海绵化改造为对象，对传统城市规划中习惯采用集中式雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">治理机制的方式进行了反思，指出这种方式容易引发系统性的雨洪抵御风险，导致很多城市在暴雨发生时陷入被动甚至瘫痪状</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">态。通过总结国际上的前瞻性观点，文章提出雨水治理机制应当从集中式转向分布式，将每栋楼宇改造为立体海绵单元、最大</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">限度地维护自然调蓄系统的网络性和弹性、促成雨水收集系统由树状向网络状方向转变等海绵化改造方式。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 0.6em 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); border-radius: 5px; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px 5px; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">高密度城区的传统雨洪应对策略</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及存在的问题</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.5em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.传统雨洪应对策略的集中式特征</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">长期以来，城市规划对于城市自身<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">产生的需求、废弃物或者外来冲击的应</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对策略主要是采用集中式的路径，其主</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">要采取以下两种方式：</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 采用集中处理的树状结构方式。</strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">例如，采用集中建设发电厂的方式来生</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">成日常所需的电量；采用集中建设垃圾</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">填埋场的方式来统一处理日常垃圾；采</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">用集中铺设雨水收集设施的方式来汇集</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和处理雨水等。这种方式的典型表现形</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">式是构成了一个树状的城市应急体系，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">由末梢( 收集设施，如雨水井)—枝条( 初</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">级输送设施，如雨水支管)—主干( 高级</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">输送设施，如雨水干管)—根部( 处理终</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">端，如污水厂) 组成。不难发现，这一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">体系的重要特征是所有节点之间的内部</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">联系都是单向的，每个节点与上下游节</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">点之间只有一个联系渠道( 图1)。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 倾向于采用人工化改造的方式。</strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">例如，在雨水处理中采用人工管网统一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">收集和输送的方式，因此在许多城市的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自然河道改造中，河道沿岸越来越多地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">被裁弯取直、硬质化，河道内部则被埋</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">设进耗资巨大的排水管道。据统计，20</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">年前全国还有大约5 万条河流，但到</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">2012 年第一次全国水利普查统计时，其</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">中的2.8 万条河流已经不见了。以深圳</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">为例，河道填塞、水面缩减现象就非常</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">突出，河道主干化、渠道化严重，大量</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">湖泊、湿地被填埋占用。1970 ～ 2003 年，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">深圳河道数量减少了542 条，目前仅剩</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">下300 余条城市河流，缩减比例高达</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">62.4%，城市水面率则减少了65.3%。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">长此以往，自然界原有的雨水调蓄功能</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">将逐渐丧失，城市自然水循环被破坏，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">人工系统转而成为雨水循环的主要渠道。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">事实上，以上两种方式具有内在的<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">紧密联系，很多时候是平行实施的。由于</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">受工业时代的影响，城市规划师们直觉地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">相信社会的效率性是处理城市问题的重要</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">原则。在当时的条件下，集中式树状结构</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">无疑比其他结构更具有规模效应，且更具</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">备高速高效的特征。同时，集中式处理不</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">可能离开人工设备的辅助作用。在收集、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">输送和控制的各个环节上，自然化方式</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的效率都被认为是不可能超越人工化方式</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的。因此，这两种方式的内在结合就成为</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市发展历史中的必然选择。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFhqsyNMALYDdxakDXDarfU3WajzC3vY4RUz77bbsWTc1lCxhuAHS6dA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.5em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.集中式雨洪应对策略的突出问题</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">实际上，当城市的高密度化程度在<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">飞速演进时，原有的集中式建设机制正</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在遭遇挑战。可惜的是，截止到目前，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划界对于这一现象的反应还不是</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">特别敏锐，高密度城市正面临越来越严</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">峻的雨洪挑战。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 集中式处理使城市在应对雨洪灾<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">害时始终处于被动状态。