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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJm4Bf3pibXw06L3cCfiblQaXIZWCicsAINWGIlQrDaqPyVCRiahhjbOlLsfg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 100%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">  原文/ Henry Garbar、Aarian Marshall</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">  翻译/ 张天怡   <span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 王奥博   校核/ 众山小 </span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">  编辑/ 众山小   排版/ 王雅桐</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; width: 80%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy77rJApwwlibvEfQglIb0SnAia5nx73unbugmHkvjC13ictiaic3203wHxbKQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">   </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">自从第一台智能手机诞生以来，移动式生活成了每个人的标配。我们可以用我们的手机干许多以前难以想象的事情，例如则一讨论的手机导航的问题。手机导航看起来是很美好，通过GPS以及Google Maps等地图软件，我们可以去到任何我们想去的地方，但是长时间依赖导航，会不会对我们自身产生什么影响呢？在没有GPS这么高大上设备的旧社会，人们又是怎么出行的呢？传统地图又有什么背后的故事是我们不知道的呢？则二，我们将看到手机对于开车来说是个致命的危害，我们怎么把手机带来的干扰因素排个序呢？赶紧往下看正文吧！</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; width: 90%; margin: 0px auto; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 16px; height: 16px; float: left; margin-top: -10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/EOic34ujsUjFnBnwWe9jC8uqORFECiamW5xxLZgBU6atvw2hnNIbEqTyZ8Y8PZdWNMnwB8kzM3LOIib05QpAAggxA/0?wx_fmt=png"); background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img id="ledtxt.com" class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/EOic34ujsUjFnBnwWe9jC8uqORFECiamW5xxLZgBU6atvw2hnNIbEqTyZ8Y8PZdWNMnwB8kzM3LOIib05QpAAggxA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="16"  /></section></section><section style="width: 80%; height: 3px; margin: 0px auto; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 16px; height: 16px; float: right; margin-top: -10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/EOic34ujsUjFnBnwWe9jC8uqORFECiamW5c14FicuJJIuWwvCobb6LImdnZ4gDGORH1bB20eq5iav8Ar2eZUa7JlNQ/0?wx_fmt=png"); background-size: cover; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"> <img id="ledtxt.com" class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; opacity: 0; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/EOic34ujsUjFnBnwWe9jC8uqORFECiamW5c14FicuJJIuWwvCobb6LImdnZ4gDGORH1bB20eq5iav8Ar2eZUa7JlNQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="16"  /></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(27, 134, 184);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(27, 134, 184); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 0px -0.5em -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(27, 134, 184); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">智能手机和空间思维下的未知将来</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">             原文/ HENRY GRABAR   翻译/ 张天怡</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">导航App正在转变我们体验城乡环境的方式，或是变好，或是变差。