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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRA2g27NFGv1wTxXRBoDueHNmvDe3icDyV7IkneNANFMSSwMZamMluPeQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 101.066%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" class=""><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">    </strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> 编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">   </span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">  原文/ Scott Bonjukian、Smart Growth America</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">     翻译/ 蒋冰蕾    文献/ 赵雅薇    排版/ 肖阳</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">     校核/ 众山小    编辑/ 众山小</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRuDCY8NhEuthNvXduBV0WnxlXMIfiagJye4klexEe6kAJvzIW0TiaRiakA.jpg" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="float: left; padding-right: 3px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;">如何让城市变得更加宜人、宜市和宜区？本文提供了西雅图市的一个工作案例。此外一份《意想不到的住房金融》报告还告诉你，一些条例限制的联邦住房贷款，这极大地限制了三～四层的住宅和商业混合用途建筑的融资可获得性。这是无视越来越多的美国人愿意住在可适宜步行、综合型社区的事实。</span></section><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin-top: 0.36em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; margin-left: 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 20.8px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地铁街区：西雅图市中心的新愿景</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box;">文/ Scott Bonjukian    译/ 蒋冰蕾</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRnzCRoP7xZy8nib8kvXjjwLoZcIricibbH2HYCTx23EtWLZYZzyHWp4b6Q.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">图一、西雅图市中心的Rainier广场。图：作者</span></em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="float: left; padding-right: 3px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 44.8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">华</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">盛顿大学（UW）是西雅图市中心是最大的一个地主，但你只有到那里才会知道它有多大。大学拥有1861年成立进约11英亩的原校区地产，一个被称为“都市”的地方，并在那里拥有超过150万平方英尺的办公室空间。大学的投资包括像Rainier塔这样的现代标志性建筑，也包括这个城市唯一的五星级酒店——Fairmont奥运这样的历史性地标。最近的地面租赁期在推广Rainier 广场购物中心的重建计划（上图）,但是这个概念不只另一个办公大楼和昂贵的公寓。“都市”对市区生活缺乏贡献，这促使一群研究生提出了更好的方案选择。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我和其他八个学生都是华盛顿大学城市设计和规划系年度大学城市设计工作室的成员。罗恩在Ron Kasprisin教授的指导下,我们从2014年春季开始通过收集基地的基本信息，建立一个大的背景模型（如下图）。事实上，当我们去华盛顿大学房地产办公室去要图纸、数据和他们的指导时，他们告诉我们停掉这个项目，另找一个项目。无论如何，我们继续推进着。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFR8tNtib4lqqic25xa7ldpOdXGo9E6Piadu8qwdahCnBUIzbMia3V5ExeWXg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">图二、西雅图市中心区建筑模型。</span></strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">秋天，我们组织起来，进一步进行基地分析，并分享了类似的案例研究。我发现CityCenterDC是一个适用的市区重建项目的例子。这个项目中，大约十英亩的老会展中心基地正在重新连接的街道、行人巷道和新的开放空间中建设多功能的街区。我也研究了时代广场的步行化改造。我把这些想法带到了我自己的完整基地设计方案中，将在如下介绍。但首先，我先介绍一点历史信息。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1895年，一个特别立法委员会发现“大学的土地多年以来是……被忽视和遗弃的。