</span></strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在高密度城区中，随着城市建设和<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">人口规模的不断扩大，原先规划好的城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市应对配置被一次次突破：发电站需要</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">不断扩容，垃圾填埋场需要不断拓建，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨污处理厂需要不断加建，连河道中原</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">先耗资巨大而铺设下去的管道也迫切地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">需要不断更新和升级……导致这些情况</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">出现的根源就在于城市规划的集中式处</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">理方式带来的弊端—由于所有的城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">需求都不能就地满足，需要集中到某处</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">进行处理，因此当城市不断拓展的时候，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">就需要不断补充新的集中处理能力。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">以深圳湾为例，这里与香港遥相对<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">望，一直是深圳市民最为喜爱的观海休闲</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">区域，然而十多年来一直饱受雨污水的困</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">扰。深圳河、大沙河及福田河等多条深圳</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">主干河流均于此汇入海面，而这些河流沿</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">岸多为深圳高密度开发区域，遍布着高层</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">住宅、科技园、工厂区、大学城及软件</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">园等( 图2)。由各条河流所带来的雨污</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水造成深圳湾的水质污染等。十多年来虽</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">经媒体多次报道、人大代表和政协委员多</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">次过问、地方领导多次现场视察和指示，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">这里的污染问题却始终无法根治。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">究其原因，主要可以归结为三点：<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">①各条河流沿岸一直处于高密度开发状</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">态，沿河的雨污水处理量在直线上升，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">但硬质化、人工化的基底状态使得雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">无法就地消解，只能集中收集和输送。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">②雨污水经收集后集中汇集到深圳湾附</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">近，使得这一区域的污水处理压力空前巨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">大。③集中式点状分布的污水处理厂的规</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">划总是难以跟上高密度开发项目的增长，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">使其对雨污水的处理总是处于被动跟进状</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">态。污水处理厂在一次次突破处理能力上</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">限后，一次次地提出扩建和加建计划。据</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">权威部门预测，至少在5 ～ 10 年后当地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的雨污水处理能力才能够基本满足污水处</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">理需求。不过，可以预想，届时由高密度</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">开发所引发的新的雨污水处理需求，很可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能会继续突破规划处理负荷。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 局部节点崩溃导致整体树状系统<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">瘫痪的风险凸显。</span></strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">由于城市的高密度开发，留给城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的软性基底面积越来越少，应对暴雨冲</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">击的能力越来越弱，城市雨水处理压力</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">越来越大。树状雨水收集系统由于每个</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">节点与上下游其他节点之间都是单向联</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">系的，一旦某个节点出现问题，就会立</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">刻导致上游系统的瘫痪；同时雨水处理</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">压力将迅速转移到下游系统中，增加下</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">游系统的压力，使风险在整个系统中不</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">断扩散。因此，当树状城市应急系统中</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的某一个节点因突发状况而出现问题时，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">整个系统就很容易即刻陷入崩溃状态。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">这一风险已经突出地表现在我国北</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">京、上海、广州及深圳等特大城市中。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">当暴雨来临的时候，某个雨水管井的堵</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">塞就会立刻引发局部甚至整体系统的瘫</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">痪，从而使整个城市陷入一片沼泽之中。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 过度人工化的雨水处理方式丧失<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">了应变的弹性。</span></strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">集中式处理方式的重要举措之一是</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对城市下界面的硬质化和人工化改造，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">其最大的缺陷在于应变弹性的丧失。自</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">然柔性表面如地形、植被、草皮和池塘等，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能够与深层地下土壤联系成为一个吸纳</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能力巨大的弹性蓄水体，从而在暴雨发</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">生时自然地根据降雨量来调节集蓄地表</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水流。自然柔性表面形成了一个自上而</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">下的立体调蓄系统：第一步，高大的树</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">木利用展开的叶片，减缓了雨水的下落</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">速度，缓解了地面的径流压力；第二步，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">高耸的山丘和低洼的谷地分别对雨水进</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">行导流，使之能够自然地汇流；第三步，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">地表植物吸收了一部分水分作为自身之</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">用；第四步，池塘、河流和湿地等又分</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">别吸收大部分雨水，并将过剩的雨水通</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">过河道传递出去；第五步，地表以下的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">土壤通过横向和纵向的连接形成巨大的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">海绵网络，吸收部分雨水融入到地下水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">系中。