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<section style="display:none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"><br  /></section><section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;border-left: 5px none rgb(255, 87, 156);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245);border-top: 4px none rgb(255, 87, 156);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(38, 124, 242);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰是欧洲的传统门户，经济发展繁荣，是世界第17大经济体和欧盟第6大经济体，更是全球创新的领导者。创新让荷兰具有高度的竞争力，世界经济论坛编撰的2019全球竞争力指数，荷兰首次成为欧洲最具竞争力经济体。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[荷兰观察笔记] 从区域协作、城市转型、人性交通、园区品质、乡村发展等不同视角，全方位观察荷兰创新的建设理念、战略选择与城市魅力，思考对于北京创新发展的启示。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;line-height: 0.8;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-top: 0.8em solid rgb(38, 124, 242);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);padding: 5px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: stretch;border-width: 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">01</p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-style: solid none solid solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);margin: 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: stretch;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰团战：构建区域都市群</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰的多中心都市群规划理念与实践在全球范围内独树一帜，特色鲜明。荷兰全国分为12个省区和418个市区。著名的兰斯塔德区域位于荷兰西部，地跨南荷兰、北荷兰和乌德列支三省，是欧洲最大的城市群之一，自中世纪以来即是荷兰的政治、经济、文化中心。兰斯塔德地区占国土面积26%，集中了全国46%的人口，区域常住人口密度达到每平方公里905人，而聚焦到城区、城市尺度，阿姆斯特丹等各城市的人口密度相对偏低，对比伦敦、巴黎等大都市区一“心”独大的发展方式，<span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">兰斯塔德地区层次清晰、分工协作的团战模式对激发更大范围的整体社会经济活力来说效果显著，对防治城镇地区的无序蔓延、减少大规模远距离通勤等城市问题具有积极的作用</strong></span>。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0906298" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsAhvvbBFs3iaibTKwZNukNfsntV50cj5FxEG0BGgNOQVvwxBCpoXKNE2A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="651" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：荷兰区域空间结构分析图（自绘）</em></strong></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7731629" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0Zs28TgYYNIdHcLDGR5SUqvibVfuUrnzsPhHl6VtncfJGXWKziclH0qFwnQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="626" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7611465" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsNic45bk3y42uHHvpfrYZsBm5qVicnkRFg5WuC1ZMmlJ7700kia1dO3xKA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="628" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：兰斯塔德都市区与伦敦都市区就业、居住分布比较示意图</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);padding: 5px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: stretch;border-width: 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">02</p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-style: solid none solid solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);margin: 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: stretch;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">健康绿心：强化跃动生态内核</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰的生态空间管控来源于治水策略的发展。在历次洪涝灾害的应对中，水治理经历了从早期依靠筑堤疏浚、填海造地等工程干预，到综合评估，预留湿地、绿心等生态空间作为缓冲区的发展，更好的涵养生态保育空间，指导建设用地的科学分布。自上世纪60年代的初代国家空间结构规划开始，即强调多核群组式的发展模式，旨在形成与生态空间的良好互动。兰斯塔德区域的“绿心”保护也是在这一时期的规划中被正式提出，并在随后的历次规划中得以保持并强化。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">绿心位于阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹、海牙以及乌德勒支四大城市之间，呈马蹄型，由于土地低洼而难以建设利用，逐步形成了总面积约1827平方公里，以农业为主的生态地带。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7669903" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsSuJPQeXpbHmmExSHlaIb8qh1KhrPYZubiauo4IicGgkr3W8icgaboI9fA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="927" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：兰斯塔德都市区绿心位置示意图</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：《the green heart region up to 2050，2001》）</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">绿心地区涉及70余个行政辖区，为了更好的统筹保护与管理，构建跨域空间治理机制就显得尤为重要。为此，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">兰斯塔德地区建立了绿心平台，由国家相关部委、省和城市等组成，共同商讨决策</span></strong>。