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安居大不易︱法国的可负担住房政策与设计大赛(二则)
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2016-05-25 00:46:02
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<div class="rich_media_content " id="js_content"> <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJm4Bf3pibXw06L3cCfiblQaXIZWCicsAINWGIlQrDaqPyVCRiahhjbOlLsfg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 100%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 原文/ Emily Badger、marin + trottin设计事务所</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 翻译/ 古佳玉 文献/ 张帅 </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 排版/ 古佳玉 <span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小 </span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFIhUbaha8Iv81ClOCe09ShlouYdJyJdjHl7Pw7EoPlXSaKh2JNQicH7Q.jpg" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">安居大不易，经济快速发展的地区一定会吸引更多的资金与人才涌入，从而带动房地产的开发，形成高房价。但是高房价带来的实体经济的高成本，也在实质性伤害城市最可持续发展的就业、产业的活力。例如近期有关华为将实体部门迁出深圳就成为了热点话题。而同样的问题早已存在于伦敦、巴黎这些高房价城市。这些城市都已经愈发重视可负担住房的建设，纷纷设立自己的可负担住房发展战略，并将其做为城市可持续发展的重中之重。由于目标是为了平衡高房价带来的实体经济高成本。可负担住房的内容实质也要比经济适用房广泛的多。那么在一线城市房价又一次日益飞涨的今天，地方政府可以为此做些什么呢？在真正投入资金、开始行动之前，有哪些误区需要扫除？又有哪些富有创意的政策与方案可以深入探讨呢？本文希望能够在可负担住房战略和设计方面给您一些启示。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; font-size: 21.6px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px; width: 2.5em; text-align: right; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em; height: 0.3em; margin-right: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section><section style="width: 2.5em; text-align: right; margin: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin-right: 2px; line-height: 1.2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: white; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.8em; font-size: 23px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则一、如何让生活成本昂贵的城市重新可负担</strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文/Emily Badger 译/古佳玉</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFF5hywBCgdlic0GbiaZVgfHQw8sv1sT249tLKuLDSbanPp3cq05Us2Fu0g.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、插画来自Rachel Orr/华盛顿邮报，iStock</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">上周加州立法研究所(the California Legislative Analyst's Office)发布了一项新研究<span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1&2，请联系我们索取）</strong></span>，其结果表明，自2000年以来，美国湾区较为贫穷的社区里已经建设了更多以市场价格出售的房产，多亏于此，这些社区居民被迫搬迁的可能性也降低了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这个结论乍看有违常理，但是与许多经济学家的理论却不谋而合：建设更多住房，住房的价格降低；限制住房建设，住房的价格升高。</strong>假设你是一个因房租而挣扎的租客，那如果每个人都能有房产，你的手头也会宽裕很多。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">许多读者都评论道“当然了！供需关系嘛”，感觉我们是在炒冷饭。不过也有许多读者这样回复时，却多半是开玩笑的，他们实际上是想说，在旧金山的Mission区，这样的市场机制并没起作用，那里的贫困居民快要被技术工作者们全挤占出去了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何才能在人们最向往的城市中为每个人都争取空间呢？这个问题难以回答，即使是经济学、社会学和用地政策的学者和专家们也无法达成共识，找到最佳的答案。所以我们依次征询了他们的意见，希望关于这个话题的辩论可以拓展我们的思维：如果我们建造了更多非补贴性住宅，住宅的可负担性会如何变化呢？供需关系的铁律依然有效吗？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">观点一、建设更多市场化住房无益于低收入的租户</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">助理教授Alex Karner & 教授Chris Benner</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFmzDsTX3EEibG0xRcfqicpWtrPRiaLY6tXsG5UQpJsAyUibCnLG3VbVtz4w.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">上文提到的来自LAO的报告显示加州各地确实住房短缺，同时经济适用房项目也并不充足。不过这份报告也有不少错误，正因如此，我们需要十分审慎地看待它得出的结论。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">报告中提到，建设市场化的住宅可以让低收入群体免于拆迁，但是只有一个孤例可以证明这个结论，这项研究并没能将美国湾区不同地域区分开研究，这些不同的地区有的地价便宜、建设迅猛，有的则住房抢手，比如旧金山、奥克兰和圣荷西。