经过这样一个立体系统的层层分</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">流、吸收、过滤和缓释，雨水降落到地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">面的时间大大延长，最终形成地表径流</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的概率也大为下降，自然也就不会形成</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨洪灾害。可见，自然界的立体调蓄系</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">统具有强大的吸纳能力和弹性。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">而随着高密度城区的兴建，这个完<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">整的立体调蓄系统几乎被破坏殆尽—</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">树木被水泥楼体所取代，原本高低起伏</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的地形被一律平整，地表的植物被沥青</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">路面所覆盖，池塘和植被被铲除，河道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">被填埋或者改变形态，高大建筑的地基、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">地下停车场以及城市地铁等地下深层构</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">筑物等又将地下的海绵系统彻底破坏。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">传统的城市化地区所使用的雨水管</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">理方式主要有排水管网、路边的混凝土</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">沟渠等。这种硬质化结构的雨水输送系</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">统对于减缓水流速度、促进渗透、改善</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水质和补充地下水并没有帮助。暴雨发</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">生时的雨水经由地表和排水管网系统快</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">速汇集到地势较低的地区，使高密度城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">区发生洪涝灾害的几率相对其他地区更</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">高。此外，高密度城区人口密集，交通</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">繁忙，面源污染严重，暴雨径流挟带的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">污染物对城市水环境也会造成污染。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">根据美国环境保护署的测算，在未</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">开发利用土地的自然地表条件下，当降</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨发生时，只有10% 的雨量会形成地表</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">径流，50% 的雨量会形成下渗；而在城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市建成区，当地表不透水面积达到75%</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及以上时，面对同强度降雨，55% 的雨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">量会形成地表径流，只有15% 的雨量会</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">形成下渗，地表径流生成量显著增加，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨水自然下渗量显著减少。这些反自然</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的建设方式意味着抛弃了自然界的弹性</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">调蓄能力，改用一种强硬的姿态来对待</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">降雨现象，最终的后果就是城市必须面</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对无法遏制的雨洪威胁。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">因此，当我们认真反思过往经验的<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">时候，会发现被奉行已久的集中式雨洪应</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对规划理念正被贴上许多我们不愿意见</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">到的标签，其中包括耗资巨大、效率丧</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">失和风险剧增等。所以，对高密度城区的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">海绵化环境改造策略进行再思考，就需要</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">从展望未来及学习历史这两方面来切入。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">展望未来是通过了解未来社会发展的趋</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">势，解读高密度城区海绵化改造的方向；</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">学习历史则是通过研究城镇和乡村聚落</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">发展的历史，发现古人在规划设计中体现</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">出的应对降水的高度智慧，以作借鉴。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFAKkXyDP4ibZIL4eys9MYBOZewOLh6gNVCRMmV2AItCOuTNNm7mZbHTg.jpg" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 0.6em 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); border-radius: 5px; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px 5px; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">高密度城区海绵化改造的分布式</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">发展趋势</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.5em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.未来城市发展的分布式趋势</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">了解海绵化改造的趋势，不能脱离<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对于社会发展趋势的判断。著名的美国</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">社会观察家Jeremy Rifkin 认为，每一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">次人类社会的重大变迁都与新的通讯技</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">术和能源系统的进步有关。目前，人类</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">社会已经进入到了互联网和可再生能源</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">时代，必将迎来第三次工业革命。与以</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">往工业革命时代依靠集中式能源生产方</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">式( 如发电厂) 不同，第三次工业革命的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">标志是“将每一个现存的大楼转变成一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">个两用的住所—住房和微型发电厂”，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">每一栋建筑物及基础设施可以通过技术</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">手段的改造，收集和储存包括雨水资源</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在内的可再生能源，并且“利用互联网</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">技术将每一大洲的电力网转化为能源共</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">享网络”，以实现能源共享。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">也就是说，第三次工业革命的重要<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">标志在于由原来的集中式生产、储存和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">利用能源，变成千家万户式的分散型生</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">产、储存和利用能源。