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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-bottom: 1.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgba(13, 80, 51, 0.972549); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">点击<span style="color: rgb(47, 144, 224); box-sizing: border-box;">蓝字</span>快速关注规划师杂志</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="float: left; margin-top: -13px; margin-bottom: -13px; margin-left: 15%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 27px; height: 27px; margin-left: 15%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 27px; height: 27px; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;"><section style="width: 22px; height: 22px; margin: 1px auto; border: 2px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: 1px auto 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin: 1px auto 0px; border-right-width: 12px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-top-width: 12px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="hacking" style="margin-top: -50px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 2px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); padding: 10px; border-radius: 0.8em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 2px dotted rgb(47, 144, 224); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">ICT 技术的发展使其影响扩展至城市运作的各个方面，对“互联网+”的讨论即是对这个趋势的回应。<span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">清华大学建筑学院副研究员</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">龙瀛</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">，俄亥俄州立大学硕士研究生</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">高炳绪</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2016年第4期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">文章立足于城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市街道空间，试图从ICT 技术和城市空间两方面讨论两者之间的影响与互动。在ICT 技术方面，通过回顾与分析已有的理论研究，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">根据ICT 技术的发展阶段探讨ICT 技术如何从基础设施、内容和连接方式三个角度影响城市以及各个阶段的城市规划与管理。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在城市街道空间方面，文章在已有调查结果的基础上，对ICT 技术与“互联网+”时代下街道活力丧失的原因进行了讨论，提</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">出新时期的城市规划与管理应结合ICT 技术及互联网提供的新技术平台，实现对街道空间的量化分析，并介绍三个国内外采用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">量化分析手段研究城市街道空间的案例，以期补充说明采用新技术手段研究街道空间的前景与可行性。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; width: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mOaax8liaicpxBiaplOtWmlgs3KIqrbloyhRs6NlNicY8LGfws1YE9y1StolyC5WTb3BaqYf4NyP2jqXyoibj71Ds3g/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.16906474820143885" data-w="278"  /> </section><section class="" style="padding: 0.3em 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em 0.5em 0px 0px; margin-top: -0.8em; text-align: center; width: 100%; color: white; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(47, 144, 224);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">理论综述：ICT 对城市的影响与</strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">互动</strong></section></section><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); border-radius: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; font-weight: 500; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(26, 145, 215);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</strong></section></section><section style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; padding-left: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">ICT 与“数字飞轮”</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dashed rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">ICT，即信息与通信技术，广义上可<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">以理解为用来处理、储存和传输信息的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">技术与应用的总和。从这个意义来讲，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">文字和书写工具也都可以算在ICT 的范</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">畴之内，但是对ICT 的研究主要集中在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">“电气时代”以后，尤其是在计算机出</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">现以后的时间段，所以更确切来讲，ICT</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">是对包含了计算机技术、远程通信、电</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">子产品和媒体的一系列技术的统称。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">为了展示城市对ICT 发展的响应</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">程度，Van der Meer 等人将连接(Access)</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">、基础设施(Infrastructure) 和内</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">容(Content) 三个方面组合成一个城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的“数字飞轮”(Digital Flywheel)( 图1)，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">并将其运用在分析和比较城市呼应ICT</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">发展而做出的举措当中。这三个方面互</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">相关联，其中一个方面进步会对其他两</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">个方面产生强化的作用，当三者重新达</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">到互相协调的新平衡状态后，城市对</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">ICT 发展的响应程度便达到了一个新的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">水平，相应地，在相关政策制定与措施</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">选择上与前一个阶段相比会发生明显的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">转变。通过回顾从“电子城市”(Electronic</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">City) 到“U-city”(Ubiquitous City) 再</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">到“互联网+”，可以发现“数字飞轮”</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">中一项或多项组成部分的进步是如何带</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">动城市相应ICT 措施整体的提升。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mgN4p1lKAszN4fkbLU6UjQjImMurkN3I9lib114jlqO9wuSdVytINuLDPCNTZKcfMOecZNTsS1fqbQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5792563600782779" data-w="511"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; font-weight: 500; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(26, 145, 215);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</strong></section></section><section style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; padding-left: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“电子城市”：ICT 基础设施的<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">建设</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">扩展了</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与管理范畴</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dashed rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">“电子城市”建立在“数字城市”<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的概念上，将众多城市功能带入到虚拟</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">空间并形成所谓的“虚拟现实”，ICT</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">逐渐展现其在城市规划与管理上的作用。