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<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="405" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.7" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNx6JyC8gjfzItAR4xovn5WLZkibh5rI7yt8xhzl0DMibYHIQNpucbPB1Hn5taHMkLFhfniblao2OJh7Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">- 暴雨季，城市水患频发 </span></p><p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">图源：image.baidu.com</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">由于城市内涝积水导致的城市“看海”问题成为不少城市每逢雨季的热点话题。表面上，城市“看海”问题的形成可归因为城市排水系统无法及时排除因暴雨而形成的地面积水，其本质上揭示了城市规划建设与自然生态发展的矛盾，警示我们在践行尊重自然的“天人合一”发展观方面仍有值得反思之处。</span><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">与流域性洪水不同，城市内涝影响范围较小，但由于其发生频率更高，且难以防御，往往在局部地区可造成较大的生命财产损失。基于科学数据的理性分析可以帮助我们更好地理解当前面临的问题，为不断完善城市规划发展策略提供帮助。本文以东莞市中心城区为剖析对象，以相关数据为支撑，从多个视角剖析城市“看海”成因，提出城市应对“看海”顽疾的韧性适应之策。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 1px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -14px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(20, 82, 107);font-size: 50px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(30, 212, 194);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="color: rgb(30, 212, 194);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;">创纪录的“5.22”特大暴雨</strong></span></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 23px;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 82, 107);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">5月22日，东莞部分地区遭遇特大暴雨，公开数据显示，东莞东城录得最大3小时降雨量351毫米（东莞市两百年一遇3小时降雨约为236.8毫米），为该市有气象纪录以来历史最高纪录，1小时最大降雨量达到157.1毫米（东莞市二百年一遇1小时降雨约为146毫米）。从东莞市自动站监测结果看，全市超过20个站点24小时降雨量超过特大暴雨级别，部分站点24小时降雨量超过400毫米（百年一遇24小时降雨约为414.5毫米），雨势极其凶猛，历史罕见。受此次特大暴雨影响，东莞市部分城区尤其是老城区出现严重内涝。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="434" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.75" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkxjAMc4Qiczv5Z8n06b2Aj0A0nZ5G4rcds8TUpAYjYY6rBdQC8xGwNZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">图源：https://www.sohu.com</span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 1px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -14px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(20, 82, 107);font-size: 50px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(30, 212, 194);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>全球气候变化：雨越下越大</strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 23px;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 82, 107);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">政府间气候变化专业委员会（Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change, IPCC）针对极端气候变化的专门报告（IPCCSREX,2012）指出，由于人类活动对于全球气温上升的影响不断增强，干旱、暴雨等极端天气现象将在全球变的更为频繁。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">国家气候中心等机构研究认为，至本世纪末，我国大陆极端降雨（R95p）与过去相比，发生频率和强度将显著增加。</span></strong><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">根据相关资料，近年来东莞市极端降雨事件越发频繁，以10、20、30、60分钟和120分钟的历时降雨为例，自1961年以来，1980～2014年35年间降水极值出现次数远大于1961～1979年19年间的发生次数，且降水极值均出现在2008年以后的近十几年中。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="430" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.7434030937215651" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkEoW8fOJDHb7teicjgfcNNlAx3AmtuCGBqzic3HSPCZW6iaAfZyb2D7XZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1099" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="431" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.7454323995127893" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkM74kmMWsTf8z5NZ1CXMx9M9R4IgvibjSlGjquGU9cJXKqQVXUmayIug/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="821" style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">对比东莞10、20、30、60、120min历时的年最大降雨量序列，1980年至2014年的平均值相对于1961年至2010年的平均值分别偏大了约8.8%、7.0%、5.7%、5.0%、5.7%。</span><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="253" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.4380069524913094" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkxUa8R3d8kr7uAUc1nT3beVhYMjEZ5icrjwL2qgVh5dLVNRkpD6qgvxg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="863" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 1px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -14px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(20, 82, 107);font-size: 50px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(30, 212, 194);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>城水争地，洪水</strong><strong>难寻容身之所</strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 23px;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 82, 107);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">经过三十多年快速城镇化进程，我国形成了体量巨大的城镇建设区。