这三个城市的新建市场化住房占研究中所有区域的三分之一。不过新建住宅最多几个的地方也包括城市边缘地区或者城市外的飞地，这些地方的搬迁压力都比较小。所有这些数据都来自一些特征完全不同的区域，将它们合在一起看让人觉得好像新建的市场化住宅可以减小拆迁的可能性，但实际上却根本不是如此。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这篇报告同时忽视了，其他一些研究结果明确指出，经济适用房供给持续不足。加州跟踪记录了各个城市在为所有收入阶层提供可负担的住宅方面表现如何。从2007年到2014年，海湾区足足有99%的地方满足了高收入人群的需求，与此相反的是，为低收入与中等收入人群进行的建设则大大滞后。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">可以肯定的是，我们急需建设更多的住房，但除非把目标锁定在为最需要的人们提供住房上，否则受益的只会是高收入人群。为了在加州切实增加可负担的住房，我们需要超越现有项目的限制，制定有创新性的政策。最有可能成功就是提供补贴建设永久性的可负担住房，以及鼓励开发商在建设项目中纳入可负担住房，即使需要采用土地信托使土地永久出让。我们明白什么样的鼓励机制会起作用，而真正的问题在于，我们是否有这样的政治决心去克服当地人对新开发项目和政策改革的反对，比如扣除抵押贷款利息的政策，这项政策目前更多地补贴了中等收入和高收入房主，而不是苦苦挣扎的低收入租客。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">观点二、职住不平衡的苦恼</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kristy Wang，社区规划总监，来自SPUR</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFqrciblTBkawxTx4ficB4bpxjsvXSCToL4YOR7EibEzic1IE8yrCqvMc5kg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这份来自LAO的报告显示加州各地确实住房短缺，这经常成为新闻报道关注的重点，房租和房价高得突破天际，长期以来，中低收入人群承受着从未有过的搬迁压力，所有行业的雇主——餐饮、高新技术、咖啡店等等——都高薪聘请员工，因为在旧金山生活实在是太贵了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这份报告也非常明确地指出了造成如今这番局面的根源：十多年来，旧金山为想要来此定居的人们提供的住房越来越少，雪上加霜的是，旧金山在过去的四年里新增了超过5万个岗位，定居者的数量在以每年1万人的速度增加。以这样的增长速度继续下去，即使旧金山在2014和2015两年间掀起了所谓“住房建设潮”，新建了3,500套住房，也只不过是杯水车薪。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">SPUR长久以来都倡导为所有阶层的人们建设住房，包括有补贴的和没补贴的，同时我们也认识到，对经济适用房的需求远远比地方政府与州政府所能筹资满足的更大。绝大多数的人们永远都无法拿到补贴，住进一套旧金山政府非盈利目的而开发的高质量的经济适用房，也无法获益于联邦政府那同样日渐式微的保障性住房项目。所以到底要怎样才能为绝大多数无法享受福利的中低收入人群提供帮助呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">LAO报告的数据显示，在全国范围内，那些建设了更多住房的县房租上涨的速度比加州沿海岸线分布的城市要慢。根据LAO报告分析的结果，增加供给可以缓解现有住房库存不足的压力，也可以减轻许多家庭此时此刻背负着的肩头重担。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">SPUR坚信，为了应对住房危机，像旧金山一样的城市和旧金山自己必须投入巨量的自己，在合理的地方建设大量的住房，为那些最需要帮助的人们提供补贴，并且鼓励创新，同时满足中产阶级和低收入家庭的需求，也要允许无补贴的市场化住宅的建设。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">观点三、市场化房产：助补贴性住房一臂之力</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Daniel Hertz和Joe Cortright</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">来自城市观察（City Observatory）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFBClkSMruXDmWp7Tot8pGkUzhTTs5e1icEYGX9SIW3dozC796Kt2wEGQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在过去的几年里，旧金山地区新增的工作岗位几乎是其新增住宅的四倍，在此番境况下，我们甚至都不需要动用经济学的供需理论就能知道后果：当高收入人群和低收入人群抢购同一住房时，高收入人群总能偿愿——因为租金高得令其他人根本付不起。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">最重要的是，这些高租金的公寓并非新建住房，他们不过是过去十分便宜的老旧公寓罢了。如同其他城市一样，旧金山在历史上曾经依赖于“市场过滤（Filtering）”——意思是“住房因为老旧所以便宜”——来提供绝大多数的经济适用房，但是这样市场过滤的机制依赖于高收入人群能持续不断地搬走，住进时尚的新居，而不是让他们也加入竞争旧房子的队伍。过去十多年来，旧金山建设住房的速度远远慢于其他城市，也因此不得不面对如今，当住房与岗位之间的鸿沟越来越大，迫使高收入与低收入人群去争夺越来越紧缺的住房时，那种灾难性的社会境况。与此相反，像西雅图、丹佛和华盛顿这些城市，赖于大规模的住房建设，终于让暴涨的房价趋于稳定。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当然，补贴性住房仍然会扮演重要的角色，但是正如经济适用房的社会活动家最近在教区发现的，在市场房价疯涨的状况之下，即使是数额惊人的住房补贴也难以起到实效：因为地价高昂，5千万美元的经济适用房债券也仅仅只能买到三块地。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">解决城市所面临的经济适用房问题需要多管齐下：建设更多的补贴性住房，也要更多的市场化住房，甚至更多的高端房产，以减少高收入和低收入租客的竞争，减缓租金上涨，让住房补贴能有用武之地。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">观点四、市场化房产：助补贴性住房一臂之力</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">教授Dan Immergluck </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFPlciauTXGzSP5evpYd2wrcjwQCVric7xP52TTvop1op9hp8fa8fVJDSQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">虽然在范围广阔、相对排外的郊区建设更多更密集的住房可以满足一些需求——尤其是中低收入人群的需求，但是在比较热门的城市社区，情况更加复杂。