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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(252, 250, 246);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 15%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;justify-content: flex-end;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqMibpTn0MZZVS8MnxxQXuPtuTfuwicZb7VicsnmoOAzW4SRy0rQlFJNorw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.8775510204081632" data-w="196"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 70%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 50px;padding: 0px;letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);text-shadow: rgb(252, 247, 201) 2px 2px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 3px 3px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 3px 1px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 1px 3px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 1px 1px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 2px 3.4px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 2px 0.6px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 0.6px 2px, rgb(252, 247, 201) 3.4px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">周末故事</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 15%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: perspective(0px);-webkit-transform: perspective(0px);-moz-transform: perspective(0px);-o-transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;justify-content: flex-start;transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqMibpTn0MZZVS8MnxxQXuPtuTfuwicZb7VicsnmoOAzW4SRy0rQlFJNorw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.8775510204081632" data-w="196"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.562963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaickhf3dfxBpdsNEehGq5IB6PgwSiaDxJgLSxao1m3JkDUg1peSIhfu5toxoL6XWSb6TgLAByZGbZ4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-attachment: scroll;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 28px;color: rgba(38, 176, 231, 0.79);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">过去300年城市化如何重塑地球……那100年之后呢</span></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 10px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ David Montgomery</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 顾晨慧  </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 排版/ 众山小</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqs75PlibFoE8JzyeNMd5LJaZc96O5xCCZAriaO8r1DBUvIy4icAH45iakVg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif" data-ratio="1" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(88, 88, 88);padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据埃利斯（Ellis）的1700～200年，300年用地变化可视化报告，用地模式对地球生态带来的影响，远比我们想象的要更加重要。1700年前，农耕、游牧开始改变了原始地貌，城市化的发展更是带来了翻天覆地的变化。人口的增加、生活条件的升级、城市群的聚集、食物的需求上升，可能会导致更多原生态土地被开垦、被破坏，但也可以促进农业技术更新，效率、密度提升。而未来100年，很近又很远。</p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -10px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 18%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 100px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 18%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 100px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;height: auto;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 10px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);overflow: hidden;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0131926" data-w="758" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaickhf3dfxBpdsNEehGq5IB6oSTeUiaQlytNehNZsfbMkib6GpWXEXtuIicdr7ZIicerGxuGUkT0icDZtng/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 10px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);overflow: hidden;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaickhf3dfxBpdsNEehGq5IB63JubWWaeRMlVP77goicd88ckoD4gxCibGh53AaawnvROsFgSWjmcicX9Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.1814814814814815" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(250, 227, 233);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(153, 222, 249);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1700年来</span></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 