国匠城工作台

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<p><a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NjU3NDg2MQ==&mid=2649454279&idx=1&sn=5f1e32764fe67cda458ae68913eb9daa&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data_ue_src="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NjU3NDg2MQ==&mid=2649454279&idx=1&sn=5f1e32764fe67cda458ae68913eb9daa&scene=21#wechat_redirect" style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/cmQT69AZLZJHhuEFGuQknw7XIBESnj6iaCyibrAdryK7xxQDOAqErfzFRZOzfCPichBJ2KC6jVcoY0RLxcPtT1cbA.jpg" /></a></p><p><br  /></p><p><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/cmQT69AZLZJLLmQ5Cz3eWViaaiadXbzibNLA6y7qsPicxaGS6eHa2eVgvR4HyqlTpEOOGqKh59l9FEwhjLjHMCktibQ.png" /><br  /><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong>█ 1、第四届“西部之光”丨段进：城市设计不是设计城市</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong>微信公众号：中国城市规划网</strong></span><br style=""  /><br style=""  />中国城市规划学会常务理事，全国高等学校城乡规划专业教育指导委员会委员，东南大学建筑学院副院长段进教授以“城市设计不是设计城市”为题为西部师生进行了讲座。<br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.8em; padding-left: 0.8em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline-block; font-size: 24px; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市设计</span>不是<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;">设计城市</span></strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如何做好城市设计</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;">重要的是技术还是方法</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;">全面系统的问题，还是某个内容的深入详解</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 335px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">?社会维度 </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">?视觉维度  </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">?功能维度  </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">?时间维度 </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">?形态维度  </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">?认识维度  </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 335px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/3rV5DOkGgCbkyjPFZdKTnEBp8YMFOg0sFdticc4afdYwBiaW5xkX8ApJfuYCFKleo8cGnacSP6wyaJ95kSNibwg2g.jpg" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">近来年，城市设计受到了空前的重视，去年底的中央城市工作会议和今年初中共中央文件中都多次提到了城市设计，住建部已作为重点工作之一在推进，随着持续的升温，一些学术和认识上的争论也浮出水面：</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市设计是建筑形态设计为主还是规划管理重要？</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市设计的主要内容是什么？</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市设计是不是需要技术规范？ </span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">学术界展开了热烈的讨论。</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 335px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/3rV5DOkGgCbkyjPFZdKTnEBp8YMFOg0sCMXSG4mjLl0hKJ1iaBubCKtOzTzicBSqj2pajV474WY8YsUiaPnN9zicXA.jpg" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 335px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/3rV5DOkGgCbkyjPFZdKTnEBp8YMFOg0sDLzqp2sLzX71QCicb7KF0qAJ6myWpu1yKHhZay1aB4esILrxY4YPb0g.jpg" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;">上海国际城市设计论坛</section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">回顾以往的城市设计实践工作，各种类型的城市设计层出不穷，各地开展的城市设计项目的覆盖面也很广，但真正发挥作用的比例却不高。是缺乏具体的设计技术方法，还是设计的不够深入，或者是管理得不够严格?</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">研究发现：<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;">不同层次和不同要求的城市设计的技术方法混乱、技术标准缺失、与法规不接轨等是重要的现实问题。以往城市设计太注重表面形式。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/3rV5DOkGgCbkyjPFZdKTnEBp8YMFOg0sNs14xaDO4zicibRWPHAaib0NInORgrpdzvx0ZIn2mYjBLGqsJNEhZMV7A.jpg" /></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些争论与问题的根源来自对城市设计的基本认知，或者说来自于对城市的基本认知。本人认为城市不同于某个单体建筑或某种人工的产品是完全按设计图纸和设计师的理念建造出来的。城市是一种有生命特征的有机体，<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市空间的发展有其自身的规律性。因此，城市设计不是设计城市，而是研究与发现城市发展的规律与需求，进行城市规划干预。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这一观念的改变，城市设计的目标与途径将发生变化，<span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(244, 39, 73); word-wrap: break-word !important;">同样的技术与方法在应用中就会产生完全不同的设计成果。