在纽约、旧金山、芝加哥、亚特兰大和其他一些城市，开发商和市场资本都如狼似虎地想要抓住建设豪华公寓的机会，他们在许多社区的竞拍中炒高了地价，因此开发无补贴的经济适用房（租金占收入的30%以下）成为了不可能完成的任务，而那些老旧的住房也成为了豪华公寓改造的目标，而不是“自然而然地成为”经济适用房。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“市场过滤”的那种随着时间推移，低收入人群定居于老旧公寓的机制，有可能在更大范围的都市圈内发生，不过这可能要等待数十年的时间，因为一间典型的非热门地区的公寓每年贬损0.31%，那么三十年后，租金才会下降9%。更糟糕的是，如果这些公寓不在热门的社区内，那租房的回报率会很小，房主很有可能任由它们衰败下去，直到不再适宜居住，后果就是，低配住房和社区也将衰落。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">而在一些正在经历士绅化的社区，市场过滤机制根本就不起作用，这里的情况是，地价高起，租金上涨，房子变得更加抢手，开发商竞价越加攀升，所以低收入人群就必须得在其他服务和教育都较为逊色的社区里物色房子了，因此，士绅化的进程有可能重现经济收入不同的阶层间的隔离。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这个问题的其中一个解决方案就是在那些即将或者正在经历士绅化的社区提供长期的保障性住房，这可以满足不同收入阶层的需求。在地价较高的区域，可以增加补贴。不过，补贴也可以与包容性区划的相结合，比如开发商在其开发地块内提供一定比例的低于市场租金的住房，而补贴可以让房租降得更低，对于低收入的租客来说，无疑十分有益。这样的创新和市政杠杆可以让城市不仅仅成为富裕者的乐园。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">观点五、阻碍士绅化进程并不能起到任何作用</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">助理教授Alex Karner & 教授Chris Benner</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFCiafT0IOhicxbFyibhEn3vVl0FDqnBg0ES8iaDELgW307UMCZ0BncKtgVg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在像旧金山、纽约、波士顿和西雅图这样房租较高的城市里，出现了一群社会活动家，呼吁减缓市场化住房的建设，以此来减缓士绅化进程的速度。这样的行动基于一个非常普遍但是却错误的观念，就是新建住房会使得租金上涨。人们只不过是看到像纽约威廉斯堡和旧金山教区里士绅化过程中出现的昂贵的公寓，就认定是昂贵的公寓造成了房租的上涨，这样的结论无疑经不起推敲。纽约或者旧金山的房租上涨并不是因为建设了太多住房，而是因为与需求相比，供给实在太少了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这错误观念的形成是能够理解的，事实是，建造新的住房确实对社区内房租有两方面的影响。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一，增加了供给，促使租金下调。直观地说，建造新房减少了对现有公寓的竞争，使租客能负担得起租金，如果没有公寓的建设，会有更多的家庭加入到对现有房屋的争夺中，导致租金上涨，更多的人选择搬迁。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">另一方面，也会导致士绅化。新建的住宅会改变社区内居民的阶层、零售业和公共服务设施的类型。街道上新的精品店、高档的餐厅和年轻的职业人都会导致租金上涨。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会活动家们倾向于关注负面的影响，不过事实证明正向影响更为显著，对此结论经济学研究者们几乎是众口一词。毫无疑问，以净利率来考虑，更多的住房必然导致更低的租金，现有的所有相关研究——包括哈佛大学、宾夕法尼亚沃顿商学院和加州大学伯克利分校的研究也得到同样的结果，其他研究也并不持异议。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">呼吁阻碍新房建设以此阻碍士绅化的行动不过是感情用事，并且反而会损害到这项行动初衷想要帮助的人们：当地租客。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">观点六、必须对市场进行干预</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">助理教授Daniel Shoag </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFmzDsTX3EEibG0xRcfqicpWtrPRiaLY6tXsG5UQpJsAyUibCnLG3VbVtz4w.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">越来越多的人注意到，对普通美国人来说，美国最有效率、收入水平最高的城市在经济上越来越让他们难以负担，也有数据证实了这一点。国内一些其他城市相比与像旧金山和波士顿这样的城市之间，生活成本间的差距——虽然与薪酬相关——比以往更大，这直接影响到了人们对于居住地的选择。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在我们的研究中，我们对1880后的收入与人口迁徙的数据进行调查，在至少100年间，形形色色的美国人都向着收入高的地区迁徙，期盼能抓住机遇，追寻更好的生活。但在过去的几十年，这些高收入地区的房价如此难以高攀，只有受过极好教育的人才愿意继续居住于此。没有大学文凭的美国人只能从这些最具生产力的地区搬出，去寻找住房花销较少，但是生活水平却更好的地方。这样形式的经济隔离，让每一个关注收入差距持续扩大的人都忧心不已。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为什么高收入城市的房价会如此之贵呢？统计学研究让我们证实了一个普遍的观点：法律对住房建设的严控就是罪魁祸首。波士顿的建设密度并没有特别高，从技术上来说，它本可以再建设更高的楼和更多的基础设施。如果房价这么高，而且又在持续上涨，建设活动却很少，那就必须对市场进行干预。法律学学者指出，在三四十年前，周边环境区划和土地利用限制的法律进行了重大修改，导致了如今的困境，我们的数据也证实了这一点。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正如LAO报告所明确的，几条新增的法律法规不可能解决加州的经济适用房危机，加州如重又成为机遇之城，它真的非常需要大兴土木造房子。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; font-size: 21.6px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px; width: 2.5em; text-align: right; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em; height: 0.3em; margin-right: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section><section style="width: 2.5em; text-align: right; margin: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin-right: 2px; line-height: 1.2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: white; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.8em; font-size: 23px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则二、为巴黎而设计：住房创新</strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文/ marin + trottin设计事务所 译/古佳玉</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFNLpCc7Z32MwnLTOHjwxvMIBwWmnhbSTuwl4AvalzQuniaDuS1Vyse0Q.