24px;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">地球上的用地分布</em></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.48;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 68%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/H7BWic1nnhRtibcAawgIkTxY3zLuF6wTHZBBPW1UDUVibkq6JpmtT8R46KkL1HjfEIQSsOoE8uGibHzeRevRXTrP2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="5.057971014492754" data-w="138"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6893617" data-w="940" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9Tiaickhf3dfxBpdsNEehGq5IB6ficOd126tjhCtZhOjiaQyyEMkAaXIFEApiaVTJ7z3ibbFJLVxNO50RiamDg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(88, 88, 88);padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三个世纪之前，人类的集中居住地仅仅占据了地球5%的陆地区域，如今，这个数字达到了将近50%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人类正在通过自己的方式一点点改变世界：从碳排放开始，北极冰川在萎缩、海平面在上升、过去的四年各地的气温达到了自有记录以来的最高点。但即使在第一辆机动车和燃煤电厂出现之前，人类已经在通过畜牧和种植在逐渐改变地球生态系统的运行方式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">几十年来，环境学家Erle Ellis一直致力于研究人类活动对地球生态的影响，近年他着重于研究用地模式的变化，不仅仅是现在，更是过去。他的团队研究结果显示了一些惊人的变化，三个世纪以前，人类的集中居住地仅占据了地球5%的陆地面积，50%以上的区域完全无人涉足，而如今，地球上一半以上的陆地被农业或居住区所占据。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“气候变化的影响近年来才变得明显”来自马里兰大学的教授Ellis表示，“如果继续这样的发展趋势，它或许将会成为陆地生态的主要影响因素，但目前而言，主宰陆地生态变化的仍是用地模式”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和典型的“生物群落”(Biomes)分类模式不同，Ellis的团队通过“人类生物群落”(Anthromes/Anthropogenic Biomes)的模式来划分世界，着重于表现人类用地和自然生态的交集。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Ellis的团队绘制了土地利用图，将地球划分为网格，通过搜集不同来源的数据资源，将每一格的居住人数及他们对土地的影响进行了分类。最密集的区域通常是城市和小城镇，其次是密集的农村，再者按其主导的用地模式进行标注，如玉米地、林地、牧场等，剩下的区域则为无人居住区。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: perspective(0px);-webkit-transform: perspective(0px);-moz-transform: perspective(0px);-o-transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% -60px;transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.1814814814814815" data-w="1080"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(252, 250, 246);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-attachment: scroll;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(153, 222, 249);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1700～2000年</span></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">地球用地变化</em></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6893617" data-w="940" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9Tiaickhf3dfxBpdsNEehGq5IB6sGTkoSafnjOS7JpHhtLbMQJD21xUnaoZ6YwmuCojKq5dmq88XIwU9w/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(88, 88, 88);padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">即使每世纪只有一张快照，动图明显地表现出了趋势的变化。俄罗斯和美国在19世纪时大部分土地成为农田，而牧地则占据了亚洲和欧洲的大半荒地。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Ellis说“亚洲几乎是变化最大的区域，并且最早开始了转型；欧洲的转型也十分密集……世界其他各地的轨迹不尽相同，慢很多，并且不那么密集”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这些数据大多是估计值和近似值，Ellis的团队选择以一百年为间隔并通过边长数英里的网格来分隔整个地球，来避免数据不精确而给出的错误印象。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有人问Ellis“我的后院以前是什么样的”。他说：“哈，事实是我们没有任何确凿的证据……越早的年代，越需要进行一些，某种意义而言，基于有限信息的推测”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而近年的数据也会有问题，各国根据各自的土地分类作出的政治决议引向了一些其他的偏差，比如沙特阿拉伯的报告称他们国家“几乎每一个区域都是牧场”，尽管大部分干旱的沙漠地带很少有畜牧业存在。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.1814814814814815" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(250, 227, 233);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(153, 222, 249);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">人类活动所塑造的</em></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 24px;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">“半自然”生物群落</em></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.48;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 68%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/H7BWic1nnhRtibcAawgIkTxY3zLuF6wTHZBBPW1UDUVibkq6JpmtT8R46KkL1HjfEIQSsOoE8uGibHzeRevRXTrP2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="5.057971014492754" data-w="138"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(88, 88, 88);padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">无论是过去还是现在，世界上重要的部分都是Ellis团队所定义的“自然区域”，通常是少有人迹的森林。这可能反映了一个网格内的大部分区域被森林所覆盖，其中或许有少数小村庄。人类对荒野的塑造比我们想象的更广泛，而更剧烈。