国匠城工作台

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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJmAevq4Bic0wRYEBsibhLeRbTEicy2M4r9dQFMWbbaEbQh4K5MibjZhlrrWw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 101.066%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">  编辑团队</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">    原文/ Howard Blackson、Daniel Hertz   </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">    翻译/ 丫大大   文献/ 赵冠宁    排版/ 徐驭尧 </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">    编辑/ 众山小   校核/ 众山小</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YJ8G2bLNbcBeg8fs9cMxpJXQ5fia2VfAtvnLk6ftiaib0W7k6jIHtHBJ7w.jpg" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">高昂的住房价格会带来年轻的上进人口的生活压力并外流，因此例如伦敦、美工西海岸等众多城市在内都在思考如何解决城市的住房问题。今天我们就介绍两篇文章供大家参考。则一介绍的是一位美国学者推荐的利用TOD与沙滩住房密度两种模式解决社会住房问题的思考。而则二介绍的是通过市场化方法解决住房危机。那种认为提高供给可以平衡住房价格，以解决住房问题的方法是必要但不充分的（因为穷困群体还是支付不了建造房屋的费用）。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 20.8px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">两个简单的社会住房解决方案</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Howard Blackson    翻译/ 丫大大</section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8Y0UjxcsbsrZlaRsv6fYmicoOB2a1k0HlbMMWp4q8Q3gN5UIyNnrqQwtQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图一、 社会住房解决方案</span></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">沙滩住房密度和气候行动区提供一种已证实的两层的可以拟合现有生活方式住房舒适度的理论。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">旧金山湾区的房地产危机告诉我们，如果不采取措施，圣地亚哥的房地产危机也将会越来越严重。因为我们急需要钱来维护城市基础设施，所以需要决定是提高税收还是人口密度。摆在眼前的难题是一方面我们极度鄙视增税，一方面一旦提到“密度”，就会分化成是需要新的城市增长还是更新城市建设高楼的争论。我相信下面的两层理论可以提供解决圣地亚哥住房需求的思路：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一层是基础的“沙滩住房密度”理论（后面另有详解）。</strong>一个基于传统沙滩住房社区的现有住房理论。它能够满足对“缺失中产阶级”类型住房的需求。模型基于一个拥有3-5个单元的住宅或者商店，里面每栋楼都不超过2-3层楼高。这些居住和商业单元都混杂在每个街区中。通过允许San Deigo的每一个城市化区域的地块都有多达五个单元的权利，我们有机会在不巨大改变城市性质的情况下解决严重的住房和基础设施资金短缺问题。最终，我们都可以享受沙滩住房模型提供给我们的健康、户外生活方式。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YGpYFbJQNy4KDHVbqyNIXpuVVt1zwlKdWs1RDicBEsO0pXAIBp2eiacog.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、沙滩住房密度，来源：Howard Blackson</em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二层理论是更精确的“气候行动区”。根据最近通过的气候行动计划，圣地亚哥需要采取“在公交优先区域实施公交导向发展”和“通过将大量新的居住放在公交优先区域，以达到更好的步行可达性和公交影响范围”的计划。</strong>在与沙滩住房密度保障基础住房增长之后，这些气候行动区域是为了能够在合理的时间表内达到具有法律约束力的气候行动计划。我们不可能希望城市一次性全部完成它，但可以允许城市的针灸疗法——刺激关键点从而快速增长。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些“区域”需要新的城市政策，包括社区计划更新，从而促进区域公交设施周围用地强度的提高。幸运的是，我们拥有我们国家第一部也是最好的以公交为导向发展（TOD）指南。TOD指南是规划大师Peter Calthrope在1992年发表。现状郊区和错综复杂的停车规定削弱了它的影响，多年来一直被城市规划部门束之高阁。在全世界，尤其是Portland，TOD已经被证明可以增加公交客流。我们需要重新重视并采用TOD模式。此外，我们需要管理路外停车场，并且简化每个空间单元使其允许公交、步行和自行车与机动车拥有相同的地位。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">圣地亚哥的“塔楼”是一种超过7层、只适合位于远离中心城区的一两个区域中的建筑物。然而，100多年前，4-6层的楼房就建在拥有老有轨电车的区域。这些楼房的高度是可以步行上楼的并且适合步行友好街区。气候行动区应该位于主要交叉口周围4-8个街区。每个区拥有跨街的公交服务和现状建筑物，如60年代的加油站、汽车餐厅、购物中心。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8Yibl8mXmVq3C5F6EicJOQia7VR6tlVehNYrWqgn499ib2Xzrynic4Usg70Lg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、划分气候行动区之后的圣地亚哥</em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据显示公交站点周边600英尺范围内的出行主要采用公交、自行车和步行。