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                        <section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-color: rgb(95, 156, 239); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin: -13px 3px; padding: 12px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; border: 1px solid rgb(95, 156, 239); border-radius: 6px; line-height: 1.4; font-family: inherit;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【北京·国际城市观察站】</strong>是由北京市城市规划设计研究院规划研究室为主建立的研究小组，旨在追踪世界前沿、推广国际经验，深入比较北京和其他国际大城市规划实践，为规划师和各级政府部门服务，关注领域涵盖大城市治理、空间规划、可持续交通、生态环境等。我们致力于：第一手资料+第一时间推送+第一流的分析总结。我们的平台是开放的，期待与国内外同行建立广泛的合作关系。</section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 16px; width: 24px; float: left; border-bottom-width: 6px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(95, 156, 239); border-left-width: 6px; border-left-style: solid; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 16px; width: 24px; float: right; border-bottom-width: 6px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(95, 156, 239); border-right-width: 6px; border-right-style: solid; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">都市圈是当今世界城市发展的最高阶段，也是大城市发展的结果，以建设“国际一流和谐宜居之都”为发展目标的北京正向着北京都市圈的方向发展，在当前京津冀协同发展的背景下这一进程更将加速。都市圈和城市一样必然也有其发展客观规律，本文从调查东京、纽约等都市圈的发展历程入手，探寻关于都市圈概念、范围、发展趋势的三个真相。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiabENkDhvTibuHLORXMRhmMlzuII3dhYOBibRruIWosoO6IzDwhE74YKCQ.jpg" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 3px solid rgb(255, 202, 0); box-shadow: rgb(255, 202, 0) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【常见观点1】：（关于概念）都市圈？我知道，就是城市群呗，还有什么大都市区、大都市带、都会区、都市连绵区、城市密集区……好像都差不多嘛！ <span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（这一长串名字简直就是规划界的“报菜名”！！）</span></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【本文观点】：都市圈是介于“城市”和“城市群”之间的区域概念。</span></strong></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在城市区域研究中，国际上比较公认的有三个尺度，最大的是Urban Agglomeration/Megalopolis，对应城市群/大都市带，特点是由多个大城市地区聚集形成联合体，根据戈特曼提出的标准人口规模下限为2500万人，大都市带顾名思义形态上还具有轴线特征。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">中间尺度的是<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Metropolitan Area,译作都市圈/大都市区/都会区</span></strong>，一般有至少一个经济较为发达并具有强辐射能力的中心城市，中心城市与邻近地区之间有密切的经济联系，劳动力市场、基础设施等具有高度的一体化倾向。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">最小尺度的城市通常以行政区划作为分界线，但需要注意同一中文翻译对应的英文原文是表行政属性的City还是表空间属性的Urban。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">所以，每次看到类似“京津冀都市圈”的表述，或者“建立半径100公里的上海都市圈”，我的心理活动是这样的↓↓↓</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiagNlGcibtsbia7I0SOaZzoTYdBIFjM56cyM7qcf41W7C2NDuIDfusy0Qw.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">明明是城市群尺度的事情，却强用都市圈的概念，如果不是极端的雄心壮志，就是概念不清了。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而本文的主要研究对象就是中间尺度的、在日常工作与生活中联系最紧密的特大城市连绵地区，而不是大区域经济以及大区域规划领域里更大范围的城市群。</span></strong>在多种译名的选择上，考虑到《国家新型城镇化规划（2014-2020年）》《京津冀协同发展规划纲要》等文件中均采用了都市圈的说法，故本文沿用。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">世界上规模最大的都市圈莫属东京都市圈和纽约都会区（尊重其各自的习惯译法不同），同时东京和纽约又都是世界上最发达的城市，是北京的发展目标。因此，本文经验借鉴的重点是与北京规模相似的是东京都市圈和纽约都会区。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">东京都市圈是由日本内阁府指定，范围包括一都三县（东京都、千叶县、埼玉县和神奈川县），纽约都会区是美国统计局定义的地理单位（<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Greater New York</strong>）（参见图1、图2）。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由于伦敦、巴黎都市圈规模较小，与</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2000</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">万人口规模的北京可比性差，因此不作为主要的参考对象。同时文末有五大都市圈的对比图</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">福利！高清！必看！</strong></span>）</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可供直观比较。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuia9K0GwDtPlTicKsic72zYuvgRguUZtVMl3u5rMibS4eopxEdPicZSdNWobw.png" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图1 东京都市圈范围</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaqXV2R3vKicQC9RpHf6PnFWUV94V0wY2yvJqd63vD4dPc8qlKVIUjc5Q.png" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图2 纽约都会区范围</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 3px solid rgb(255, 202, 0); box-shadow: rgb(255, 202, 0) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【常见观点2】：（关于范围）既然我们人口规模那么大，怎么就建不成半径100公里的都市圈？