</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy75ppUWdEFLicZh055RE4icqJPKomM19OWQQrgODM7x1aLuLX7Ykp0Bwsg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6960431654676259" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、Aaron Reiss</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">像大多数纽约人一样，我在交通上花的时间太多了。我有一张无限使用的地铁卡和一把城市公共自行车钥匙，两辆自行车和一辆摩托车，以及十几双鞋。但是最近我经历了一场信心危机：我发现要是不查手机，我很难上路。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">同时，我承认来自Google、Waze、Hopstop等等的建议路线对我有重要的影响——即使我有其他偏爱但他们的算法无法感知——我不得不承认，比起相信自己，我还是更愿意相信计算机。习惯、傲慢和古怪的嗜好一旦被操纵，我的行动就将被人工智能的所取代。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">就这而言，并不是只有我一个人这样。在短短几年时间里，移动导航软件的兴起已经改变了我们在城市中出行的方式。2011年，35%的美国人拥有智能手机；到了2013年，这一数字增长到了61%。在这里面，四分之三的人会使用他们的手机进行导航和定位服务。仅今年6月，就有将近20%的美国人使用了谷歌地图这一APP；而另外12.5%的人使用了苹果地图。数千万人更多地依靠车载模块与GPS卫星进行联系。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这是一项令人震惊的进展。高精度GPS只是在15年前才进入民用领域，而在21世纪早期，GPS还被认为是“水手、驴友和其他户外爱好者”的工具。今天，基本上每一个移动APP都在使用GPS。用广播进行交通状况的播报就像现在使用软盘一样，已经过时。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">像其它任何一种技术，数字地图正在改变我们的大脑以及我们的行为方式。传统意义上，人们依靠他们自己内心既有的“感知地图”的帮助下，在房子里、社区中以及城市中行走。但是类似那样的感知系统完全无法与地图相比。“感知地图”更像是一个充满零碎的知识、地标（如公交站，教堂，朋友家）和路线的个人图书馆。当面对一个新的路径选择任务时，大脑会从这个图书馆中抽取相关元素，并整合出一份计划。但这是一项困难的任务，他的具体机制仍然是神经科学家争论的主题。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在某些方面，数字导航在形式上，就像是我们彻底打破父母为我们规划好的生活一样。“当人们基于他们的脑海印象规划路线时，他们必须要将这些地标形成一个序列，并且按照计划一个地标接着一个地标去前行。” Stephan Winter，一名墨尔本大学地理信息学教授这么告诉我，“当人们使用导航系统时，他们就不再做这些计划了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究这一问题的专家担心空间思维可能会是下一个技术进展的牺牲品，另一种认知能力凌驾于它并且被计算机的大脑给取代。“基本上，人们并不是真的了解他们生活的环境。” Haosheng Huang说道，他自己在维也纳工业大学制图学系的一个研究小组工作。他们担心作为一个社会，我们会变成如日本人所说的一个词组那样，即hōkō onchi——迷失方向。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">路径选择显然是比以前简单多了。无人驾驶汽车预计将在2030年到来，并一举占有美国汽车市场的相当大的份额，他们象征着制图师的传统追求达到了顶峰，以消除人类的作用和导航误差。据TomTom的交通专家Nick Cohn说，即使是经典仪表盘导航也存在静止的时刻。“总体的效果就是当人们使用导航的时候会显得更镇定。” 因此更大可能性是，人们驾驶也会更安全。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7nFTeuu67VAk0Ek13lIxITwGUCQDBGokwZW8jUNp7EdPuCTBzzMgFibg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.75" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、Ed Yourdon / Flickr</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">你的大脑真正地放松。在美国、英国、德国和日本最近十年所做的研究里证明了GPS导航会对使用者记忆环境和重新选择路线的能力产生恶性的影响。Toru Ishikawa，东京大学的一名空间地理学家，在近些年发表的研究<span style="color: rgb(27, 134, 184); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</strong></span>中量化了这一区别。当被问及回忆起他们周围环境的方方面面时，参与实验的人中，使用GPS导航的人要比使用纸质地图的人表现差20%。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ishikawa向我指出，这些发现提出了超越城市人类学范畴的问题。空间思维帮助我们构建、融合并且回忆起许多想法。国家研究委员会在2006年的一份报告中<span style="color: rgb(27, 134, 184); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献2，请联系我们索取）</strong></span>称空间素养是中小学教育的缺失环节。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">导航是空间素养能力培养的最大关键。正如一项有关伦敦出租车司机的著名研究所示，海马体加快发展，并在司机大脑里形成一张复杂巧妙的关联地图，海马体是负责空间记忆的大脑区域。而在另一份研究中，海马体发展更好的参与者，趋向于使用复杂的认知地图进行导航，相比之下，那些发展不太好的参与者，他们的空间记忆力趋向于只能记住逐向道路（即到每一个路口告诉你, 左转,右转, 直行, 调头...）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这是不是一个讽刺呢？譬如说要是我越容易到达我要去的地方，那么在怎么到达这一点上我记住的就越少。作为一名地理信息意识较好的用户，我还应该配备导航的工具，即在心理上让自己感觉是在爬楼梯而不是乘电梯吗？