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图八、楼高12层，用白色的黏土实心砖建造，与周围建造的体量完美融合（所有图片都来自périphériques architectes）</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Réinventer Paris竞赛由巴黎市长Anne Hidalgo、副市长（同时负责城镇规划管理）与建筑师Jean-louis Missika共同发起，旨在寻找有创意的城市建设项目。在目前23个基地中，当地事务所marin+trottin选择了一块位于十三区的基地来完成他们名为“巴黎为我，我为巴黎（paris par nous, paris pour nous）”的设计方案。他们试图让市民为自己的城市集结起来，为自己的城市去建造。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFUAFUibHpWvTHkwZiaTHP7srPNuqOPUjWZAITJBys7p5yeicC01nHUj2jA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 图九、新建的楼房有98间用于连带租赁，38间用于销售</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这富有创造性的方案提供不同的房子，满足不同巴黎人的需求。他们为年轻人和不那么年轻的人（not-so-young）提供工作室，也有两室的公寓和家庭套房。它标志性的建筑反映着巴黎人不同的生活方式，也呈现了一种参与性的经济活动，在参与过程中，每个人都能成为房屋的主人，但无需为整个地产买单，只需要支付自己能够支付的一部分资金。这样一来，不同房型的公寓同在一处，各人支付不同的租赁费用，成为共同持有人和群众投资者。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><br /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 视频一、巴黎可负担住房竞赛</em></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><iframe class="video_iframe" style=" z-index:1; " height="375" width="500" frameborder="0" src="https://v.qq.com/iframe/preview.html?vid=f0301e0lxqn&width=500&height=375&auto=0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe><br /></em></strong></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFfDu4ibGfImvgmCSXza6EnrQyFJl0VqicyRyhDKrfNTxmae72uVuj5Cibw.jpg" /><br /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十、随着公共交通的完善，城市内相互联系更加方便，就不再需要停车场了，这些空间将让位给自行车、溜冰鞋、滑板车、手推车等等</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFuMRDOiaWibL5pAB0wRqjDWeYlEk3q3jn5H4CZ7mB910fjmaL7sfFRkSw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十一、建筑意向图和社会多元化</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFbbzHWXic1pDB1XD7Kx88yTmYZW54ibmNuQQqttfoqfW1OYWRwwicJaT1g.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十二、投资物业，豪宅，工薪阶层住房，阁楼等都汇聚于一个建筑</em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFszV1SYleWLu6A2YVicR0jiaoP6bOJicesuC86UibWCmQmVJf8MGQJwsGGA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十三、将所有类型的建筑组合在一起，并且寻找最美观的组合方式</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFHPaFqWglOQyFaibKa4w1dz079RNgUGfXcGciaTaA69QGNWcSNbq041Pw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十四、最终组合的成果造就了标志性的建筑</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFdKQUVCNybYjm084cSryvKfpSBXHicV0Xm41OM7VKqkNlKtgl3G58WNg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十五、这个建筑能满足各种各样不同的需求</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFRiaGegOXebFlRWLuib5JWxsSqBgk25guWficWalxDjAVyHW0KFqKACrQw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十六、基本的家庭住房和独立的单身公寓在租赁过程中可以合并或隔开</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFWrMH7RADkEBFPMXtx0g8QvB2icruv3530fnQ58AWJqX9fl10Z2dbvwA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十七、租客会被分配到不同楼层的不同房间中</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFpLgeUt5ibsZUzOdq67EYD7mInALC7DXIKyn10EycoAiaX32Jgg0nN0vA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十八、北立面展现了项目的多样性和其独到之处，以便吸引更多的住户</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFKRb1gPLBF7cicPgvw4AXv3F7djB9VOdmkRV6AJ893QruowThMhqp0Eg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十九、完美地满足城市不同人群的需求</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(95, 