江浙沪可是整体包邮呢！</span></strong></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【本文观点】：50公里是现有都市圈发展半径的极限。未来北京都市圈的长轴半径也可能稳定在50公里左右。</span></strong></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">判断是城市地区还是非城市地区各国有不同标准，首先看看日本。日本将城市地区称作市街地，即人口密度不小于4000人/平方公里的地区。按照这个标准制作了如图3所示的东京都市圈的成长图。可以看出，东京都市圈是从小到大逐步发展起来的，其半径从1920年的10公里，发展到1980年的50公里左右，且从1980年开始，其长轴半径一直稳定在50公里附近（短轴半径为30公里左右）。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaCNaR6Dg7Ou5wiafQJaJNGlEwKzfKORjiclp9Cna96ib7BafpePGicC8MiaQ.png" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图3  东京都市圈发展历程</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：参考文献1）</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">无独有偶，按照同样的人口密度标准，纽约都会区的发展轨迹（参见图4）也是从小到大向外逐步成长，与东京都市圈一样在1980年前后长轴半径在50公里附近稳定（短轴半径也为30公里左右）。东京都市圈和纽约都会区长轴半径随时间推移（参见图5）的轨迹，呈现出典型的成长曲线，经过了几十年的成长，进入了现在的稳定阶段。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaws6appHTz1WMyrr1ToeLhyxPNsnknAQvkVmxerDUGAInDnpXibciaeWg.png" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图4  纽约都会区发展历程</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：参考文献1）</span></p></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaCiaiaIpsjyfibfPT5o1t3WhJteIRFCyUyJdShjCIwxewZZYLNxdgXfQqA.png" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图5 东京都市圈、纽约都会区长轴半径的推移</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：参考文献1）</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">东京都市圈和纽约都会区的长轴半径二十多年都稳定在50公里附近，不是偶然的，他与人们日常生活规律、通勤范围、交通运输效率等因素息息相关。</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">都市圈中绝大多数人都属于常态居民，他们每天要去上班、上学和回家，业余时间除了睡觉还要休闲娱乐，而人每天只有24个小时，除了工作、学习、睡觉、休闲之外，能够用于通勤或通学的时间所剩无几，另外，人对于通勤时间长度的忍耐性也是有限的，绝大多数人不能忍受长时间通勤。这就是尽管交通运输效率较过去有了长足提升（如新干线、轨道交通快线），但都市圈的半径并没有出现无限制的增长的主要原因。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">因此，大都市圈的长轴半径稳定在50公里附近有其客观规律性，即通勤圈的大小决定着都市圈的大小。</span></strong>这一点，从图6所示日本首都交通圈轨道交通所示半径恰是50公里左右可以得到证明，法定的东京都市圈居民出行调查的范围（即通勤圈范围）就是这个范围。</p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaMt0ko28zoroib9HXNPbibR7nCj60Kc8bs2etln3kNicRNeI4jHzVYlNNQ.png" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图6 日本首都交通圈轨道交通网络示意图（不含地铁）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：参考文献2）</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">相较而言，伦敦和巴黎都市圈无论人口密度还是主体建成区范围都更小，接近50公里长轴半径虽然也有一些新城，但总体上联系紧密程度更弱（参见图7、图8）。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaoHrAtoklZRbRDtuj8bgEOgoYZzFcy1EYxDlbM3PmGCs5RNqxI4iah2A.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图7 大伦敦及外围新城建成区范围</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：Quod andShelter）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiays2EKiark1EcCGc23GyicqYibFQKtfAmHoVfz3aSplVgvIfic9x56UcTOA.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图8 大巴黎建成区范围，红色=建成区，橙色=城镇边界，黄色=都市圈统计边界</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：http://www.citymetric.com/）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">北京目前通勤圈范围只有30公里左右，城市区域（人口密度不小于4000人╱平方公里）的半径也仅在30公里上下（参见图9），与纽约、东京都市圈相比相差甚远。借鉴其成长经验和事实，<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">北京都市圈未来的长轴半径稳定在半径50公里是极有可能的，其范围中近期就是北京平原区，远期个别主要发展轴或将延伸到半径50公里范围，如廊坊的北三县地区。</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaMSPm72ve42IUm0jVp3Y7tRp5FicRiaxib1JfrAWs7ymODfY7ibXC4ltNag.png" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图9 北京、东京都市圈同等尺度人口密度分布比较图</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：参考文献1）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 3px solid rgb(255, 202, 0); box-shadow: rgb(255, 202, 0) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【常见观点3】：（关于发展趋势）你说得对，可你说的都是历史，用发展的眼光看问题you know? 现在科技日新月异，Hyperloop超级高铁、无人驾驶技术、连P2P都投身交通圈的神奇产品巴铁……随着通勤效率提升，都市圈范围应该可以再扩大吧？</span></strong></section><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiaaZ4Q0uCIpgynibrzfyxnrtrLFoAibGYNicUqpkJRicYI4Ou0qxw4yEWQag.