在1990年代，划定了兰斯塔德城市群的“红线”和“绿线”，前者用来划定城市及其发展区，控制城市发展边界，后者用来划定城市发展过程中要保护的特殊生态或景观。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">到 21 世纪初，设立绿心独立管理区，探索了区域整合发展、绿心整体管控的新模式</span><span style="color:#a0a0a0;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong><span style="color:#a0a0a0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</em></span></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然保护绿心一直是兰斯塔德都市区发展的核心共识，但类似于“整体管控剥夺了地方发展权，理想化的景观风貌与现实中低质量的现状矛盾巨大”等质疑声也从未停止。为此，近期的各类规划在以往侧重空间严格管控的政策方面有所缓和，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">因地制宜的允许绿地内部进行局部开发，形成集农业生产、观光游憩、生态保育于一体的区域绿色产业，并给与一定的财政支持，以保障一定的社会经济收益</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong>此外，营造与水系统协同的良好城镇和自然景观，划定国家地景区，塑造绿色空间整体景观格局、加强历史文化遗产与传统农业生态景观的保护，提升景观的质量与特色。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7674919" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsmiatkTP4XrqibmQsicTvR7o0xt0XRF3kHwFiaF4cUaJsNvVIUuV7icb86rQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="929" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：兰斯塔德都市区现状用地功能示意图</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（现状农业用地占75%、各类建设用地占10%、水域占9%、森林及自然保护用地占5%、其他占1%，来源：兰斯塔德大都市区战略规划，2040）</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9299363" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsRfJeO0oEISyVm594Yq0ZV5nXrugXIwbIZO7ETaDXAK3IrpInd0dAdw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="628" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：兰斯塔德都市区规划用地功能示意图</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：兰斯塔德大都市区战略规划，2040）</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7243736" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsSWJswX2mvJUic9YMbCPnDufV4vpEWL8XaicNKfNWeIn1dIiaRq1gaGgicA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="439" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：兰斯塔德都市区差异化的景观特征分布示意图</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：兰斯塔德大都市区战略规划，2040）</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);padding: 5px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: stretch;border-width: 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">03</p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-style: solid none solid solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);margin: 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: stretch;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">分工协作：塑造多级城市网络</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以城市群作为统一整体参与国际竞争的发展模式更加强调内部城镇间的分工与合作，因此，共建共治共享在荷兰就显得尤为重要。以2012年颁布的最新《荷兰基础设施和空间结构愿景（2040）》<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">2</span></em></span>为例，全国各主要城市被划分为9个具有区域重要职能的都市群，成为国内、国际间铁路与公路运输网络的重要节点，与周边德国、比利时等国家联系密切，是国家核心竞争力的焦点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">城市间的分工协作充分体现在兰斯塔德都市区，形成了层次清晰、职能分工明确的城镇网络，以优化产业布局、有效配置资源</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong>区域中心城市包括阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹、海牙和乌得勒支四座，彼此功能各有侧重。阿姆斯特丹是荷兰的首都，是荷兰金融、贸易、旅游和文化艺术中心，且拥有欧洲最大的空运中心史基浦机场机场和荷兰第二大港口；鹿特丹拥有世界最大的港口，是国际航运枢纽和国际贸易中心，在交通运输业和临港制造业上地位突出；海牙是全国政治中心，众多政府机构、国会议事堂、大使馆、国际组织以及现任女王与皇室家族的官邸都设于海牙；乌特勒支则位于国家主要铁路公路干线的交汇点，是重要的交通运输枢纽城市和全国性会议中心，且文化与教育职能突出。第二层级是众多中小城镇，各具特色。比如莱顿教育职能突出，为周边城市提供高层次人才；希尔弗尔瑟姆以多媒体发达为特色，是国家电视台所在地，创新性人才众多；阿姆斯福特、哈勒姆、德雷赫特等城市密度较底，环境优良，在区域中主要承担着居住职能等。各城市间交通畅达、联系紧密，若以火车为出行工具统计，四大城市之间的交通时间都在1小时以内。在荷兰主要城市就业岗位排行榜中，兰斯塔德四大中心城市排名前四，有7座城市位列前十。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6824074" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsWAmHAmAXvc4ZDSxANlGK5pm2m0XL6yenPf4dDTnph7lFQLN7O06eiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：国家空间结构规划示意图</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：《荷兰基础设施和空间结构愿景（2040）》）</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1756098" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0Zsw7Zvrf2ZZibaib5BMZUaFYW24OhBUzThUaRebiaSHHvkA24P7IgpVBONQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="410" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：荷兰主要城市就业排行情况示意图<span style="color:#a0a0a0;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></em></strong><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color:#a0a0a0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">3</span></span></em></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);padding: 