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从“原始神话”(Pristine Myth) 聊起，欧洲殖民之前的美洲大陆是被人类未触及的原始荒野所主导的观点，现代研究者认为，土著部落通过农业种植和定期焚烧也大大改变了美国的原始生态森林环境。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">正因为如此，1492年以后土著居民的流行病蔓延也对气候变化造成了巨大的影响，并且该影响并不局限于当地。一些学者认为被疾病蹂躏的土著居民大大地减少了对森林的管理，这意味着从火灾中释放到大气中的二氧化碳减少了很多，而更多地吸收到新生的森林中，这种组合可能在“小冰河时代”（Little Ice Age）中发挥了重要作用，大约1500～1850年之间全球气温显著降低。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">埃利斯也表示，不仅只有定居的农耕民族在积极地进行土地管理，狩猎游牧民族也在用自己的方式改变自然风貌，然而此方面的数据缺口较大。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“这些数据没有体现狩猎-收集者对用地模式的变化，这是我们现在努力纠正的问题”他也表示有证据表明即使是非农业人口也会对环境、用地产生重大的影响。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">数据可视化还展示了城市造成的巨大影响力，这是人类改变环境最剧烈而彻底的方式。1700年，世界表面只有一小部分被城市所覆盖，在接下来的300年间，该类用地增加了大约40倍。尽管城市只占地球陆地面积的一半，但该方式对地球的影响比此前提及的任何一种“人类活动”影响都要来得更剧烈、更显著。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: perspective(0px);-webkit-transform: perspective(0px);-moz-transform: perspective(0px);-o-transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% -60px;transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.1814814814814815" data-w="1080"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(252, 250, 246);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-attachment: scroll;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(153, 222, 249);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1700年～2000年</span></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">全球城市化变化</em></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6893617" data-w="940" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9Tiaickhf3dfxBpdsNEehGq5IB6yzicoUaEIhDdahZ1so03GfaGHQ9NnY55iaDfYx6POhKlzX81kLicJNTUQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(88, 88, 88);padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人口密集的农村区域而言，其每平方英里的人口密度通常和美国的城郊区域相似。此类用地常见于发展中国家，通常占地面积较大。（埃利斯的团队在1900年之前并未在美洲和澳洲区域标注绘制任何城市区域，也从未将“村庄“类别应用于这些大陆，因为这些地区没有”自密集自洽的农业历史“）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">与之相对应的，中国和印度的大部分区域都由这类的村庄所占据，在交通运输的技术升级来临之前，欧洲主要城市周围的腹地也大多如此。例如，巴黎曾被城郊的“花园市场”（Market Garden）区域包围，历史学家André Jardin and André-Jean Tudesq  指出，花园市场每年可以收割五～六次，并且“实际上垄断了巴黎食物市场”，该状况一直持续到19世纪下半夜。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.1814814814814815" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(250, 227, 233);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(153, 222, 249);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市如何</span></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">驱动用地变化</em></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.48;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 68%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/H7BWic1nnhRtibcAawgIkTxY3zLuF6wTHZBBPW1UDUVibkq6JpmtT8R46KkL1HjfEIQSsOoE8uGibHzeRevRXTrP2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="5.057971014492754" data-w="138"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(88, 88, 88);padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大都市周边为满足市场需求而形成的密集型农业，是城市化对土地资源造成的巨大影响的一部分，超越了城市本身的边界。成千上万的城市居民无法自己生产食物，因此需要其他地方提供更多的食物供应。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">埃利斯描述了两种城市通过其食物需求影响其远方区域的方式，一种对自然生态系统具有破坏性，另一种则出乎意料地对生态环境有益。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第一种情况，因为社会为了不断增长的人口，需要生产更多的食物，开垦新土地，通常是由低生产力的农业占据越来越多的土地，反映了农田的边际质量；如果它对农业发展有益，那他早就已经在使用了。然而，随着人口不断增加，技术的发展，低生产力农田的产量也随之增加。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">农业，数千年以来已然对地球自然生物群落产生了巨大的影响，但第二种增加供应的方式，优化/强化，则是一种有可能将一些天然生物群落恢复到被人类耕种行为改变之前的措施。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">埃利斯说：“城市化实际上有潜力来帮助恢复生态环境，城市集聚人口的功能将许多居民、农民带离农村地区，使得他们原本耕种的那些相对低生产力农业生产的土地不再增加。”在优质农田上通过技术优化增加产量则意味着不再需要增加边际农田，改变更多土地原貌。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作家Charles Mann 在他2018年的著作“巫师与先知”（The Wizard and the Prophet）中描述了发生在纽约Hudson River Valley区域的过程。在19世纪后期，这个区域主要是“难以耕种的农场以及石墙环绕的牧场”现在许多农场已经小时。1875年，哈德逊河下游的六个郡拥有约35万人和57万英亩（约342万亩）的林地；如今，这些郡居住有超过100万人口，森林的占地则是当年的三倍。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“许多新英格兰州的树木和Paul Revere时代的树木一样多”Mann在书中描述“这种增长不局限于北美地区，1970年至2015年间，欧洲的森林覆盖率增加了40%，人口从4.62亿增加到了7.43亿。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">集约化农业和城市化推进使得发达国家的部分地区恢复了自然，但第一阶段的扩张仍在发展中国家中占据主导。