这些区域内由混合用地性质组成，内部楼房不超过7层，根据我们的TOD建设指南，允许共享停车配建指标。为了保证计划逐步进行并保障社区利益，行动区将通过有限的社区计划一致性审查。这些改造后的交叉口将成为未来15年的新增长点。成功的案例包括盐湖城的通勤铁路、轻轨和有轨电车走廊成功带动经济增长，达拉斯的新轻轨车站和有轨电车带来的增值效应，丹佛的新填充式控规的成功。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">保持百年老街区远离改变是无法实现的，但是我们知道变化将会给当地居民带来恐惧。这就是为什么上述两层理论清楚的告诉我们如果明确使用圣地亚哥已证实的需求，新的住宅将会适应现在的生活方式。最后为了能够维护基础设施、增加公共空间、持续的通过提供可获得的住宅、便利的交通和独特的户外生活方式刺激经济，我们需要做好改变愿望的准备。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">有关沙滩住房密度</strong></span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YxtLhML8JgfeI9Q9SFH000SCrxbZmBicPAETO6BhqThfatxctAhUqP9Q.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、沙滩住房密度</em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">圣地亚哥沙滩区域是当地居民喜爱的居住地，它们对社区有强烈归属感。这是一种健康向上的生活方式，再加上限制小汽车停放，它要求人们采用步行或者骑行的方式出行。我们的沙滩密度模型是基于一个拥有3-5个单元的住宅或者商店，里面每栋楼都不超过2-3层楼高。这些居住和商业单元都混杂在每个街区中。由于海滩地区土地有限和监管方面的限制，这一地区的房价都很高。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们的沙滩密度模型对于圣地亚哥的贡献在于，发现混合用地、步行友好的城市化模式将会创造更多的住房和经济发展机会。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8Y4CfWl1saiaibZfCHZmHCMu35jTz3w3w2J83pNCFbdjzjOMhrptAZ13ZQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、南沙滩的适宜密度住宅（图：Creative Commons）</em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">测试这种中产阶级住房模型的最好场所是城市化地区。还应该把房屋的平缓上涨考虑进去，因为价格上涨主要由于人们天生害怕改变的反应，因此采用局部模型是有道理的（而不是引入波特兰或者温哥华的全市域模型）。这一定程度上是由于我们的生活质量有些虚高，房产价值是个人财富的主要部分。因此我们对任何会影响房产价值的改变都会很谨慎。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在解析不协调的发展规律和条例中将会发现另一个问题。现在的分区规则都是基于1960年代的郊区建筑模型。那时，Pacific, Mission, 和 Ocean Beach都建立在分区前传统的社区时代。此外，过时的计算方法也仍然在使用，从而低估了郊区基础设施建设和预算规模。最后，我们需要SANDAG来分配行人和自行车设施的资金来改善人行道、行道树、自行车道和公交站。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“优雅”的城市化的好处在于，有更多健康的城市住房选择方式，从而导致较少的郊区住房需求。此外，也有利于当地土地拥有者，而不是国际开发商，来建造房屋，保证租金在国家内部经济中循环，从而形成良性的财富循环机制。传统圣地亚哥街区的平均地块规模在5000到6800平方英尺左右，在这些典型地块上的5个单元将能容下区域公交设施、社区规模商店、餐馆和办公室。而且，在保持混合用地性质步行宜居性质的地方，会发现任何偏离更精准分区规则将是不可能的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们的城市迫切需要可实现的住房和我们的沙滩住房密度模型提供最合适的解决方法。通过允许San Deigo的每一个城市化区域的地块都有多达五个单元的权利，我们有机会在不巨大改变城市性质的情况下解决严重的住房和基础设施资金短缺问题。最终，我们都可以享受沙滩住房模型提供给我们的健康、户外生活方式。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8Y3FxAyWondF2AH5HhH0TLf3iaVlQ9ZUCl7VNbQSlJvIjiaxxMgfavDIUw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YXAL6e7LH0g0ib9p8scNSSicc5eD6MHEIREUEeaU7xBLscUPwOzSRKrhw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YOoeqojfyZH3zIGianWK6bVMAB4tSqussmKWuQxQK2rpm71TtiaUIFiaiaA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、各种各样在狭窄范围内保障邻居隐私的设计（图 David Saborio）</em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何允许沙滩住房密度</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    取消路外停车下限（公交、自行车、步行）；</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    取消最小地块尺寸和面积；</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    区域中任何地块允许一个家庭拥有2-5个单元；</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    将每个单元开发影响费改为旧金山开发影响费，并且取消供开发地区的开发影响费用；</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    将主要道路从州交通厅收回；（从路边停车和稳定过宽的干路得到的收入增长将覆盖维修费用的增长）；</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    修改防火规范；</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    