而这一切的出现，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">是基于互联网时代的来临。互联网作为</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">一种生产和组织方式，已经颠覆了传统</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自上而下、中心式的人类社会组织模式，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">使能源生产与利用模式变为扁平化。网</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">络时代的合作经济模式，将替代原来城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市规划中习以为常的集中式生产模式，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">成为城市发展的新型组织方式。分布式</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">生产思想的出现，对于雨水资源的收集</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和再利用具有重要的启发价值。在分布</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">式理念的框架内，未来每一栋楼宇的功</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能同样将转变为两用功能——既是住宅</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">或者办公楼，又是雨水的收集器和调蓄</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">器。如果每栋楼宇都可以单独形成应对</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨水冲击的海绵细胞，那么雨水对于城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市的危害将会大为减轻甚至消失。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.5em; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.海绵城市理论中的分布式思想</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">国际上关于海绵城市的典型理论，<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">如低影响开发和绿色基础设施等，也不</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">约而同地指出了雨水综合管理走向分布</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">式的重要意义。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1）低影响开发理论</strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">低影响开发是一种起源于雨水管理<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的规划设计策略，并逐步发展到场地规</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">划和雨水综合管理等方面。依据Anne</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Guillette 的《基于低影响开发实践的可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">持续场地设计》与美国马里兰州的《低</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">影响开发设计策略：一个综合设计方法》</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的表述，低影响开发的总体目标是实现</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对暴雨所产生的径流和污染的控制，尽</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">可能地维持或恢复场地原有的自然水文</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">特征，缓解或修复开发造成的难以避免</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的水文扰动。低影响开发通过一系列的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">设计策略与技术应用，努力模仿土地开</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">发前的自然水文特征，如渗透、过滤、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">储存、蒸发和蒸腾过程，并且重视利用</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">场地的自然特点，构建一个分布式的、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">重视自然功用的雨水管理网络。具体到</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">场地规划设计时，低影响开发包含了一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">些具体的目标：①保持开放的空间和土</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">地干扰的最小化；②保护敏感的自然特</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">征和自然过程；③识别和连接场地中的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">绿色基础设施；④利用自然特征为场地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">设计；⑤预防雨洪问题的发生；⑥采用</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">源头分散方式管理雨水。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">依据TH Cahill 的《低影响开发与<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">可持续雨水管理》与美国洛杉矶的《低</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">影响开发标准手册》中的表述，低影响</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">开发的具体原则有：①将低影响开发尽</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">早介入场地规划设计中；②优先阻止雨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水径流产生，无法阻止时需滞留雨水；</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">③优先使用非结构性的雨水管理设施，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">减少对场地的干扰；④把雨水作为一种</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">资源来对待，发挥其自然和生活功能；</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">⑤模仿自然水循环；⑥将雨水管理设施</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">广泛设置在靠近雨水径流的源头；⑦保</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">存的自然资源可以作为绿色基础设施与</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨水系统结合；⑧创造多功能景观，增</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">加低影响开发的多样化收益；⑨在各类</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">项目中广泛地应用低影响开发；⑩在规</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">划选址和选择设施时优先考虑后期维护。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（2） 绿色基础设施理念</strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">如今绿色基础设施理念的发展也非<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">常迅速。马克·A·贝内迪克特与爱德华</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">·T·麦克马洪在《绿色基础设施：连接</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">景观与社区》中将其定义为自然区域和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">其他开放空间相互连接的网络，该网络</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">有助于保存自然的生态价值和功能，维</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">持洁净的空气和水源，对人类和动植物</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">大有裨益。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">绿色基础设施的总体目标是利用自<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">然生态系统的多重功能实现城市基础设</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">施的服务功能，同时保持和恢复生态系</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">统的稳定，也可以带来其他方面的社会</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">效益。