埃利斯的地图显示，在过去的一个世纪里，作物和牲畜扩张到非洲的Sahel和南美洲的亚马逊雨林等地区。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“目前为止，土地改造是生物圈转型的重要构成”埃利斯表示，“如果你想了解我们如何将地球生态塑造成今天这样的，土地转型起了非常重要的作用”</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: perspective(0px);-webkit-transform: perspective(0px);-moz-transform: perspective(0px);-o-transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% -60px;transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.1814814814814815" data-w="1080"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-attachment: scroll;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(153, 222, 249);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1700～2000年</span></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">欧洲用地变化</em></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6893617" data-w="940" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9Tiaickhf3dfxBpdsNEehGq5IB6XkCF2Iue3KzPGJgZ3VX6wGGhK7hoJFu68icFcpU0L56vshiaE6Ujfawg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.1814814814814815" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9K7YcP63AwqY3TTakSrGUwciaJGWkbvJQ3cHI2htVtBlBribMqvgiaPmicJRhAyHUVC56en5p8Oib6kKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 100%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/vVcdxzAHKyoUSKhgTrO0icLMF5tjAEmERuTp8sfcAO9zt4Wuv6s6eQwrAzz3XsZibnwJFvxODDp0ODax9TA8Ittg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.26410835214446954" data-w="443"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 30px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 20px;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(250, 227, 233);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(153, 222, 249);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">未来呢</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2100年的时候</em></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: -15px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 25px;color: rgb(242, 108, 144);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">世界用地图</em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">会是什么样</em></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.48;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 68%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/H7BWic1nnhRtibcAawgIkTxY3zLuF6wTHZBBPW1UDUVibkq6JpmtT8R46KkL1HjfEIQSsOoE8uGibHzeRevRXTrP2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="5.057971014492754" data-w="138"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(88, 88, 88);padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">埃利斯说，他预计城市化将继续，至少在下个世纪里，地球上用于城市地区的土地将增加一倍。同样的，他希望发达国家能够更重视集约化农业的优势，逐步减少边际土地，恢复原生态。中国等新兴发达国家已经开始开展了这一过程。另一方面，发展中国家可能仍然会继续将边缘原生土地转化为低密度农田。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“没有太多多余资金可以投资的农民更容易促成这类转变，当你需要在农场设备升级和肥料上投入大量资金时，你不会将其投资于扩大边际土地”然而，很大程度上这也取决于未来80年将展开的政治、经济和技术变革。例如，埃利斯说，美国的消费趋势由“牛肉到鸡肉的巨大转变”。“这改变了从草原到玉米、大豆生产的用地需求”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">可能影响地球用地变化未来的因素还包括政治决策，例如巴西，新任总统Jair Bolsonaro希望将更多的亚马逊热带雨林用于农业和技术，在这一领域，聚变能等发电领域可能取得突破性进展、如垂直城市农业也有潜力在农业生产方式上实现变革 。保护工作，或保护工作的缺乏，都有可能影响发达国家的集约农业发展。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> “地球生态的未来......部分取决于经济，部分取决于政治，但部分取决于愿景，”埃利斯说。“这取决于人们在期望什么样的未来。”</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: perspective(0px);-webkit-transform: perspective(0px);-moz-transform: perspective(0px);-o-transform: perspective(0px);transform-style: flat;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% -60px;transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iaETYO04PrPXJY5ZRNQGicIkF1roWb6rEqsrr8OqY1NeWPibDIhxUNQvqPqUS2gy66nzw3jOF7KbgGLV3hHqlleqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" 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border-box;"> 推送 </span> | 近3000篇原创专业译文</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 感谢</span><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> | 过去6年多来您的支持</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 欢迎 </span> | 后台留言联系我们报名加入</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2020 ? 转载请注明：</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">转载自公众号“”</p></section><section 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