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                        <section class="articlee7" style="white-space: normal; font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section class="e7editor" data-id="32" data-color="rgb(55, 74, 174)" data-custom="rgb(55, 74, 174)" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><blockquote style="margin: 3px; padding: 10px 15px; border-top-width: 3px; border-right-width: 3px; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-color: rgb(55, 74, 174); border-top-left-radius: 50px; border-bottom-right-radius: 50px; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 5px 5px 2px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7brush" data-style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(107, 77, 64); line-height: 2em; font-size: 20px; border-color: rgb(107, 77, 64);font-size: 18px;font-weight:bold;" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin-top: 15px; color: rgb(55, 74, 174); line-height: 2em; border-color: rgb(55, 74, 174); "><span style="font-size: 18px; "><strong>   飞言飞语</strong></span></p></section><p style="margin-top: -10px; line-height: 2em; min-height: 1.5em; color: inherit; "><span style="font-size: 12px; "><strong class="e7brush" data-brushtype="text" style="padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; background-color: rgb(55, 74, 174); border-bottom-left-radius: 20px; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 13px; "> Attention </strong></span></p><section class="e7brush" data-style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 14px; min-height: 1.5em; color: inherit;" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><p><span style="font-size: 14px; ">那么长时间没与大家见面，真的很对不住大家。小飞飞这段时间忙成了狗，平台上的很多留言也没来得及处理，在向大家抱歉的同时也向大家承诺：</span></p><p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(217, 33, 66); ">你们需求的推送内容，将来都会出现在手机屏幕上！</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: left; "><span style="font-size: 14px; ">此外，平台上也有很多朋友表示希望看到书籍和视频，小飞飞实在忍不住暗自窃喜，因为，这个需求和我们的发展目标简直是完美一致！</span></p><p style="text-align: left; "><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">2016年下半年的事情就这样有了着落，我们将三箭齐发，一个都不能少：下半年继续<strong>编制视频、推送平台、整理出版，计划在2017年初，视频及书籍将与大家见面：</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(2, 30, 170); "><strong>视频——讲解基础知识</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(2, 30, 170); "><strong>平台——推广进阶技能</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(2, 30, 170); "><strong>书籍——分享综合实例</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: left; "><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: right; ">希望各位飞友陪着小飞飞一起——飞向更高！</strong></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; ">好了，下面我们继续上期的内容，将地图的基础知识，夯实到底！</span><br  /></p></section></blockquote><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><section class="articlee7" style="white-space: normal; font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="331" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="54194" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: center; border: 3px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-bottom: 8px; color: inherit; width: 0px; height: 0px; border-width: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199) transparent transparent rgb(198, 198, 199); z-index: 1; box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section class="135brush" data-style="line-height:1.2em;color(198,198,199);font-size:16px;text-align:left;" style="margin: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; font-size: 16px; ">本期目录</span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: inherit; "></span></span></p><p style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 32px; white-space: normal; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: inherit; ">></span><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); ">1、地图制图的基本原理</span></span></span></p><p style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 32px; white-space: normal; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">></span><span style="color: inherit; ">2、什么是大地坐标系</span></span></span></span></p><p style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 32px; white-space: normal; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>3</span><span style="color: inherit; ">、北京54坐标系和西安80坐标系</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 32px; white-space: normal; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>4</span><span style="color: inherit; ">、地心坐标系与WGS-84坐标系</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 32px; white-space: normal; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>5、地理坐标网与直角坐标网</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 32px; white-space: normal; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>6、地图的最大精度</span></span></span></span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="white-space: normal; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; padding: 15px; width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px; ">Q 1</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="margin-top: 3px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; display: inline-block; width: 516px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><section style="margin-top: 1em; border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="margin-bottom: -3px; float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-bottom: -2px; text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 516px; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165); ">地图制图的基本原理</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">地球是一个自然表面极其复杂与不规则的椭球体，而地图是在平面上描述各种制图现象，如何建立地球表面与地图平面的对应关系? </span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">为解决这一问题，大地体的概念出现啦！