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/3rV5DOkGgCbkyjPFZdKTnEBp8YMFOg0sib83wyhgT7UdqLiaATW2gFnRzAUhfoxroekk1ic0lvq03lpzmPcQZhqNA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/3rV5DOkGgCbkyjPFZdKTnEBp8YMFOg0s4Xianicia92S9WmKBolkv6XiboibjYGt7XUicasYibgtjbhMGuts32uk3dfXA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/3rV5DOkGgCbkyjPFZdKTnEBp8YMFOg0sQMA9dzD8q5Oka20pPAgaAxgw1JWIadQTy4kYeVx3uoicRXnBlUJtkUw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 670px; border: 2px dotted rgb(192, 200, 209); border-radius: 0.7em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(244, 39, 73); font-size: 21px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">路径与目标 </strong></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 323px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 323px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">问题导向</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人眼景观</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">公众参与 </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">设计控制 </section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">... ...</section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 323px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 323px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important;">文脉延续</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important;">社会网络</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市活力</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宜人尺度</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important;">... ...</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><strong>问题导向——</strong>不是以某种理论的理想模式为蓝本，而是以现实中存在的问题为导向</p><p><br  /></p><p><strong>人眼景观——</strong>不是宏大鸟瞰的形象塑造，而是从人眼视角进行的空间提升</p><p><br  /></p><p><strong>公众参与——</strong>不仅仅是规划设计的技术合理，更重要的是居民生活的真实需求</p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">设计控制——</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">不是城市建筑和环境的具体设计，而是对空间环境塑造的管理导控</span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong>文脉延续——</strong>不是形式符号的简单复制，而是城市文化基因的传承</p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">社会网络——</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">不仅仅是文脉的传承，同时也是社群结构的保护</span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">城市活力——</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">不仅仅是塑造优美的城市景观，更重要的是激发富有活力的城市生活</span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">宜人尺度——</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6;">不是以简单抽象的空间大小为标准，而是与地域特点及生活习俗相结合</span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p>更多内容，长按识别二维码查看</p><p><br  /></p><p><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/cmQT69AZLZJy5NKHGGe8oGKHes7icv8vrz0k9Uu37bibd38wqfHP0qZ4yHic1fJdyhLHNXsdUO6GRKvw6T4z2hVww.png" /></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong>█ 2、新加坡经验难以简单复制，“拥堵费”当有北京模式<br  /><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">微信公众号：市政厅</span></strong></span><br style=""  /><br style=""  />拥堵费收费标准虽在小汽车配额管理实施前不断上调，以使其有效调控，但在实施汽车配额管理后，标准己明显下降。<br style=""  /><br style=""  /><strong>摘录：<span style="line-height: 1.6;">新加坡模式</span></strong><br  /></p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>经过30多年的不断演化后，事实上，所谓的新加坡模式已经形成。从交通角度看，这种模式确实呈现出较好的效果。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>以机动车保有量来看，新加坡的千人机动车拥有量只有北京的60%，而北京的富裕程度大致相当于新加坡1993年的水平（2015年人均GDP新加坡是北京的3.8倍）；从交通运行看，新加坡2014年底，主干道高峰期时速仍然有29公里，而北京仅仅有22公里。新加坡快速路更达64公里，北京只有35公里。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>更重要的是，新加坡车辆一直在增长，但交通运行状况10年来一直在改善（见主干道高峰车速与道路设施供求变化情况的对比图），从这个角度说，新加坡模式是成功的。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/ZKxpoW5ACbYRPKhZq1DVib8FDD1W2vE33jfDg9oUibMnx8IJ5h79ic7j3CbDz47jib4S3ht75pvn8YhFaOU0nadVdA.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><em>主干道高峰车速与道路设施供求变化情况的对比图。</em></span></p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>新加坡模式究竟是什么呢？笔者认为，新加坡模式经历了一次范式转换，1990年以前是经济管制，1990年后是数量管制。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>1990年后，新加坡模式的本质，首先且最重要的，是数量管制。