国匠城工作台

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                        <section style="margin: 0.8em 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">从全国看，至少有近70个城市启动了地下综合管廊建设项目，“先地下，再建设”、“先规划，后建设”已形成共识。笔者认为，在全国地下管廊或地下空间大规模建设的同时，我们是否要从安全减灾及避免留下建设隐患入手，作些新的深入思考？</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><p><br  /></p><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); width: 100%; padding-bottom: 8px; font-size: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市地下不安全？</section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.8em 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">作为初步归纳，地下空间存在的致灾风险有：火灾、水灾、恐怖袭击、地下空间犯罪、地下空间疏散难、污染及有毒化学品泄漏、供电故障、地下空间车祸等。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.8em 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此，面对城市地下空间建设与运营中的灾难事件，必须要有综合应对之策。不如此，我们将难以应付已铺开的大规模城市地下管廊的建设。具体讲，有如下几方面要首先注意并纳入顶层设计之中：</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.8em 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此，面对城市地下空间建设与运营中的灾难事件，必须要有综合应对之策。不如此，我们将难以应付已铺开的大规模城市地下管廊的建设。具体讲，有如下几方面要首先注意并纳入顶层设计之中：</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; text-align: center; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.2em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="margin: 0.2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 5px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 52, 58); font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: black; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">其一</section></section><section style="margin: 5px 1em; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(120, 124, 129); box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">风险管理的水平提升</section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.8em 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">这涉及地下空间建设相关部门（规划、设计、建设、开发、政治等）要增强风险及质量安全性认识。而纵观我国地下空间，尚缺风险管理环节，建设管理主体多样，信息资源也欠共享，全民防灾文化意识低下，保险机制中更缺少对于地下空间保险机制的系统化研究与执行策略，这些缺憾均将造成地下空间开发建设保障难到位的状况，需要经过综合研究并从根本上改变。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; text-align: center; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.2em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="margin: 0.2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 5px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 52, 58); font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: black; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">其二</section></section><section style="margin: 5px 1em; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(120, 124, 129); box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">强化安全评估与质量控制</section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.8em 0px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">生命线系统的防灾规划属工程防御能力范畴，它通过对城市生命线系统规模、发展状况的评价，来反映城市在遇到灾害事件时可能受到的损失程度。从生命线系统保障看，其工程防御能力指城市建筑防御整体能力状况；城市交通运输状况；供水、供电、供气、通信等生命线子系统的工程易损性及应急能力状况；城市生命线系统防御联动体系等。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; text-align: center; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.2em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="margin: 0.2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 5px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 52, 58); font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: black; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">其三</section></section><section style="margin: 5px 1em; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(120, 124, 129); box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">关键在于做到防灾功能的“真综合”</section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 1em; padding: 0px; white-space: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="margin: -1em 16px 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 8px; border-radius: 4px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">一是抗灾恢复保障力</section></span></section><section style="padding: 16px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; font-family: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">这是指具备不同危机技术的专家应急队伍、各相关志愿者队伍的人员保障；包括城市灾害应急基础设施建设的资金保障；处置城市灾害的物资和备灾能力储备的应急物资；能够有恢复力的信息系统及指挥系统的技术装备能力等。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 1em; padding: 0px; white-space: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="margin: -1em 16px 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 8px; border-radius: 4px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">二是灾害损失评估力</section></span></section><section style="padding: 16px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; font-family: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">经济损失评估力，不仅指恢复生命线时间及灾害损失实际数，更指生命线工程抢险与恢复、排除建筑物险情和抢修生命线工程的能力。这包括中央及地方政府及军队的统筹、协调以及加快恢复灾区通信设施或启用备用紧急通信系统、电力系统等。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 1em; padding: 0px; white-space: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="margin: -1em 16px 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><span style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 8px; border-radius: 4px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">三是灾后恢复重建能力</section></span></section><section style="padding: 16px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; font-family: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">这包括城市生命线系统在灾后快速恢复的时间；城市生命线系统按重要度的安全性、可靠性水平的反应；灾后补偿能力及规划总结能力；在基本生命线系统修复的基础上，根据城市防灾规划提供的城市重建能力情况等。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="border: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.8em 1em; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;">特别要提及的是，城市地下管廊及其地下空间建设，必须充分考虑营造城市整体安全空间所需的性价比，不仅要分析城市建设正效应，也要研究一旦城市防灾受损、地下空间隐患呈现的应对之策的建设成本。这是城市地下管廊综合建设的深层问题，只有这样才能不再犯盲目建设的错误。</section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both;"></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><img id="ledtxt.com" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/Ly312h0vBwzeN6iacAic9K1xaVibsLibHKUYm3v9dZibbbKGCDOlIt4Miaf3PicLiaMdAibkTl0nqrbsdMkS2frJI9ftP0A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="" data-ratio="0.5988142292490118" data-w=""  /></p><p><img id="ledtxt.com" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/Ly312h0vBwyLUKty8lgPXZPNgDwoT1H3emzYChCts7obpUJ28qU7g1X32YBRBmhic3TRWSMhVq9SCqUMAT0gd7Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="" data-ratio="0.8438735177865613" data-w=""  /></p><p><img id="ledtxt.com" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/Ly312h0vBwzuOWc4TIYQib8ibsbAjYqVYcdL91icuTHlnRAmmIxN5Aicgia7iaO5yoqHU133PcXucLSygLkpic1Pls3eA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="" data-ratio="0.7529644268774703" data-w=""  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p>
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