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">其中，最为显著的是随着计算机的普及</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和包括互联网与无线通信在内的基础设</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">施的完善，新的数据存储和处理手段以</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及信息的表现与发布手段逐渐取代了传</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">统的做法。Pratchett 曾预期ICT 将会在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">地区公共管理机构中扮演三个角色—</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">公众参与的促进者、公共决策制定的辅</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">助者及直接公共服务的提供者。然而，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在ICT 刚刚进入城市规划与管理者视野</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">内的时候，ICT 所扮演的直接公共服务</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">提供者的角色占据了主导地位，另外两</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">个角色所体现的作用是有限的。事实</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">上，Cohen-Blankshtain 等人通过对众</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">多欧洲城市管理部门进行研究后表明，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">虽然众多城市都启动了相关的ICT 响应</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">措施，但是绝大多数的城市管理机构都</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">没有将ICT 作为决策制定的工具。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">从“数字飞轮”的构架看，“电子城市”</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">阶段的城市对于ICT 的响应重心在于基</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">础设施的建设上。实际上，在这个阶段，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">包括电信公司、计算机研发与制造商、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">通讯设备公司等私营部门是最为活跃的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">参与者。相较而言，虽然城市规划和管</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">理者看到了ICT 作为未来城市发展不可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">或缺的一环，但ICT 更多的是被视为一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">种类似电力、排水或道路的城市服务。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划和管理者在该阶段的工作重点</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">是降低市场失灵所带来的危害 ，包括</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">提高互联网在公共场所的可达性、在社</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">区建立“远程办公室”(Telecommuting</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Center) 来促进远程工作的机会、减少</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">本地居民的通勤成本和为行动不便人士</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">提供就业机会等。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; font-weight: 500; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(26, 145, 215);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</strong></section></section><section style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; padding-left: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“U-city”：ICT 内容革命引发</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">的城市规划与管理革命</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dashed rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">如果说在之前的“电子城市”阶段，<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">ICT 无法在城市规划与管理领域发挥决策</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">支持的作用是因为决策制定者无法想象在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">此阶段ICT 所提供的内容应该如何纳入</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">决策过程，那么“普适计算”(Ubiquitous</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Computing) 和在此基础上建立起来的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">“U-city”则消除了将ICT 纳入城市规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">与管理决策的最大障碍。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">“普适计算”的提出者Mark Weiser<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">认为，“普适计算”的核心是要将</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">计算机无缝地整合在现实世界中。计</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">算机不再特指一个用来盛放芯片、显示</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">器和各种电子元件的盒子，它既可以是</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">安放在公共座椅内，根据温度调整座椅</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">加热开关的感应器，也可以是检测病人</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">体征并实时向医生汇报的芯片。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">对于城市规划和管理者而言，“普<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">适计算”最大的意义在于：当广场上任</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">意的公共饮水机可以实时汇报饮用水消</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">耗量，或者路灯可以根据路面是否有行</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">人或车辆从而调整亮度并反馈电量消</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">耗，这些源于ICT 的内容便不再是“虚</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">拟现实”，而就是“现实”。“安装在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">所有城市要素中的计算机芯片和感应器</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">……将为城市规划和管理者提供获取城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市中各个方面的实时检测数据的手段，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">显著提高城市规划和管理的效率”。通</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">过联系、整合和分析这些数据，城市规</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">划和管理者对城市的运行会有更为直观</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的感受和理解，并且可以实现对城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">运行更为准确的模拟和预测。此外，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Allwinkel 等人认为，这个时期的ICT 在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划管理领域及在提供直接公共服</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">务方面有了很大进步，在提高公共事务</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">参与度方面也发挥着重要的作用。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(47, 144, 224); margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; border-radius: 100%; font-weight: 500; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(26, 145, 215);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</strong></section></section><section style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; padding-left: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“Web2.0”：双向的ICT 连接</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">促进城市规划与管理角色转变</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dashed rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">虽然目前对“Web2.0”还没有一<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">个准确且公允的规范定义，但共识在于</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">“Web2.0”时代的互联网内容的提供者</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">不再局限于特定的供应源，而可以是任</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">何互联网使用者，如Facebook、Instagram</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和微博等都可以被视为“Web2.0”</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的应用范例。