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【本文观点】：都市圈范围扩大还是缩小，不是单纯的技术问题，也应考虑价值导向与人文关怀。</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">以当今科技发展速度之快，明天我们将怎样出行似乎都已无法预料。但可以预料的是，北京、上海等大城市与世界上的其他大城市都是一样的，将会遵循相似的发展规律。东京同样积极拥抱技术创新，但<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">东京都市圈近年来缩小的趋势已十分明显</span></strong>。90年代后期东京郊区与中心城市之间的人口移动已经基本保持平衡，进入21世纪后随着人口郊区化的停滞，从郊区流向中心城市的通勤人口后续供给能力也逐渐衰退。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">近年来东京政府强调“如不加干预，东京都市圈将持续‘摊大饼’式扩张，东京区部通勤圈的范围将进一步扩大”，因此必须“努力做出改变”，<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">主要实行两个措施以缩小通勤圈：1、提高区部的居住供应，吸引就业者回归，缓解核心区的职住分离；2、对于外围环状据点城市群，通过培育完善的城市功能，增强竞争力，摆脱对区部的过分依赖</span></strong>。在人口趋势变化与政府政策引导的共同作用下，东京的向心通勤量与90年代相比已减少了10%。</p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuialKyamR5ul73y0Nh4OUPf06HDvYNInVwXoAQY5lo7PicSZZ9WQHPmAZg.png" /></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图10 现有趋势模式（上图）</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与诱导干预模式（下图）下的东京区部通勤圈范围</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（资料来源：《轨道上的世界》）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">东京政府的选择引起了我们的一点思考：我们只是单纯以扩大通勤圈为目的，还是为了追求幸福感更高的生活？相信未来我们肯定会有技术能力将都市圈半径扩大到50km以上，但我们的价值导向是什么呢？引导大家越住越远吗？都到了科技那么发达的年代，却还要每天进行超远距离的通勤？听起来似乎既不低碳环保，也不亲切宜居，还不便宜……</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">曾几何时，单位大院里的职住均衡、生活便利、邻里和睦是多少人的美好回忆。那么，使劲放大对于都市圈的规模预期，真的是我们现在以及未来所需要的吗？</p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">参考文献：</span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1.李伟、宋彦、吴戈，北京城市轨道交通长远预期研究报告，2008</span></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2.铁道部科学技术信息研究所，国外典型大都市区域轨道交通发展研究报告，2008</span></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3.刘龙胜，轨道上的世界[M]，人民交通出版社，2013.</span></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4.[日]东京市政调查会编译，世界四大都市的比较研究，日本评论社，1999</span></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">【附：北京与世界四大都市圈人口、GDP、面积比较】</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuiauUxLqOuaeyRfz9n2DYicN1T7bdqLhM2xCuEjTsLSa1SpvhJhfwTJOpQ.jpg" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">注：原作者为东京都都市整备局。</span>其采用的纽约都市圈范围是2013最新版的合并统计范围，本文中用的是历史范围。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">伦敦都市圈的范围目前有多种看法，本图仅供参考。</span></p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-indent: 2em; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">最后又到了激动人心的求打赏环节！什么？腾讯还不给姨夫开通打赏权限？好吧，观察小组的英式下午茶又没经费了，哭哭。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/icKFe0wqE4eOTic2k8sRniaRAKPB8pMLJuia6CiaTpxpa9XgnUnwF05guY1g1RFUGQVAVeyrKnicGKgX1aTgibjz6jxMQ.jpg" /></p><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; border: 2px solid rgb(21, 149, 121); border-radius: 0.8em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; border: 2px dotted rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(21, 149, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">来源：cityif（ID:City-IF），作者：李伟、伍毅敏，欢迎大家关注“姨夫”的微信公众平台。本文已获授权转载，感谢“姨夫”的悉心整理与分享。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/j8bTq15u0miaib3W1q5NtwTuzaOWSiaYiby9rO0VtN2ahoib1XCo6JFzrTIycKgL3CHHlbHZXJjjUmDDUrl9zRXOAhw.png" /><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 556px; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/IWUtomvDtvq4sS16hr34iboO6bVhJJPEEgCe30R2L9iaNpI72xsgefFXY76UMZe3DgibqbH1NlTmO925U5yfexKzA/0?wx_fmt=gif); background-attachment: scroll; background-size: 13.8587%; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 5px; display: inline-block; width: 500.391px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 195.344px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><strong style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: center; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160604/j8bTq15u0miaib3W1q5NtwTuzaOWSiaYiby9SIWhA8y6CfXxw2iaicMVH3pjjRgiaKtvmTp5SwUcic5LQgvkkB84BG32Nw.png" /><br  /></strong><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p>
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