5px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: stretch;border-width: 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">04</p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-style: solid none solid solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);margin: 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: stretch;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">跨域统筹：落实区域战略项目</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为了更好的保障跨省市的区域性系统工程，避免区域精细分工、事权下方后，上级政府在区域战略性项目落地阶段缺乏话语权的尴尬，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰规划管理提供了“介入性用地规划”这一实操工具，对地方的土地利用进行直接的干预，避免出现与上位规划重大违背的建设活动</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据《荷兰基础设施和空间结构愿景（2040）》，规划提出了三大目标，共13项具体策略与项目，涉及空间规划、交通、环境、能源等诸多领域，并明确指出，中央政府除了该13项要点之外，不再干预地方政府预判城市发展规模、划定城市建设地区、预留生态空间等的规划内容。在此基础上规划还<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">约定了“介入性用地规划”使用的前提，即国际条约、国际组织，以及跨省市、区域性的项目落实等，成为引领荷兰各级政府规划编制及城乡管理的最高战略</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表1：《荷兰基础设施和空间结构愿景（2040）》的规划目标与要点</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5300353" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eNyI73ibFbOnEBy5yWawQ0ZsvAgVWibuIQ2LiaKtrAUB1RCG7IKicXu3HT2rHia2kfmbqh8Thg9EL9JfLA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="566" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);padding: 5px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: stretch;border-width: 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">05</p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-style: solid none solid solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);margin: 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: stretch;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">团战共赢：对北京的启示</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京与荷兰在空间规划领域有着相似的关注焦点，《北京城市总体规划（2016年—2035年）》明确指出，着力拉开城市框架，大力调整空间结构，在北京市域范围内形成“一核一主一副、两轴多点一区”的城市空间结构，改变单中心集聚的发展模式，构建北京新的城市发展格局，从而优化提升首都功能，做到功能清晰、分工合理，实现北京长远可持续发展。对比借鉴荷兰在区域建设中的经验，对北京形成三方面的启示：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">一是进一步加强顶层设计，创新政策机制</span></strong>，开展核心区功能重组、中心城区功能疏解、多点一区功能承接的精细研究，特别针对跨圈层的梯度式、跨越式转移和圈层内各区、各新城的分工协作，形成优势互补、差异发展的有机整体，提升城市整体发展水平和核心竞争力。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">二是强化战略生态绿色空间的网络化构建</span></strong>，尤其在中心城区、新城等高密度建设地区，着力推动一道城市公园环、二道郊野公园环、城市绿道蓝网、通风廊道等的系统建设，提高城市韧性，建设健康城市，为高效应对公共卫生等突发事件提供空间保障。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">三是牢牢把握首都城市战略定位，加强战略引领、规划统筹，在各级规划编制与实施管理中，探索上传下导的有力工具</span></strong>，保障城市发展的各项战略性、系统性规划内容实施落地，实现一张蓝图干到底。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">注释</span></em></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">1 荷兰兰斯塔德“绿心战略”60年发展中的争论与共识——兼论对当代中国的启示：袁琳，国际城市规划，2015Vol.30, No.6<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">2 National Policy Strategy for Infrastructure and Spatial Planning<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">3 Regional Differences in Spatial Flexibility: Long Commutes and Job Related Migration Intentions in the Netherlands, Maarten Van Ham & Pieter Hooimeijer, Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, volume 2, pages 129–146(2009)</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-top: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-bottom-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-top: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-bottom-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;color: transparent;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-radius: 6px;overflow-wrap: break-word;box-sizing: border-box;margin: -13px 3px;padding: 12px;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【北京·国际城市观察站】是以北京市城市规划设计研究院为主建立的研究小组，旨在追踪世界前沿、推广国际经验，深入比较北京和其他国际大城市规划实践，为规划师和各级政府部门服务，关注领域涵盖城市规划所关注的所有方面。我们致力于：第一手资料+第一时间推送+第一流的分析总结。期待与国内外同行建立广泛的合作关系。</p></section></section><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-top-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-top-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section>
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