123, 107); float: left; margin-top: 1.55em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 3em; height: 3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-top: -1.6em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/ic8Y0TAgic3N5NfbwPjiaK7sxaXVpibEytGXYOmtBqlh0BkJftWQaRDzQkIqoYfYfL1geMPPPn5XhJaYzmALgsPKvg/0?wx_fmt=png"); background-color: white; background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/ic8Y0TAgic3N5NfbwPjiaK7sxaXVpibEytGXYOmtBqlh0BkJftWQaRDzQkIqoYfYfL1geMPPPn5XhJaYzmALgsPKvg.png" /></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1、《加利福尼亚高成本住房 – 成因与后果》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFkmxMK4PK8iaOpUT0y0oPMQaCgGCUEbyQHcJHb4M0BlZQsPbK0OmdkDw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFFXnMNVYrRh2UTvk1ibBxib8gReI3E2OIeicX9ly50wxF7AKFsezoK5RxQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFF2mibuf7CkHgCfbw9CXGvRYfWK0Mibs1jaZH3X7P4FUSshS2lmhIQs76g.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2、《帮助加州低收入群体可负担住房的策略》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9ibtSRoAJ4BicHwQic2o0VSFFLJ7uiac4HEkjnCyYVkFHdn0bxBJKAL48uz3ic7lFkWDLkMtzPdDzicDeA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJm0jUTu4icQd2bLqDsmCbE4vTOMVFnu0Ocl8ZL4sQ9nFrI7uHU87aJVEQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(11, 131, 171); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买年刊，请点击阅读原文......</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.2em; height: 2.2em; border: 0.12em solid rgb(225, 224, 224); border-radius: 50%; margin: auto; padding-top: 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(194, 190, 190) 0px 0.2em 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1.7em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin: -0.5em auto; border: 0.1em solid rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.45098); border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"></section></section><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.5em; height: 2.5em; border-left-width: 0.1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-width: 0.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0.3em auto; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3.5em; height: 0.5em; display: inline-block; margin: auto auto -1em; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 1.3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0.5em; padding: 1em; margin-top: -1.5em; border: 0.1em solid rgb(204, 204, 204); height: auto !important; width: 100%;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJm2RdIYV1DXm3QzHKVlFpnD580URlibzXiaic8uLuXjuG1jsspiaIXsDCO2w.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJm1cOHa0rtV8KBWZ6XAf6owVKrtRiahAdQ5A9KJO17XEKUMQkh7jPEjsA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">「 欢迎投稿 」</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为专业志愿者团体，秉承理想，帮助中国可持续发展。并为之贡献：理念与传播、培训与教育、实践与孵化。欢迎您加入我们一起并肩前行！</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2016 ? 转载请注明：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />源自公众号“一览众山小-可持续城市与交通”</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160525/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJmAHicUc2jA3Cwk4urpgoqGk0FDx8AM5n51LmsicYVMWEGJOZLxiaFXVhSw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section></section> </div>