美国佛罗里达州和马里兰州的经</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">验也都强调，绿色基础设施非常重视网</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">络构建，具体可以分为五个步骤：①详</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">细描述网络构建的目标，确定需要保护</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的自然特征；②收集和整理各类景观生</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">态类型数据，衡量自然资源的保护价值；</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">③识别与连接网络元素，划分网络中心与</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">连接廊道；④根据生态价值与开发风险评</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">估优先保护区域；⑤寻求其他组织与公众</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的参与，形成良好的评价回馈机制。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 0.6em 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); border-radius: 5px; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px 5px; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">高密度城区的海绵化改造方式</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 4px 4px 2px; font-size: 16px; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>将每栋楼宇改造为立体海绵单元<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong></section></span></section><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-top: -1em; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 4px 4px 2px; padding: 20px 10px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">可将楼宇屋顶空间改造成为绿色屋<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">顶，这样除了可以为建筑提供一个屋顶</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的花园，还可以利用土壤与植物进行雨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水的滞留和蒸发，从而减少和延缓地表</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">径流，为野生生物提供小型栖息地，同</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">时对建筑起到隔热、降噪的作用。在较</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">小的降雨量情况下，绿色屋顶降低径流</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">产生的可能性效果非常明显。降雨落入</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">绿色屋顶后，植物叶部、根茎及底部土</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">壤可以吸收、滞留部分雨水，同时通过</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">吸附、微生物降解等作用去除降雨污染</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">负荷，其削减效果与土壤层厚度、植被</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">选择有关，可根据建筑物屋顶防水及结</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">构承载能力进行具体设计。结合绿色屋</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">顶收集的雨水，可以利用雨水收集箱、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">湿地或者水塘来创造储藏和再利用雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的机会。雨水可以被收集用来浇灌、冲</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">洗马路和冲厕所等。集水设施的设计可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">以更加灵活，并能满足多种功能，这样</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在雨水管理的同时可以提升景观和公共</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">空间使用效率。另外，墙体还可以通过</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">改造为立体绿化形式，增强其对于雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的吸附能力。这样，即使树木被移走，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">但取而代之的楼宇同样具有如树木一般</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的立体吸收雨水的效能。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在建筑的基底，可以针对高密度城<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">区建筑密度高、绿地少的情况，结合住</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">宅与商铺外部空间、公共绿地、街旁绿</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">地及零碎空间来最大程度地促进雨水的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">滞留和下渗。原先高于地面的绿地或种</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">植池需要降低土壤表面的高度，以便于</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨水的进入。种植区域的位置、尺寸、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">土壤和植物类型也需要作出相应的改变，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">如质地越粗糙、越接近沙土砾石的土壤，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">越具有较好的排水效果。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 4px 4px 2px; font-size: 16px; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">最大限度地维护自然调蓄系统的</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">网络性和弹性</span></strong></section></span></section><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-top: -1em; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 4px 4px 2px; padding: 20px 10px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">Jeremy Rifkin 认为，过度依赖化<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">石燃料的第一、第二次工业革命，导致</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">生产技术陈旧落后、产业结构运转乏力，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">并且引发了环境污染等一系列社会经济</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">问题。这些固执于依赖人力、漠视自然</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的做法，注定会破坏人类社会的可持续</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">性。为此，他呼吁应当采用可再生的方</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">式来替代原有的生产模式。同样，在雨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水的收集和处理方面，我们也需要更新</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">观点，从片面依赖人工化改造转向重视</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自然调蓄。因此，在高密度城区的规划中，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">应当特别重视对于自然调蓄系统的维护。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 在建设过程当中尽量保留周边的<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">植被和自然地形地貌。</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">很多我国传统村</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">落都与地形巧妙结合，并且与自然环境</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">融为一体，从某些层面上讲，这体现了</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对雨洪防御的主动姿态。