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在城市规划与管理领域中， 以</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">“Web2.0”为代表的ICT 连接关系的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">转变实现了Pratchett 所预期的ICT 技</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">术在城市规划公众参与上扮演的促进者</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">角色。一方面，由于ICT 基础设施的发</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">展，即使是极少使用科技的人也获得了</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">接触ICT 技术的机会并且可以简单地在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">互联网上参与和发布意见；另一方面，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">由理性规划、渐进式规划到倡导性规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">再到沟通式规划，城市规划思想和理论</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">愈发重视与公众交流的趋势为ICT 提供</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">公众参与的工具创造了有力的支持环境。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">除了在公众参与上的表现，当双向</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的ICT 连接结合地理位置参照，每个人</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">可以创造的信息都会与现实中的地点相</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">关联，此时每个人都变成了一个最为智</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能的传感器，成为搭建在“普适计算”</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">上的城市规划与管理决策系统中不可缺</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">少且前景无限的一环。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin: 0px 0px -1.85em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 0.3em; margin-top: 0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(209, 197, 195, 0.933333);"></section><section style="height: 0.3em; margin-top: 0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(209, 197, 195, 0.933333);"></section><section style="height: 0.3em; margin-top: 0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(209, 197, 195, 0.933333);"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 2.3em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; font-size: 18px; min-height: 2.3em !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(26, 145, 215);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“互联网+”时代带来街道研究</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">的新机遇：街道空间量化研究</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-radius: 0.5em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(26, 145, 215); padding: 10px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 19.2px; line-height: 1.4em; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、国内外相关研究案例</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; border-top-width: 0.8em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(26, 145, 215); margin: auto; border-left-width: 0.8em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 0.8em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-left: -1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">成都：街道活力量化评价及影响<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">因素—</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">数据增强设计框架下的城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">街道空间研究</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0.45em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dashed; border-left-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); padding: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">“普适计算”和由“Web2.0”催<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">生的“用户生成内容”(User-generated</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Content) 极大地扩充了以往依赖社会调</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">查的城市规划和管理数据资源，形成了</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">一种“新数据环境”。“新数据环境”</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">可以从多个维度描绘微观尺度下的人类</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">活动，并提供关于环境要素的微观个体</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的信息。这种改变使得城市的定量研</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">究可以进入以往难以开展的精细化分析</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">大范围空间的研究领域。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在对成都市街道活力的分析中，龙</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">瀛等人构建了一套描述街道活力的评价</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">指标( 图5)，借助电子化的路网数据、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">手机信令、地图兴趣点(POI) 和遥感影像，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">采用多元线性回归方法分析街道活力与</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">所建立的评价指标之间的关系( 图6)。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">通过分析，龙瀛等人总结了多项改</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">善街道活力的方法：①商业设施布局在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">地铁口或商业综合体附近的街道，更容</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">易凝聚活力；②以住宅为主的区域，应</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">提升其功能的多样性，以较小的尺度空</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">间满足居民需求；③增加路网密度，适</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">当降低道路宽度，形成区域微循环。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mgN4p1lKAszN4fkbLU6UjQjAe7u814d5xmic2H4KuzKF7oiaV36ibQ3TGcG07liaJktAb9Jria9micvb8Qw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.49070631970260226" data-w="538"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mgN4p1lKAszN4fkbLU6UjQjsrcu3PnQiaFEO8PGdwa4pM26osS3p4P45JyZH15YrFm2CElBYWtS9Hw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5836431226765799" data-w="538"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 0px; margin-left: -0.45em; border-top-width: 1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-left-width: 0.5em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 0.5em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-left: -1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">伦敦：步行化街道的数字生命—</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">关于利用社交网络识别街道步行性的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">构思实验</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0.45em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dashed; border-left-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); padding: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">随着定位技术的发展，社交网络所<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">产生的信息普遍包含了信息产生时的位</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">置要素。基于这个现实，一些研究者思</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">考社交网络是否也可作为城市规划和管</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">理决策工具的一环。