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">今天的地图在复杂程度和结构上都有别于纸质地图，就像是电影有别于照片一样。但是许多特征融合在一起，使得互联网力量下的感觉会不同的路径选择，就像小说一样不太真实。主动导航会在数字时代持续下去；被动导航存在于它之前。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如，自动定位以及和以自我为中心是两种地图制图的元素，定义了在线指向。一个自动定位的地图一直在转动以匹配观察者的视角；一个以自己为中心的地图是由观察者位置周围的东西组成的。每一项都消除了心理作用在地图阅读上所占的比例。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">以自我为中心的制图方式属于最常见的制图技术。</strong>由in situ（拉丁语，意为在原位）地图发展起来的。例如“你在这里”的地图，几乎遍及大街小巷，在大型的室内空间，如商场和博物馆内，以及城市中像公交站和火车站连接处这样的环境里也处处可见。第一张世界地图，是由古巴比伦人在公元前750年在一块土质平板内雕凿而成，在形式上就是以巴比伦为中心。甚至是使用谷歌地图的孩子都会考虑以自己为中心。太阳围绕着城市旋转。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7iac5L2nw2BnYFgMibsqZ3drgCdlHF14HhqvaRaPl7NFJsZDv4LAV5Kzg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.685251798561151" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、一张1852年的纽约地图与谷歌地球所展示的当代纽约形成对比（大卫·拉姆齐历史地图收藏中心）</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">自动定位如今几乎很常见了。对于行人来说，在伦敦和纽约这样布满街角的城市游客们不再需要仰起他们的头，或者拿起他们的导游书乱窜乱转了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">似乎没有什么特征看起来能区分GPS地图和纸质地图，更多的是空间环境的缺失。用他们那块小小的屏幕，以及以自我为中心的视角，移动导航系统，就像盲人一样，它使人们减少了对街道宽度的辨别。他们让世界变得狭小。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但事实上，地图制作者寻找这个影响已经很多年了。早在18世纪。英国的制图学家就出版了一本名为《strip maps》的书，一英里一英里地绘制了特定的路线，包括主要道路上看不到的一切。这种含大量样式的地图主要是为了某物的流行程度分布以及实际使用所设计的，像滑雪胜地的铁路图，就有长距离出行的导航需求。可能最有名的案例就是Harry Beck画的1931年的伦敦地铁图，把城市中所有地理元素都简化成细蓝线，就如代表泰晤士河的线段一样。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Beck的伦敦地铁图使数以百万计的乘客对绕来绕去的伦敦地铁有了直观的认识。但是有多少伦敦人可以追踪穿越城市的环线路径呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">就像这些特征在书上早有先例，当前的地图革命与19世纪中期的科技革命类似。在那时光刻技术和其他印刷技术的兴起，使地图从一个奢侈品变为大众化的产品。这种民主化带来了希望和担忧的并存，且始终回荡在我们身边。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7T6Sbz2MDZraA7Dw4EQbG5ic0B1vwhiaVWnsIskOomGr0nozaHuIp2dMg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6528776978417267" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、David Tan / Flickr</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在，美学家如同对艺术的预言一样，来预言制图学的死亡，并且为其同质化的风格感到悲哀。“新地图充满了各种信息。”Susan Schulten，一名丹佛大学的历史学教授，也是《Mapping the Nation》书的作者认为“他们被设计出来主要是为了方便查询，并作为路径选择的助手，来协助国家通过铁路实现增长，而不是作为娱乐和教育这些文化工作上进行的提炼。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在，社会学家利用制图实现了开创性的目的。John Snow绘制了伦敦霍乱疫情案例的地图，追踪疾病的蔓延直至每一口井。城市第一次被大规模地绘制，揭示了人口的分布，犯罪，健康和财富状况。美国人West在所调查的地图中用量化的方法展示了降雨和温度的流域分布和模式。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在18世纪以前，人们很少能看到自己城市或小镇的地图。到19世纪中叶，地图这样的东西就变得司空见惯了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">同时代的人担心地图很容易受到企业和利益控制者的操纵。“众所周知，铁路公司会扭曲地理，特别是当它在大平原地区竞争市场的时候。”Jim Akerman说道，芝加哥Newberry图书馆地图部门的馆长这么说道“他们会扭曲地理，使他们的铁路跟其他的铁路相比，位置更好。”The mapping powerhouse的Rand McNally开始卖地图是为了提高他们的主要业务，为铁路打印车票。地图并没有满足需求，他们创造了需求。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当印刷扩张到了整个行业时，制图师用数百种新方式来发挥他们的聪明才智。但同样重要的是，技术手段上的革命。在1800年以前，很少的人能够看到他们自己城市或小镇的地图。到十九世纪中叶，地图这样的东西就变得司空见惯了。到20世纪早期，地图在加油站这些地方可以免费发布。这一发展改变了我们的先人思考空间的方式。当然也加强了他们对世界的理解。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">有些相似的事在今天可能会发生。当cartophiles被关于地图的技术发展弄得时而着迷时而忧虑时，更重要的改变或许是我们共同出现在地理信息之中。我们不再去读地图。但是他看起来确切，我们花了更多的时间去关注他们。