例如，在规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">过程中，建筑一般就着地形择高而立，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自然防止了雨水在聚落内的泛滥；与农</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">田、池塘等就近布局，便于将雨水直接</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">排入汇水空间。此外，我国不少传统聚</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">落往往遵循风水理论，在村口设置半月</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">形或者方形的池塘。实际上，这个池塘</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的功能非常综合，涵盖了景观、蓄水、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">灌溉、救火、洗涤和风水等多种用途。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">同时，在建筑周边广泛种植自然植物，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">有意识地控制建筑覆盖率，使得人工建</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">筑对自然环境的影响最小化，使自然环</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">境发挥自身调蓄能力，并使弹性的空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">最大化，能够实现原始的低影响开发。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">这种方式有效地发挥了自然环境的弹性</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">吸纳能力，避免了人工干预的负面影响。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 注重自然地形和土壤的保护。</strong>例<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">如，对于流经高密度城区的河道系统，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">应当尽量维护其原始面貌，尤其是沿岸</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的湿地、绿地和岸线等形态。应当尽量</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">保护土壤的自然状态或者将其植被化，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">避免采用硬质或不透水材料将其覆盖。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">不同类型的土壤有着不同的渗透特性，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">土壤的渗透性直接影响到其调蓄雨水的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能力。应对不同的改造区域需要使用不</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">同的土壤改良措施，如路旁绿地的土壤</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">会随时间硬化，逐渐出现排水不畅、通</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">气不佳等问题，造成植物根部无法伸展</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">而生长不良，或因无法呼吸而死亡，因</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">此最好采用结构型土壤，即在土壤中加</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">入碎石，使土壤留有空隙，且更加坚固。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">此外，即使在需要大量硬质铺装的场地，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">也需要考虑透水铺装的改造，为控制自身</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及周边不透水面积的雨水径流提供条件。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 在植被的维护方面，应当建构多<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">层次的自然群落。</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自然群落的构建可以丰</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">富生物多样性，构建多层次的群落结构可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">以提高生态环境的稳定性和应对环境变</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">化的调节能力。不同的植物对于雨水中</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">污染物的吸收有着不同的效果，对于雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">径流来说，丰富的植物种类可以应对更多</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">种污染类型。在植物的选择方面优先选择</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">根系发达、净化能力强、耐水污染，以及</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">既耐短期水淹又有一定耐旱能力的植物。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">乡土性植物在这一方面往往有着较好的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">表现，更适应植物群落的构建，在后期对</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">于维护的需求更少。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(4) 需要利用空间创造多功能的具有<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">弹性的雨水调蓄海绵体。</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">以铺装广场为</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">例，在旱季时，铺装广场是一个干爽的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">休闲空间；在常规的降雨时，雨水将渗</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">入透水铺装或流至周边的雨水花园中，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">确保场地的干燥；当遭遇强降雨时，铺</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">装广场则变成了暂时储存雨水的场地，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">收集的雨水经过过滤流入广场。若降雨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">持续的时间更久，广场将逐渐被水淹没，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">多余的雨水从溢水口排入城市管网中。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">这样在满足居民日常使用功能的情况下，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">可以更好地发挥场地作为水生态基础设</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">施的作用。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 4px 4px 2px; font-size: 16px; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">促成雨水收集系统由树状向</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">网络</span></strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">状方向转变</strong></section></span></section><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-top: -1em; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 4px 4px 2px; padding: 20px 10px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 构建分布式的水生态基础设施。</strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">实际上，在我国传统建筑和聚落的规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">设计中，就曾经充分体现了分布式处理</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的思路，其中的做法可以概括为“分散</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">收集、循环使用、分级汇合”。在江浙、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">广东等地的乡村聚落规划中，各个民居</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">经常采用天井或者中庭的方式，在其间</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">布置一处长方形的蓄水池，与周边的坡</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">状屋檐正好形成上下对应的关系。