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在伦敦案例中，Quercia 等人[16]<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">选择伦敦市中心的Flicker ②照片作为研</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">究的对象，并对照Walkonomics ③所</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">给出的街道步行性评价来验证通过分析</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Flicker 中照片的拍摄时间、拍摄者性别</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">与年龄、照片简介能否得知某条街道的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">步行性。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">研究提出了三个问题：①街道的安<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">全是否可以用晚间人群活动的密集度( 来</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自晚间的照片数量) 来体现？②街道的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">安全是否可以用频繁活动人群的性别和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">年龄( 照片上传者信息) 来体现？③街</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">道的步行性是否可以用上传照片的标签/</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">简介中的关键词语来体现？</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">为了回答这些问题，Quercia 等人</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">构造了来自社交网络数据的标准化( 即</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Z-score 标准化法) 统计量，然后计算</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">这些统计量与各个街道指标之间的相关</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">系数( 表1)。通过分析，Quercia 等</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">人验证了人们在现实世界中的行为与他</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">们的网络线上行为有着十分明显的关联，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">上传自步行性较高的街道空间的Flicker</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">照片所包含的信息有别于步行性较低的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">街道空间的照片，特别是上传时间和附</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">带的标注/ 简介有着明显的差异；同时，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">研究也在一定程度上说明了可以通过社</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">交网络的信息较为有效地刻画街道空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的步行环境。从这个意义来说，将社交</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">网络纳入城市规划与管理决策系统是可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">行且有必要的。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mgN4p1lKAszN4fkbLU6UjQjoAosRs33LiacNRib5ZVsBIXMibVLIxaBhGAK33xuhoSNa0DV1uphmPhhg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5185873605947955" data-w="538"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 0px; margin-left: -0.45em; border-top-width: 1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-left-width: 0.5em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 0.5em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</strong></section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 0.3em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-left: -1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">美国：宜居性街道景观的空间</strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">数据测量与方法</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">—基于空间特征的<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">街道分类标准</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0.45em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dashed; border-left-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); padding: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在街道空间的量化分析上，Ewing<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">等人采用摄影记录的方式，结合专家评</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">分的方法对美国多个城市共200 多个街</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">道场景进行分析，开启了量化分析街道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">空间的先例；Purciel 等人在Ewing</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和Handy 所定制的量化指标基础上，采</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">用GIS 手段代替专家评分的分析方法，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">使街道空间研究从纸笔图表转变为数字</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">处理。而Chester W. Harvey 提出</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的“宜居性街道景观的空间数据测量与</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">方法”则是在GIS 分析的基础上加入对</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">测量结果的聚类分析，归纳出基于空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">类型和交通功能的不同于传统的街道分</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">类标准。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在对街道景观进行分析的过程中，<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">Harvey 测量了9 项指标( 图7)—</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">街景宽度、街道长度、街道两侧建筑平</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">均高度、街道横截面与建筑的宽高比、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">沿街建筑连续度、沿街两侧建筑数量、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">沿街两侧建筑高度标准差、沿街建筑突</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">入街景范围比例和街道曲度( 街道中线</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">长度与街道两端直线距离的比值)。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">由主成分分析结果可以看出，沿街</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">建筑连续度具有最大的独立性，通过对</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">沿街建筑连续度的聚类分析，Harvey</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">归纳出四类基于街道空间指标的街道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">类型—直立型(Upright)、紧凑型</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">(Compact)、多孔型(Porous) 与开放型</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">(Open)( 图8)。将这四个街道类型与各</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自的交通功能分类( 主要包括主干道、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">集散道路和地区支路) 进行交叉比较可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">以发现，交通功能分类不能有效地反映</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">出街道的空间类型，进一步证明了基于</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">交通功能的街道分类无法满足街道空间</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">研究的需要。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mgN4p1lKAszN4fkbLU6UjQjuTicywE9wicia5qjdCbS9wcaQ5Bg9fHP5CLuov7XNVY9lDk0iaQDh3QVJg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.2007434944237918" data-w="538"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mgN4p1lKAszN4fkbLU6UjQjhSdLfaxllFZiaeWes1GzKNBIZVBZnnkQU85ql6ayyqKAWNoTRjqEGSA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.7026022304832714" data-w="538"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 0px; margin-left: -0.45em; border-top-width: 1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(47, 144, 224); border-left-width: 0.5em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 0.5em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-radius: 0.5em; border: 0.14em solid rgb(26, 145, 215); padding: 10px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 19.2px; line-height: 1.4em; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、街道研究的新机遇</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; border-top-width: 0.8em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(26, 145, 215); margin: auto; border-left-width: 0.8em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 0.8em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em; font-size: 18px; color: white; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(26, 145, 215);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">?