</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">什么是大地体</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">——大地体是由大地水准面包围而成。大地水准面是假定在重力作用下海水面静止时的平均水面，并设想此面穿过大陆与岛屿，连续扩展形成处处与铅垂线成正交的闭合曲面。由于地壳内部物质密度分布不均匀，大地水准面也有高低起伏。虽然此高低起伏已经不大，比地球自然表面规则得多，但仍不能用简单的数学公式表示。为了测量成果的计算和制图的需要，人们选用一个同大地体相近的可以用数学方法来表达的旋转椭球体来代替，简称地球椭球体。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">注意哦，它是一个规则的曲面，是测量和制图的基础。</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">地球自然表面点位坐标系的确定包括两个方面的内容<strong>：</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><strong>一、地面点在地球椭球体面上的投影位置，采用地理坐标系;</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><strong>二、地面点至大地水准面上的垂直距离，采用高程系。</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; "><img id="ledtxt.com" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/jYicjbq67iaQnWic14ZW8xI4csfFJnP4gSdAQzL0yK88hSNG4o5sOoUa9uUIGzK73BhwHOwtZT6dwNricfnenfpLdw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5830388692579506" data-w="283"  /><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></span></p><section class="articlee7"><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="white-space: normal; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; padding: 15px; width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px; ">Q 2</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="margin-top: 3px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; display: inline-block; width: 516px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><section style="margin-top: 1em; border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="margin-bottom: -3px; float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-bottom: -2px; text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 516px; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px; "><span style="color: rgb(165, 165, 165); ">什么是大地坐标系</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">说完了大地体，就要说说大地坐标系！</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">大地坐标系是大地测量中以参考椭球面为基准面建立起来的坐标系。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">地面点的位置用大地经度、大地纬度和大地高度表示。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">大地坐标系的确立包括选择一个椭球、对椭球进行定位和确定大地起算数据。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">一个形状、大小和定位、定向都已确定的地球椭球叫参考椭球。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">参考椭球一旦确定，则标志着大地坐标系已经建立。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><img id="ledtxt.com" data-type="gif" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/jYicjbq67iaQnWic14ZW8xI4csfFJnP4gSdSaAicNtHTTX7SibYFqoxY7tFvzBKOYVS63BeL8hBXYelg5rb7HgDn0Rg/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.805" data-w="400"  /><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "></span></p><section class="articlee7" style="white-space: normal; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; padding: 15px; width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px; ">Q 3</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="margin-top: 3px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; display: inline-block; width: 516px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><section style="margin-top: 1em; border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="margin-bottom: -3px; float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-bottom: -2px; text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 516px; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px; "><span style="color: rgb(165, 165, 165); ">北京54坐标系和西安80坐标系</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">北京54坐标系</span></strong></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">它与苏联1942年建立的以普尔科夫天文台为原点的大地坐标系统相联系，相应的椭球为克拉索夫斯基椭球。到20世纪80年代初，我国已基本完成了天文大地测量，经计算表明，54坐标系统普遍低于我国的大地水准面，平均误差为29米左右。</span></p><p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">西安80坐标系</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">来源——</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">1978年4月在西安召开全国天文大地网平差会议，确定重新定位，建立我国新的坐标系。为此有了1980年国家大地坐标系。</span></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">数据——</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">1980年国家大地坐标系采用地球椭球基本参数为1975年国际大地测量与地球物理联合会第十六届大会推荐的数据。</span></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">原点——</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">该坐标系的大地原点设在我国中部的陕西省泾阳县永乐镇，位于西安市西北方向约60公里，故称1980年西安坐标系，又简称西安大地原点。</span></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">基准面——</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">基准面采用青岛大港验潮站1952-1979年确定的黄海平均海水面(即1985国家高程基准)。