在雨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">季，这个蓄水池能够承接住屋顶顺流而</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">下的雨水，既可以在天井中留存作为每</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">个家庭洗漱用水，也可以将多余的雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">通过蓄水池底下埋设的透水孔疏散出去。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">而且，雨水的收集和疏流也有不同的途</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">径：有的通过地形坡度、屋檐、散水及</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">明沟等排放到周边自然环境中，有的通</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">过集中收集汇合排放到河道或者溪流中。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在这一过程中，每个民居无形中所扮演</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的角色既是一个雨水的收集器，也是一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">处调蓄体。其中，部分雨水得到留存，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">部分雨水得到循环使用，还有部分雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">则延缓释放到外部环境中去。这种分散</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">式收集和处理雨水的方式，能够很好地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">缓解集中式处理的压力。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">相比对雨水进行集中式的管理来说，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">分布式的水生态基础设施的成本更低，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在雨水的阻滞、过滤、渗透、净化和利</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">用方面具有更好的效果。绿色屋顶、透</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水铺装、雨水收集箱、集雨树池、生态</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">调节池和植被洼地都是适用范围较广的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水生态基础设施。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">高密度城区的许多街道为人车混行<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的街道，可以移除高于路面的路缘石，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">选用溢流路缘石，有效起到雨水的分散</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和减缓的作用。还可以在街道两侧设置</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">一系列的绿色街道基础设施，如蓄水式</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">树池、雨水花园、植草沟和透水式街旁</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">停车位等可以对雨水进行初步的过滤与</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">蓄存，提高街道内部雨水的消化能力。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">同时，水生态基础设施可以与步行道或</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">者是商铺的户外空间相结合，营造生态</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">环境良好的具有休闲、聚会与餐饮等功</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能的公共空间。通过这些手段，可以达</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">到广泛而分散地布置雨水吸纳设施的目</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的，从而使雨水收集和调蓄的压力由更</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">广阔的区域来分担。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 在场地设计时把不同的水生态基<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">础设施联系起来，构建雨水处理序列。</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">这样可以解决不同类型的雨水污染，也</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">可以让雨水在场地上停留更多的时间，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">达到更高水平的处理效果，同时减少单</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">独水生态基础设施在处理序列中的大小</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和负荷。在污染较为严重的地方设置预</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">处理设施，如沉淀池、过滤器，可以帮</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">助减少维护成本以及提升整体水生态基</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">础设施的性能。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">鼓励充分利用任何可以设置水生态<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">基础设施的零碎空间。高密度区域尽管</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">建筑覆盖率高，但依然有许多零碎性的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">空间，大多是建筑之间出现的放大空间。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对于这些空间可以设置小型的绿地、街</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">头花园来作为雨水花园、生态洼地等，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">并将它们与海绵廊道相连接，在降雨时</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">起到渗透和阻滞的作用。它们虽然面积</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">较小，但是广泛分布于高密度城区各处，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">布局灵活多变，可结合多种水生态基础</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">设施提升可透水面积，同时方便居民就</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">近使用。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在这一方面，美国阿肯色州小石头<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城的创意廊道是一个值得借鉴的案例。该</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">项目将原先的四个街区重组进一个由水生</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">态基础设施、公共空间、临街建筑与其他</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市景观元素构成的都市街道景观当中。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">街道景观设计紧密结合低影响开发策略，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">体现了生态服务及社会城市服务的功能。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">林荫下的步行道、水生态基础设施和街道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">景观相融合，提供了丰富的生态服务—</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">净化空气、雨洪滞留、沉积物控制、雨水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">污染处理、雨水渗透和提供生境等。基于</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水生态基础设施的步行道像是巨大的过滤</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">树箱，栽满本土耐旱植物的雨水过滤系统</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">十分抢眼，同时良好的环境为人们提供了</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">户外用餐和聚会的空间。街道变成一种生</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">态资产，使雨水径流在通过雨水沟渠流向</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">附近的阿肯色河之前被街道基础设施净化</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和吸收了污染。