每一个认知学家关注着我们在认知，感知，问题处理天赋的减少之间的联系，更多的孩子通过手提电脑去探索地球。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“我认为类似19世纪，事实上说明了数字推动力的补充将扩充这一领域，使人们地域文化更多元。” David Rumsey这么说道，他收集的大量地图反映了过去几代的发展趋势。“我并不认为它带来了空间感知能力的缺失——我认为反过来说才是对的。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如谷歌地图，可以让城市的复杂交通网络更加清晰，造福出行者。但同时它也在交通线路中包含了街道地图，在两种印象的城市图形的鸿沟之间架起了一座桥梁。地图中充满好奇的目光本身并不能构成导航。但是这个习惯会让大脑本身更加健康地发展，也能创造记忆力。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7JNqAbpsnOWtatRUzvfic87Jibwk4oIjdkCmW6SmpIPSydUn8WdZjX1Pw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7697841726618705" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、Ed Yourdon / Flickr</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果你阅读一本小说时，试着去还原场景，那么你可以更好地理解这个故事，并在脑海中对这个虚构的环境形成印象。Winter认为这同样适用于地图。“空间表达也是这个机制，可以用来还原一个你所探寻的真实物理环境。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">结果就是当你需要找到路径穿越城镇时，你回忆起的不是自己个人经验，而是借助类似地图的第三方图片、文字、印象的导航。这种间接的空间感，多少跟靠经验形成的有所不同。“地图培养了对地点之间直线距离的精确认知。” Ishikawa这么告诉我。每个人对城市有普遍的认识，而这一转变正在进行，当看到一张常规的地图时，个人主观想法会显得不太坚定，不管它展示了什么样的细节。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在为人类导航敲丧钟为时过早。GPS对于行人来说是一个笨拙的配件，装在自行车上令人烦神，也不可能装在摩托车上。有证据显示，即使是常规小汽车通勤者也是如此，不愿受仪表盘和GPS的控制。Waze公司的全球通讯与创意战略主管Julie Mossler说：“通常来说，一个地方产生交通的原因就是即使那里有不同路线的人们，但还是会走同一条路。” 老旧公路消失比较困难。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">人们闲逛、步行或者开车时的遐想，并不能被一个算法或者一个APP所左右。</strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">数字地图与其说看起来并没有摆脱跟人之间的联系；不如说他们正在开始与人有机地结合。新产品从用户反馈层面上来说，用户对来自Garmin，TomTom或者其他的工具感到十分高效。仅有少量的服务是为了满足了慢跑者。雅虎实验室正打算基于用户的城市印象，对一些不错的步行进行量化。一位荷兰的绘图师想绘制出你走过或者没走过的街道图表。世界范围的地图，就像领土广阔的互联网本身，也正在被分割成一块块专门的“地图应用”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这种逐渐微调的意外事故，我认为是偶然。一条路线是根据混合热力度，事故和道路本身状况一次性合成的。今天由数据驱动的APP已经掌握了这一逻辑。他们有记录道路交通状况、火车延误或者是其他的出行事故情况。他们也会满足每一个我们想表达的想法，让人们更喜欢用导航去出行。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当然人们还有可能打开你的心扉让城市走进你的内心，在Walter Benjamin的词组里，就是“指令和说明”。人们闲逛、步行或者开车遐想，并不能被一个算法计算或者是靠一个APP描绘。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是当你不使用它时，科技并不会走远。从现在开始，一次漫无目的的远足将不仅仅是打开物理世界的刺激，而且打开了他们封闭的虚拟世界的限制。出于新技术对自我控制的恐惧，闲逛已经失去了它所能带来的必要的放松作用。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(27, 134, 184);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(27, 134, 184); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 0px -0.5em -1.5em; padding-right: 10px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(27, 134, 184); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 1.3em; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">超过一半时间里 </strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">美国司机开车是分心的</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">            原文/ Aarian Marshall   翻译/ 张天怡</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy787bj2X5FLqZI8blKc5ydicchicbFTaRapK1UlibYZ47XOzNYZiaCia1u7rw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6672661870503597" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、加州海军陆战队航空站内的一个开车发短信的模拟</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">直到21世纪初期，美国的每英里交通死亡人数比大多数发达国家要少。但现在变了。如果我们以10万人中的道路交通死亡人数计算，美国目前已经排到了有数据记录的29个高收入国家中的第17名。