</span><strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word; "  /></span></span></strong></p></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "></span><br  /></p><section class="articlee7" style="white-space: normal; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; padding: 15px; width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px; ">Q 4</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="margin-top: 3px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; display: inline-block; width: 516px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><section style="margin-top: 1em; border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="margin-bottom: -3px; float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-bottom: -2px; text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 516px; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px; "><span style="color: rgb(165, 165, 165); ">地心坐标系与WGS-84坐标系</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">地心坐标系</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">以地球的质心作为坐标原点的坐标系称之为地心坐标系，即要求椭球体的中心与地心重合。人造地球卫星绕地球运行时，轨道平面时时通过地球的质心，同样对于远程武器和各种宇宙飞行器的跟踪观测也是以地球的质心作为坐标系的原点，参考坐标系已不能满足精确推算轨道与跟踪观测的要求。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">建立精确的地心坐标系对于卫星大地测量、全球性导航和地球动态研究等都具有重要意义。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">WGS-84坐标系</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">这是一个国际协议地球参考系统</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">(ITRS)</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">，是目前国际上统一采用的大地坐标系。</span><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">坐标原点为地球质心，其地心空间直角坐标系的Z轴指向国际时间局(BIH)1984.0定义的协议地极(CTP)方向，X轴指向BIH1984.0的协议子午面和CTP赤道的交点，Y轴与Z轴、X轴垂直构成右手坐标系，称为1984年世界大地坐标系。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "></span></p><section class="articlee7" style="white-space: normal; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; padding: 15px; width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px; ">Q 5</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="margin-top: 3px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; display: inline-block; width: 516px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><section style="margin-top: 1em; border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="margin-bottom: -3px; float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-bottom: -2px; text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 516px; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165); ">地理坐标网和直角坐标网</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">高斯-克吕格投影的地图上绘有两种坐标网：地理坐标网和直角坐标网。</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word; "  /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word; "  /><strong>地理坐标网——</strong>在我国1：1万-1：10万地形图上，经纬线只以图廓的形式表现，经纬度数值注记在内图廓的四角，在内外图廓间，绘有黑白相间或仅用短线表示经差、纬差1’的分度带，需要时将对应点相连接，就构成很密的经纬网。在1：20万-1：100万地形图上，直接绘出经纬网，有时还绘有供加密经纬网的加密分割线。纬度注记在东西内外图廓间，经度注记在南北内外图廓间。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><strong>直角坐标网——</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">直角坐标网是以每一投影带的中央经线作为纵轴(X轴)，赤道作为横轴(Y轴)。纵坐标以赤道0起算，赤道以北为正，以南为负。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">我国位于北半球，纵坐标都是正值。横坐标本应以中央经线为0起算，以东为正，以西为负，但因坐标值有正有负，不便于使用，所以又规定凡横坐标值均加500公里，即等于将纵坐标轴向西移500公里。横坐标从此纵轴起算，则都成正值。然后，以公里为单位，按相等的间距作平行于纵、横轴的若干直线，便构成了图面上的平面直角坐标网，又叫方里网。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p><section class="articlee7" style="white-space: normal; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; padding: 15px; width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px; ">Q 6</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="margin-top: 3px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; display: inline-block; width: 516px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><section style="margin-top: 1em; border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="margin-bottom: -3px; float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-bottom: -2px; text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section data-width="100%" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 516px; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165); ">地图的最大精度</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">视力正常的人的肉眼能分辨的图上最短距离是<strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">0.1毫米</span></strong>。因此，相当于图上0.1毫米的实地水平长度就是地图上所能表示的最精密限度，称为比例尺的最大精度。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word; "  /></span></p></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; "> </p><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center; "><img id="ledtxt.com" data-original-width="200" data-original-height="150" class="active-image" title="undefined" data-type="gif" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="200" width="200px" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/jYicjbq67iaQlwyRogYoIKKv62liaw5ET6EeHUjnFIruXMqYzdFd1xvUcyZ3XeknyKkO01cxkYAydyXVLsEbK6MXA/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="text-align: center; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 200px !important; visibility: visible !important; "  /><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></p>
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