除了步行道下的生态调节</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">沟，场地还设置了雨水花园、透水铺装等</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水生态基础设施( 图3)。生态工程师采用</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">雨水径流软件模拟支持街道绿化的雨水管</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">理设施，其设计的配套设施能够抵御两年</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">一遇的暴雨。同时，在这些雨水管理设施</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">中种满了耐旱植物，这些草木能够深深扎</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">根，帮助了水体的滞留。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 可以将不透水地面缩小和断开，<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">以水生态基础设施为基底构建海绵网络。</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">海绵网络将结合居民游憩廊道、绿地系</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">统和雨水管理网络，其构建可以将场地</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">上分布各处的水生态基础设施连成一个</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">整体，在暴雨来临时提供更有弹性的雨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水通道，同时为居民的日常活动提供环</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">境怡人的游憩廊道。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFvz7xDBBEcd0yjiaqV6hol2uDPm3PaqTibvUWOugNwRso0iccH55qDrHkw.jpg" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 0.6em 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: -0.6em; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); border-radius: 5px; font-size: 16px; padding: 0px 5px; color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 86% !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2016年5期</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《高密度城区分布式海绵化改造策略》</strong></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; margin-top: -0.6em; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: dotted; border-right-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; border-radius: 0.8em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 2px dotted rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">海绵系列新书推荐：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《海绵公园》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFrY3IDjSmHBmeOHFVBb8r0RKk7LYBKic6tdYsxFVRXUiadhtB7302g1YQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">本书由A24 景观设计公司的创始人兼执行董事 斯特凡·罗贝尔（德）编写，囊括了众多关于“海绵公园”设计的优秀案例，在案例设计中巧妙地应用了景观植被对地表雨水进行渗透、调蓄以及过滤等，从而充分体现出公园内的绿地在城市雨洪管理系统中的重要作用。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/LJwBRurftUrEOECZvhAk5RiaSnkafU7qbibxpHM8EIIFliaib30uQxUDRa60CWia76JhA0D8LTdibcybHu2ic6iaAsXE1A.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">精彩书摘</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXF6VdXsr8gsKEmCm2XQwuq7jf4EndJoDSwkbq60UQLW3JPYV0oRxwZxQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买QQ：2325124337<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">详询：0771-2438012</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; border-radius: 0.8em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 2px dotted rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(23, 138, 67); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">海绵系列新书推荐：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《海绵城市》 </strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFcYnMyFzzxPaiac6pnUM5cezibJYr9fs1uwAG6Q4rys0y4NNxVTgYxR6w.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">本书以“海绵城市”为主题，通过40多个城市与景观设计项目来探讨水元素在城市空间规划中所扮演的角色和管理，从公园、公共空间、生态区和商业设施等四个方面的雨水管理策略和方法入手，针对雨水管理提出了相应的设计构思和解决方法。所收录的设计方案不仅回应了建筑和景观设计的功能上的需求，更积极从空间与景观的角度介入项目，在提升环境质量的同时，也兼顾了生态发展、生物多样性等城市建设问题的解决。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFI12icnCvR1vHVL5QBythxjcSug75g3g2eLQ63ibSlVvQ5UjKRnLUU8VQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/LJwBRurftUrEOECZvhAk5RiaSnkafU7qbibxpHM8EIIFliaib30uQxUDRa60CWia76JhA0D8LTdibcybHu2ic6iaAsXE1A.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(23, 138, 67); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">精彩书摘</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFg8ZDHMLib1Wks0ATIYK8w74XB8Kgx1wVGPmR7rElVHra4QZ4icVDukMA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买QQ：2325124337<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">详询：0771-2438012</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 2px solid rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; border-radius: 0.8em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 2px dotted rgb(71, 193, 168); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(23, 138, 67); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">海绵系列新书推荐：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《海绵城市工程设计图集》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXF1EFlricUGKuR5yMDfYWcHZYtIeHUZFcdRDicdoicl2MlNgaO5AW8RmBGg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">本书为广西南宁（国家海绵城市试点城市）华蓝集团与南宁市建委、广西工程建设标准化协会合作设计的海绵城市建设技术，共分为两册，其一为《海绵城市工程设计图集——低影响开发雨水控制及利用》，其二为《海绵城市工程设计实用手册》，为建筑师在雨水管理设计方面提供了极具价值的设计工具和参考规范。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/LJwBRurftUrEOECZvhAk5RiaSnkafU7qbibxpHM8EIIFliaib30uQxUDRa60CWia76JhA0D8LTdibcybHu2ic6iaAsXE1A.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">精彩书摘</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mj6U3nFYGTSHcComVibaoPXFV1y3If9vJRTEFb0oAUHOzzezb5cYUxtAuVpjW2PKKMbcg8icTrW0QTg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买QQ：2325124337<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">详询：0771-2438012</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160628/j8bTq15u0mh9KMTFA0ARHmaSkEVEPYM8YOibrvpZlaOYOfYnG0bumONlnpgchsnaHXqo55QicbBDox58DuPc50ag.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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