采用圣地亚哥修编的NACTO街道规范；</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">允许职业建筑师的自我认证，建筑协会发布的市政认证的建筑许可，以确保评估者的记录是最新的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/lVIlGnQvHy85zJ5VN9g6GoNQ7cga50UYb1yjuZnEkUPKCxBQqVVveEiclo3tokRNcjq3DHNaKs5Dic2TPo3eBWJw.png" /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YicQOYLiaututNA6X8SpWNlY9amPl4FLicFkBianD1SD3nR6DREib5SCGf6w/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 20.8px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;">在住房供应中找到细微差别</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Daniel Hertz     翻译/ 丫大大</section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">一方面，在过去十几年中，越来越多关于高收入、沿海美国城市中住房危机根源的讨论已然滋生、激烈和细致入微。另一方面，这些讨论却鲜有突破，时至今日的理论与十几年前非常类似。一边（包括城市观察）认为基本问题在于房屋供应量少，另一边认为是新增房屋推高了房屋价格。<span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</span></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这就是为什么Rick Jacobus在Shelterforce上发布的新论文让人如此耳目一新(http://www.shelterforce.org/article/4408/why_we_must_build/) 。Jacobus的这篇文章标题为《为什么我们一定要建》，但其副标题却暗示着一种不同寻常的论调 “我们在建造中无法找到解决住房危机的出路，但如果什么都不建，我们同样找不到出路。”这种必要不充分的观点并不新颖——我们在多种场合下使用过——但在住房领域却依旧较少。<span style="color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献2，请联系我们索取）</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;">一、更多市场价格的住房：必要但不充分</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章的基本观点是，从宏观层面看，供给与需求的交互作用是平衡住房价格的最大影响因素。作者提到旧金山市区的平均房价接近80万美金，完全是由于住房供给导致的；而凤凰城和休斯敦却可以在人口快速增长的同时保持房价平稳（凤凰城平均房价在20万美元左右），并不是那些城市的房东和建设者更人道，而是在那里建房子更容易，因此激烈的竞争削弱了房价上涨的推动力。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但虽然更多的住房供给会降低平均房价，但平均房价的降低并不能解决所有问题。美国收入底层的群体几乎在任意地方都买不起市场价格的住房，他们无法支付房屋的建造和维护费用。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">直接的房屋补贴十分必要，且需要比现在更加可持续的提供。重要的是，补贴的有效性是建立在市场价格合理性的基础上，否则公共预算将会在低收入人群可支付金额和住房市场价格的巨大鸿沟中“消失殆尽”。看看旧金山便知，其3亿美元的购房债券，实际买入的房屋少得可怜。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;">二、区域性问题</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jacobus同时提到一个观点，若仅考虑本地提供更多的住房的确降低了房屋价格，现实也的确证实了这一点。但若考虑到周边市场，问题就有些复杂。不过新兴高档住房地区及其高收入居民还发出了一个新的信号，即以前未曾考虑的周边地区！因为高档住房地区的周边也必须应该是个即安全又时尚的居住地，这反过来或许又会造成周边区域的住房价格的抬升，从而吸引更多富有的居民聚集。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">即便是像Stephen Smith坚定的供给学派，认为更多房屋供给是解决住房危机的良方，并为《城市化市场》撰写过文章提到这种动态矛盾。他指出：我们怀疑，从某种程度说，这个理论问题实际是有主要房屋问题城市的现实问题。如果问为什么？那就看看过去几十年来高收入群体和社区在芝加哥北边聚集并扩张，同时导致更高的租金。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YqxlswDBCle3YUbJz3U1dRYZl7qJa5KkTzJUWHfC4sFNZgBfFBhpiazA.gif" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、芝加哥居住家庭收入分布图</em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">过去的四十年中，中产阶级遵循着一种可以预测的模式：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">当价格合适，人们会尽可能的搬到离市政设施和工作更近的高租金社区。随着越来越多人的决定住在拥有高品质配套设施的市中心，使得高租金区域从市中心逐渐向外扩散。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">所以，认为只要房地产开发人员不建设豪华住宅、不暗示社区的价值，就可以从高收入人群中“拯救”出一些社区的想法是不切实际的。稍微扩展点说，我们可以发现需求的地理分布主要与是否接近高收入区域设施决定的。不在高收入区域边上建房子，是无法说服人们不设法住在周边的，而远离高收入区域的豪华房子也无法吸引人高价购买。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;">三、在社区层面，供给与需求的时间错位将造成更严重影响</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是即使新的住房没有引起更多的需求， Jacobus又提出了有关社区的问题。也就是，住房需求比住房供应变化的更快、更明显。这的确在区域级别会发生。例如，旧金山湾区曾经经历的经济繁荣带来了许多求职者，远超过规划师所预测的规模，涌入速度也超远过城市建设速度，城市经过很多年才消化带来的住房需求。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这一问题在社区级别将更糟糕。