摇摇欲坠的旧栅栏围着大学校园,……奶牛经常在各种地方入侵入和穿越。”，于是大学在决定搬迁。大学需要更充足的远离城市的土地，校园“最好没有城市生活刺激和诱惑……”。当然，今天600英亩的大学校园周围环绕着城市里的最密集的社区。州立法机构允许大学保留对原来有校园的权利，这是一个对财务收入有利的决定。今天的大学每年从“都市”赚800万美元，支持着大学的投资项目和建设基金。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRiaM1xiaCMIaBxvQicg6WPTmwxGiaAsJc6EB2OtpI2BPAAicpqnlcLndEQuQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">图三、Rainier Square广场基地上的靴子大楼方案。图：NBBJ纽约</span></em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">有趣的是，我们了解到UW实际上拥有一些市中心街道之下的土地，与其它城市相比，这有点特别，包括部分大学街、第五大道、Skinner大楼背后的小巷和金融中心。华盛顿大学仅允许西雅图市将这些走廊用于公共通行权，并可以随时取销许可。该市只是在100多年前设法获得第四大道的地役权时，曾试图解决这个问题。1987年，城市起诉其空权成功，迫使华盛顿大学拆除了那条街上的一座天桥。然而，“都市”南部和北部的第四大道被认为是“相邻的地块”，所以其它的街道计入容积率限制（FAR），而“都市”被划为“1号中心办公核心区”，没有建筑高度限制，但是限制建筑面积不超过基地面积的20倍。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我的同事们有多专业的背景，一些在进入在工作室前设计经验很少或根本没有。但每个方案本身都令人印象深刻。有几个着眼于地形在城市景观中的作用，通过历史轮廓contours形成新的建筑，另一个在街面十屋楼的高度安装一架飞机。其它方案着眼于最大化可出租的面积，将开发地面下沉，或者在现有的城市结构上加高。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我在跟踪正在进行的建立中心区小学的事，这件事目前处于暂停状态，我意识到这个基地是一个大大增加住宅容量，使中心区成为24小时家庭友好型社区的一个机会。这将要求住宅楼取代现有的建筑，所以我的第一步是看哪些建筑值得保留，哪些可以不要。基于建筑意义、经济效率和社会贡献的简单标准，我发现基地的大部分空间可以被清出来。奥林匹克酒店、Rainier大厦、Skinner大楼、Cobb大楼和金融中心可以留下来。我认为联邦邮局和一个第三大道上的一个私人停车场将被收购。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRGNGB8z4r0kmmXWtL7ibEenPv2LDftq5kPdBbo9KZRM1dDSeqtrnHxsQ.png" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、“都市”基地平面。</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">基于这些限制条件，我开始聚焦人口规模的问题。在两个最大的街区，我设想恢复20英尺宽的小巷来连接基地，并在路段中设置人行横道。要求几乎所有新建筑的首层（总面积达13.6万平方英尺）设有零售，确保小巷成为充满生机和活力的场所。首层还设计了缩进，使小巷入口的宽度增加了二倍，让过路人有更多时间来考虑是否进入进入小巷（按步行速度计算，原来只有4秒，现在有12秒来考虑是否要进入小小巷），同时提供小型聚会空间和雨棚。目前通道缺乏足够的公共空间，我又在基地内设计了五个更大的广场和公园的空间。他们的宽度为75英尺，是人们可以相互识别面部特征的最大距离。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRMauFD7nEty1eibCj60qnDxReDAJVFeibC0jz5zFXXrIqjhsqjxIHic28g.png" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、塔楼模式图。</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">从那里，最近去温哥华的一次旅行激发了我对“裙楼”式摩天大楼的兴趣，将塔楼放置在一个更宽大的较矮的裙楼上，裙楼在街道层更接近行人。我开发了一个基于表格的规则来设计摩天大楼的尺度，共需要两个裙楼，高度是其面向的街道宽度的的一半，而建筑退线距离是街道宽度的的四分之一。结果使街墙的高度为三到五层楼高，形成一个舒适的行人区域。塔楼高度的限制是1（低层）、5（中高层）和10（高层）倍的街道宽度，也就是66到96英尺。研究模型显示出将塔楼凑得太近带来的问题，所以各种高度的塔楼分布于整个基地。但是所有的屋顶和裙房都可用于任意用途，比如户外用餐或居民私人游戏空间。和地面层不同，所有裙房面积都被指定为“弹性空间”，向任何市中心允许使用方式开放。共有59万平方英尺的弹性空间，这是在普吉特海湾广场和IBM建筑拆除后一个可能用于办公空间的净收益。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">退线区可布置35至90英尺宽的塔楼，这是理想的居住单元的混合布局尺度。更低和更小的塔楼可以包含小型独栋或公寓，而更大的单元将可以容纳三到四居室的家庭别墅和公寓。在考虑不同的单元尺寸、机械层和走廊空间后，我计算出整体设计可以支持4700个单位。市区平均每户1.37人，3.8%的空置率。这种新的“地铁街区”可容纳超过6000新居民。这将支持零售业，进一步巩固普吉特海湾的市区中心。它还将利用现有的基础设施，市区公交隧道第在基地的第三大道和大学内有一个入口，可提供到威斯康辛大学校园、机场、Bellevue及外围的联系。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRPjjqbS6t6PtEIiaicXaP1Fic3DhMMarXWuODQ9ia4CPeVYmIHYsQ2XR0VQ.png" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">图六、地铁街区模式。</span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划中还有许多其他的干预计划。中央公共图书馆对面，拆除一个倾斜破旧的九层停车场，以为一个住宅裙楼的提供空间，布置一所10万平方英尺的小学。