按照上述标准算，美国每10万人中有11.4人死亡，英国3.7人，加拿大6.8人，菲律宾9.1人，文莱6.8人。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">(http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/)</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">那么是什么改变了呢？弗吉尼亚技术与交通中心的研究员得出了这样一个理论：美国司机在驾驶时表现更糟。在上个月出版的一篇新研究中<span style="color: rgb(27, 134, 184); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献3，请联系我们索取）</strong></span>，科学家描述到，驾驶乘用车的司机有超过50%的时间精力不集中。这使他们的事故风险加倍。研究人员分析，接近70%的事故与“一些明显类型的精力不集中现象”有关。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“这些发现很重要，因为我们看到越是年轻的驾驶员，特别是青少年，越可能开车的时候一心多用。”这份研究的第一作者和VTTI的主管Tom Dingus在一份声明中这么说道。“我们的分析显示，如果在将来不采取措施来限制开车时不集中注意力的人群数量的话，那些代表着下一代的驾驶员们将会面临更大的风险。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">罪魁祸首，当然就是手机！</strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1;  "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); padding: 0px 2px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; line-height: 1; text-align: center; border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%; color: rgb(255, 255, 240); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">路上的手机</section></span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为了完成他们的研究，由Dingus领导弗吉尼亚理工大学的研究人员使用了一份大型的、史无前例的由政府担保的自然驾驶数据。这套数据中来自超过3500名研究参与者，他们同意让研究人员在他们的车内安装摄像头、传感器和雷达。追踪并记录长达三年时间内，他们所达到过的每一个地方。研究者们准确地观察了在事故发生之前发生了什么，获取了总共超过3500万英里的驾驶数据。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7fqea5tvIMJ6IxVSqRV8X58no6AnP7cyEZ4LQNZrQAx9ZFBdVniaias8g/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.6690647482014388" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、自然驾驶研究中的图像（VTTI）</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">同时他们看到了手机--- 是的呦，他们看到了手机！司机们被观察到有约0.14%的时间在进行手机拨号，但是相比于“模拟驾驶”或者“驾驶时警惕、细心和冷静”时，这项行为的事故发生率提高到了12（12，一个经换算后的量化标准，下同）（参考文献4，请联系我们索取）。打字占1.91%的时间，导致数值增加到了6。驾驶员在电话中交谈的时间占3.24%，聊天会提高两倍以上的事故风险。仅仅手握电话会把事故的风险提高近五倍。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1;  "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); padding: 0px 2px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; line-height: 1; text-align: center; border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%; color: rgb(255, 255, 240); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">其他的奇怪干扰</section></span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是这些干扰并不局限于拨打电话、打字或者是伸手拿手机。研究人员观察到驾驶员有14.6%的时间在和青少年或者是成年乘客聊天。这没有大的影响——它的数值仅提高到了1.4——但是这些足够有趣。这是因为先前的研究表明，与坐在前排的乘客交流可能实际上有“保护作用”，一定程度上降低了事故风险，如果驾驶员仅仅表现为模拟驾驶的话，甚至会低于所预测的值。弗吉尼亚理工大学的研究人员认为这可能是因为他们的视频并没有记录下所有的对话，所以他们高估了聊天的风险，或者是因为他们有意对青少年驾驶者进行过度采样。先前的工作还发现年轻和缺乏经验的驾驶员在对待汽车的多任务处理时尤其可怕。所以，乘客们要意识到不要去干扰青少年驾车。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">据研究人员说另一个有风险性的干扰，确切地讲是“缺点”，是开车情绪化。研究人员观察到“忧伤，哭泣，情绪激动”仅占0.2%的时间，但是相比于模拟驾驶，在车上情绪失控会使事故风险提高10倍。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">那么什么样的干扰看起来是OK呢？研究者发现，开车时化妆并不会显示出像它看起来的那样有风险。吃和喝（不含酒精的）并没有多大差别，这是根据研究结果得到的。但是谨慎的司机最好还是在上公路前，在停车场将玉米吃完。