通过4次调整增速，将车辆总量控制在路网能力范围内，使供求达至相对平衡增长。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/ZKxpoW5ACbYRPKhZq1DVib8FDD1W2vE33icRcBbmlIe4jwSpXHj4SHmXNROQ7R6f9Sw0TSqXj5u2WUat1gaiaD61Q.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><em>新加坡汽车增速变化图。</em></span></p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>其次才是经济管制，高昂的税费和牌照费，都在提高车辆拥有的门槛，将拥有车辆的可能性局限在少数高收入人群。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>而一旦引入数量管制，经济管制的手段便退居次席。甚至可以说，有无牌照拍卖和高昂税费，对交通运行都无大的影响，这些筑高的经济门槛只是分配手段，甚而嬗变为财政目标。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>分析新加坡近10年的政府预算，汽车相关税费占比高达9.5%。2016年预算中，汽车相关税费提供预算总支出的13%。更值得注意的是，交通预算已基本源于汽车相关税费收入，2016年汽车税费预算收入高达93亿新元，占交通预算的92%，而2007年甚至达到了185%！</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/ZKxpoW5ACbYRPKhZq1DVib8FDD1W2vE33iaETqNl14ib99kCs0ia4R9unGSh31JXxgXDmeI1DVDibHurJ3ibTbtNFB3Q.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><em>汽车税费收入与交通预算对比图。</em></span></p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>可以用交通比较住房市场。新加坡道路与住房占地分别为12%与14%，两者相当接近。新加坡住房政策同样以其独树一帜闻名全球：90%的自有房率，人均住房面积达到30平方米（几乎多出香港的一倍），其中82%为政府建设的组屋。换句话说，与交通一样，政府也基本控制了住房市场。2016年，来自住房市场房产税的预算收入约41亿，卖地预算收入100亿新元。如果考虑到，交通土地利用效率低（不能如住房高层建设）及对社会经济发展的溢出效应，从财政角度看，交通土地收益甚至可能优于住房市场。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>这种比较实际反映了新加坡政府对住房消费与小汽车消费的不同定位。住房是人民安居乐业的必需品，其目标是居者有其屋及促进不同族群融合。而小汽车消费不是必需品，其理念是“完全的用者自负”，新加坡的小汽车使用者，所支付的不是边际成本，几乎是完全成本。即便出租车，同样要支付牌照费、税费、拥堵费，公交也是市场化运行。如果说大陆城市是住房土地财政，新加坡就是交通土地财政，这是世所罕有的。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>如前分析，新加坡的拥堵收费标准并不高（不同收费点标准不一，基本在0~4新元），而拥堵费收费标准虽在小汽车配额管理实施前不断上调，以使其有效调控，但在实施汽车配额管理后，标准己明显下降。如按实际购买能力，目前的收费标准仅是1975年刚实施时的30～40%。拥堵费更多是微调交通流的时空分布和区域交通量，并非新加坡模式的核心。这是以在机动化早期即有效控制了汽车总量、通过土地利用规划疏解了向心交通为前提，才有可能实现。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>新加坡是全世界最富裕的国家之一，同样也是全世界发达经济体中贫富差距最大的国家之一（以调整后的基尼系数观之，新加坡为0.412，德国0.295，美国0.345），在亚洲仅比众所周知的香港稍逊。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>而其交通政策，在公平性方面也一直饱受指责。城市道路公共物品的性质，在实践中几不被承认。关于人民是否有权平等使用道路，或者说道路使用是否应该与财产能力完全联系，并没有一致答案。另外，小汽车消费没有为中低收入群体留有空间，政策的效率目标绝对先于公平目标，等等。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>此外，新加坡模式之所以能一以贯之，还有一个不容忽视的重要因素：新加坡没有汽车工业，政府交通政策的目标基本不受产业政策干扰。比如，新加坡的新能源汽车政策最能反映此点，新加坡对电动汽车的态度，就是严格考察其全生命周期的排放，不论其动力，全部按统一标准对待。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>3月份一位特斯拉车主上牌时碳排放超标的故事颇具代表性。这辆花了车主90000新元的二手特斯拉，经过检测发现，一公里需要耗电440瓦时，按照测算对应的全生命周期公里碳排放是220克，属严重的碳排放超标，不仅没有获得预计的10000新元的奖励，根据2015年7月新实施的车辆碳排放(CEVS)管理政策，反而要征碳排放附加税15000新元（约72000元人民币）。实际上，新加坡电力95%是源于天然气发电，1%是石油，4%是太阳能，在世界上已经是比较清洁的了（中国煤炭发电占72%）。</p><p><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p>由此，可以看出新加坡的政策具备目标单一的优势：电动汽车政策仅是一个交通政策与环保政策，并不是科技政策，更不是产业政策，因此，是补贴还是应该要征税，完全根据全生命周期碳排放水平来确定。</p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">更多内容，长按识别二维码查看</span></p><p><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br  /></span></p><p><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/cmQT69AZLZJy5NKHGGe8oGKHes7icv8vr8rQ1hU0HOKVftyloSEGwwicLo3LGBZ7ncypibcE6COUGaE3zeVmgT9gw.png" /></p><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">█ 推广：数慧信息化年会资料继续整理中，对规划信息化感兴趣可以阅读</strong></span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  />微信公众号：规划信息化实务论坛</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">长按二维码识别查看，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">网页版在 ppt.caup.net。稍后我们会继续整理相关内容，请大家继续关注。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/cmQT69AZLZJE19AlzicnsDlaC7ksVV62fmYoU35GRd1VCpGo0ZJ6rAMOjJxx0G1NSciaQOhGmia4q1WCIH7Wjg7YQ.jpg" /></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">- 国匠城 -</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">认真  坚持  梦想</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/cmQT69AZLZLwRa2E7ibwEOicSnHuNrgkKQtMEbBMgX4sHyJrk68KjKibECaqxRezesOVicoEpzkWgjZ32ZNY8xaTjQ.png" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160621/cmQT69AZLZKUiac3BZiaQHdzYeBbzKS3bYrPYAVRtnLGN103YHfkHdzrckeUibzicwQ7e8IP0Da6yGksk0v2OzgLJg.png" /></p><p><br  /></p>
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