前文所论述的需求的快速改变，在社区级别可能发生的更加猛烈与迅速。一旦发生，大量居民都想居住在拥有良好配套设施的城市核心，相应的能够给那些以前没有高收入居民需求的区域带来收益。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">同时，在某一街区增加房屋比某一区域增加房屋更加有挑战性。一方面，如果我们讨论城市核心区域，没有多余的郊野绿地边缘区可以占用。而且在高租金的城市，甚至在廉租房社区都没有空地可以建造。很明显，社区政治会使得建造更多房屋更加有挑战性。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在当地住房需求波动较大的情况下，即使增加供应量可能降低该区域的房屋价格，或者通过一些过滤手段，更多的降低城市核心区域的房价。但是增加供应量的方法对临近的社区几乎不产生影响。另外一个必要也许不充分的要点是：城市需要建造足够的住房保证房价的合理性，同时满足市民居住对高水平配套公共服务设施的需求。但是在住房需求量最大的社区和美国住房需求量最大的城市，像纽约、芝加哥、旧金山市等，供应再多的住房也无法让房价处于合理的水平。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;">四、那该怎么办？</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一种说法是这里是政策和政治问题的交汇点：区域性问题不仅仅因为技术原因被规划者关注，而是因为地方政治家没有理由支持房屋的供给增加。这些地方政治家不关注房价的中位数，也不关注他和他的邻居在接下来的几年中能否买的起某一街区。这更加意味着规划师和住房管理者向他们阐述自己的观点是非常重要的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">所面临的挑战是任何现实的解决方案都需要大大增加用于住房援助的资源。尽管我们只是给每个合格的家庭提供住房券或者退税，用来免除1万元额度的贷款利息税。这也需要联邦政府的行动，只是不是从当前国会执行。在地方层面，关注于包容性规划和开发影响费用让我们产生一种幻觉，只要挤压开发商就能够解决保障性住房问题。事实上，只有达到广泛资助的基础才能使住房补助达到所需要的规模。甚至，直到我们建立足够多的商品房，才能降低房价和减少每单位补贴成本。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/3hUA8s6XnazrtMJR01dQ9PLHoaQCmY4SfkmbKCt4FNlaYgPgV6y73lPsYAl450FxpRv45uicnZxQpaQS7eNNNKw.png" /> <section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin-top: -0.2em; box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YicQOYLiaututNA6X8SpWNlY9amPl4FLicFkBianD1SD3nR6DREib5SCGf6w/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">1、《美国住宅开发融资与流程概述》</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8Ya5KVj4FQ1zY0oj71JibnVuP6C5Ja0LyMMdeQicl6go4UibJXAWg5xhlbA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YpDedrGpZiacOINYtGQia3RlCdvKhSFsequicENHMANic1eq0g9Y5t4jVxA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">2-1、《走这条路 – 华盛顿特区适宜步行城区的经济承诺》 </span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YWy36hM9LpUbzFt2rY9ayDtAibRVXYMRCeAiaejM6RfFTAdJgpaCWY2Ag.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8Y4Oe69O5AT9XoKlzy1vIrBGG5KiaQibETy5yKZic2JMofETQ2t2icZkMBCw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">2-2、《高密度住宅环境的现状优先选择与未来的需求》</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YYOHO6KLL7icpHUd7wHSQ1twCEF02lBl5ric4Q9hVibQHAlXAaClf16pMw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YMSnQrA6stJ85siaCTwc7F1Mr47kUMkksBu5sZmKkuym47RsS2eFCWiaw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> 2-3、《精明增长的市场》</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YhK3o4RyZfiaAfKGaZzVYBfAUibSl3vRaAjTz0IRjLhiaNZ9SvwRxOyztw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> 2-4、《私人市场是否可以是低收入住房的可行来源？ 评价“重复收益”模型》</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8Yv6j6D2StOoe3wJQqxAb5ibuwoE0ufnYibVf6MnZfFFpTSq3MiacnuPQoQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YLGdEh4uHkYN4jmHwHpicicia5n2dQGIE1MneG6yibYtDbmD72s5erJ7zbw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="/image/20160511/mee9Bdh9Tiaibh2KNialwYe69BMciaicCiby8YdR6rsClXVFjxhUpfMwnAZxicRiaztb8bqqDNkvPejZSLvGsWDhDMibcibw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 168, 250); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">2-6、《住宅租金控制 – 一项评估》</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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