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1;  "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); padding: 0px 2px 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; line-height: 1; text-align: center; border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%; color: rgb(255, 255, 240); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</section></section><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">酒驾仍然很糟糕</section></span> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当然，不集中注意力开车并不是唯一的危险驾驶行为。在开车前饮酒也是。毒品和酒精的使用时间，经过观察只占到了0.1%，但是他能将事故的风险值提高到40。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">许多年来，美国驾车死亡人数已经下降了，这一切都要归功于日益提高的车辆安全性能以及道路设计。但在2013年仍然有32719人在美国的道路上死亡。VTTI的研究人员估计每年在这个国家发生的1100万起事故中，如果不分心的话，潜在36%的事故，即400万起事故都是可以避免的。不专心驾驶是一件很严重的事情，采取强制的禁止手段去阻止这一行为能够产生重要作用。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 2.8em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/3hUA8s6XnazrtMJR01dQ9PLHoaQCmY4SfkmbKCt4FNlaYgPgV6y73lPsYAl450FxpRv45uicnZxQpaQS7eNNNKw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.38636363636363635" data-w="44"  /> <section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); margin-top: -0.2em; box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7WYEbZdSKSb6iaia3yL4neLBnSoTzgjr4pefFgQ65ycfribIlTAd0EbvWg/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(33, 144, 196); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></section><section style="text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong></section><section style="text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.《使用导航工具和用户自我寻路行为呈现信息方法的关系研究》</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(33, 144, 196); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">3.《使用自然驾驶数据对驾驶碰撞风险指标和伤亡率的评价》</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7PBQncM74MG71jEJJTeVhrAk4oziaeWLlcRRezzicibWJTG9wIfciaRtMRQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.3363970588235294" data-w="544"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(33, 144, 196); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.《优势率的解释》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibDwKjqRBvibg7b9uRXLPmy7cgbStcrjibclHkibiaODmNiaFsT1Nic9B9CYuzW1cyvEDxlOgJlTaNAwkUg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.3003597122302157" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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"><section class="" style="color: rgb(31, 156, 202); font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买2015上半年刊，请点击阅读原文......</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.2em; height: 2.2em; border: 0.12em solid rgb(225, 224, 224); border-radius: 50%; margin: auto; padding-top: 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(194, 190, 190) 0px 0.2em 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1.7em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin: -0.5em auto; border: 0.1em solid rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.45098); border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"></section></section><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); 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