</section></span> </section><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); margin-top: -1em; padding: 20px 10px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">ICT 是把双刃剑， 在对街道空间<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">提出了巨大挑战的同时，又为研究街道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">空间及其变迁提供了新的发展机遇。在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">ICT 技术发展的促进下，由大数据和开</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">放数据构成的“新数据环境”让从物质</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">空间和社会空间更好地刻画街道空间成</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">为可能，进而为街道视角的城市研究和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">规划设计带来了新的发展机遇。在已有</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的质性观察和研究的基础上，可以延伸</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">出新的研究内容，即街道空间量化研究</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及其规划设计响应。笔者以期通过大规</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">模街道量化研究揭示街道空间演变的一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">般规律，以及通过街道指标对街道外在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">表征的影响机制，探寻营造高品质街道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的关键路径。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在研究思路上，笔者吸收已有设计<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">师、评论家和学者对街道的思考及认识，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">借鉴已有的城市理论，利用覆盖全国的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">大规模开放数据和大数据，建立以街道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">作为个体的城市空间分析、统计、模拟</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和评价的框架体系，进而从街道视角量</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">化研究我国的城市空间，探寻城市系统</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">发展的一般规律，促进城市理论发展。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在研究目标上，从认识论层面提出一种</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">由街道入手的认识和研究城市空间的新</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">思路，在方法论层面构建街道视角的城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市空间量化研究体系( 如基本假设、方</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">法、逻辑和过程)，并致力于支持规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">设计实践。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">开展这样的研究具有多重意义：①在<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">理论层面，借鉴已有的相关研究和理论</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">基础，通过大规模的街道量化和实证研</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">究，丰富街道尺度的相关城市理论，如</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">将街道指标纳入已有理论或创建新的理</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">论体系；②在方法层面，致力于建立一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">套完整的街道定量评价指标体系，探索</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">识别街道内在指标与外在表征关系的方</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">法，并致力于将这一研究范式引入街道</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">研究中，以识别其一般规律、地域差异</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及其影响因素；③在实践层面，在“数</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">据增强设计”思想的指导下，开发一套</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">覆盖全国所有城市的街道尺度的空间数</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">据库、在线地图与规划设计支持平台，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">关注街道尺度的城市活力、步行性和空</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">间品质等现实问题，支持城市规划与设</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">计，呼应以人为本的新型城镇化。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">基于大量的文献调研和规划设计需<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">求调研，本文选取若干指标对全国所有</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市的街道进行自动量化，结合大模型</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">方法论，识别街道指标的一般规律和空</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">间分布特征，并致力于构建理论模型解</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">释街道的外在指标( 如活力)。在此基础</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">上，本文针对成都、伦敦和美国三个典</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">型案例，通过现场调研、布置传感设备</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">以及众包等手段，对街道指标进行量化</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和分析( 图9)。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mgN4p1lKAszN4fkbLU6UjQjicW9ZFnuKYF1YhcxLaNuTRfXITdmPytNs70xn7be6WBYLoLPSrib2fGg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.6960600375234521" data-w="533"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; float: left; width: 45%; margin-top: 0.2em; border: 1px dotted rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; float: right; width: 45%; margin-top: 0.2em; border: 1px dotted rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.5em; height: 0.5em; margin: auto; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: rotate(45deg); 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"><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0mhycWj9Jz8h8YCwGhuvn7oUibPxnm0LibgvRX7rwD4vCCsiaDzx5mqGhGA332fY6EtWnl1y1ynibibMxGQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="137"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 25px 0% 10px; font-size: 12.8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(243, 191, 30);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: white; font-size: 13.7846px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(47, 144, 224);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章详见《规划师》2016年4期</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: white; font-size: 13.7846px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">“互联网+”时代城市街道空间面临的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">挑战与研究机遇</span><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(26, 145, 215); box-sizing: border-box;">微信编辑：肖莉</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(240, 158, 16); box-sizing: border-box;">全文电子版详见官网：www.planners.com.cn</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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