Rainier大厦的弯曲混凝土基础与玻璃墙创建一个封闭的室内广场或建筑博物馆。旁边是一个低层的零售建筑，带有倾斜的屋顶公园，为周围的街道提供令人印象深刻景观。对角线方位也是一个梯田式的低层金融中心，为消费者提供广泛的户外空间。Skinner大楼的两翼改建为住宅塔楼，其中央第五大道剧院保留不变。该地块也包括完整街道的布局，有停车、人行横道、行道树，以及按西雅图自行车总体规划设置的分离式自行车道。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这次工作室是一次有价值的实践，它探索了如何改造城市中心主要地块，以更好地服务于作为一个整体的人、城市和区域。虽然威斯康辛大学负责管理地块组织保守而规避风险，我认为地铁街区方案是诸多可行的选择之一，而且肯定会比当前的投资组合产生更多的收入。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin-top: 0.36em; margin-bottom: 0.35em; margin-left: 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 20.8px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">为什么联邦政府计划限制混合开发?</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文/ Smart Growth America    译/ 蒋冰蕾</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRDBDsHbQhCs3xZSNc9WmYGNCGqiaPO9FqVqib6CRD2Bibhd7QAyKAnJRZA.png" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、这种纽约Ossining主要街道的沿街是商店，上面是公寓的模式，是当前的联邦法规限制的开发类型的一个例子。</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">越来越多的美国人想要生活在适宜步行的、多功能社区。但神秘的联邦法规使构建这种类型的开发遭遇着不必要的困难。区域规划协会（Regional Plan Association）与LOCUS最近联合发布了一项研究<span style="color: rgb(12, 130, 175); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</strong></span>：负责的房地产开发商和投资者，强调了议员们应如何以及能如何改变这一问题。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRNPv6Q96YXxicxwibJUvwW6P5XrR3ibdrKYeTmmm7Wsvwfsnh4MyW9vRvA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图八、《意想不到的住房金融》报告</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">《意想不到的住房金融》<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(12, 130, 175); box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</span></strong>的分析了几个20世纪中期即将产生的住房金融方面的联邦法规，以及这些规章制度对美国已建的开发类型的发展的影响。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">报告显示，这些条例限制联邦住房贷款的支持商业发展，这极大地限制了三～四层的住宅和商业混合用途建筑的融资可获得性。这是无视越来越多的美国人愿意住在可适宜步行、综合型社区的事实。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“几十年来，我们一直生活在支持所有权在郊区的独栋房屋的房地产融资体系中”，区域规划协会的高级副总裁Christopher Jones如是说，他也是这份报告的主要作者。“但是今天，很多美国人感兴趣住在可方便地到达商店和服务的地方，不需要靠小汽车去办一每件事或是去上班。抱残守缺的过时政策对每个人都不好，但这可以增加通过限制公寓的供应并推高价格，从而加剧了对低收入美国居民的收费。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些规则制定时，向商业性质（如商店或超市）的地产贷款与小规模住宅相比，被视为风险太大。但发展趋势已经改变，对住房项目多用途开发的限制，目前已制约了房地产市场满足美国人日益增长的需求的能力。自私人银行通常遵循联邦标准，这些限制不仅仅是针对联邦政府支持的项目。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一系列行动可以消除或减少这些障碍，报告解释说，包括提高非住宅贷款上限，允许选择缩短贷款时间或更大的首付解决风险问题，或创建一个混合用途的贷款二级市场，等等。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“采取一系列措施，如提高或取消在联邦资金支持的非住宅开发上限等，我们将能够更好地满足适宜步行的社区要求”LOCUS的主任Christopher Coes说，LOCUS与区域规划协会联合发布了报告。“我们希望奥巴马政府将继续前进，消除城市地区这些不必要的投资壁垒，尤其是在低收入社区。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(3, 154, 192); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">1、《意想不到的住房金融》</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160517/mee9Bdh9Tia9ib3r1TkzsxUVrx2I09DdFRFicQaMFMTibNnRlODjAjxE9umBeaDleDULaWxmWZhPqqic9sC0XicvibSDA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; 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