采用卫星影像解释分析的办法进行估算，与1978年改革开放初期城市建设用地不足10平方公里相比，2018年东莞市区建设用地已达160平方公里左右。伴随大量城镇建设区出现的是一些湖泊、湿地、坑塘等自然蓄水空间的消失。城镇建设对流域水文的影响主要表现为热岛效应、场地径流增加，进而形成比未开发前更大的洪水流量，这种城镇开发建设水文效应的存在，客观上使得城镇本身在暴雨面前变得更加脆弱。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="789" data-backw="578" data-ratio="1.3650047036688617" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkyJLp0RXH7icnicMcEicecZ9yaibiaeBUm6CJ8RvHwR1slSK5uERYwvBicEKA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1063" style="white-space: normal;width: 578.171px;"  /></span></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">40年来东莞市中心城区建设用地变化情况（作者自绘）</span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="399" data-backw="578" data-croporisrc="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkHDMThR1xzw449emXsTaAOo5E76vlW7Q7qIlrslkQ1UiaJ0zAjkbs00Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="1080" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="745.5363321799308" data-ratio="0.6898148148148148" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNwa61vyibd3ibWqDDSiaicayQ717icVF3wZD290sjDly1xJvat6Uodu6ib6JiajHKm4QxpDlicUks3QBIiaUpw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="text-align: center;width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">高密度的城镇建设区</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">图源：头条号/户外田社</span></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">另外，从自然地理条件看，东莞中心城区位于珠江口东岸，东江下游，城市建设开发强度和人口密度较高。东莞中心城区运河两岸及珠江三角洲围区地势低洼，暴雨时，上游山洪和下游外围水系洪水顶托叠加，容易导致城市内涝积水。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="448" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.7744874715261959" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rk6PjVGVQWeVlDCg4vEIMEJRZayBmqeeMY3bOPmd4dI3XCiaS4Eg0uSYQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="878" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">东莞中心城区范围与区域水系位置关系（作者自绘）</span></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><br  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 1px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -14px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(20, 82, 107);font-size: 50px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">04</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(30, 212, 194);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>短板突出，城市</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>排水</strong><strong>设施亟需提质增效</strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 23px;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 82, 107);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">严格意义上，在2017年7月1日起实施《城镇内涝防治技术规范》之前，我国是没有严格的城</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">市内涝概念的。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">过去相当长的一个时期，我国城镇排水设计沿用苏联模式，雨水排除主要以设计标准较低的雨水管渠为主。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">我国早期城镇排水设计标准规定为0.33-2年一遇；</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">1997年修订时首次将城镇排水分为一般地区和重要地区，标准为一般地区0.5-3年，重要地区2-5年；</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">2014年修订版《室外排水设计规范》要求，依据城镇类型不同，中心区排水重现期为2~5年，中心区重要地区3-10年，中心区特殊地区（地下通道等）10~50年。</span><br  /></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">《城镇内涝防治技术规范》（GB51222-2017）明确提出：城镇内涝防治体系应包括源头减排、增加调蓄、竖向调整、提升排水能力在内的系统工程措施和非工程措施，并规定我国城市内涝防治标准为20~100年不等，至此，我国才算有了科学的城镇内涝防治设计标准。城市内涝概念的缺失使得我们将城市排水问题归结为单一的雨水管渠系统，导致我国长时间采用设计标准较低的雨水管渠应对城市内涝问题。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="392" data-backw="578" data-croporisrc="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkn0RmiaR4LwGyqP3mno62Suf7o8G5oNjH9mEtCzyhpDsnHeXzDKiaXWyg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="1280" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="868.0968858131489" data-ratio="0.67734375" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkBGH0eSXXZU4E1xZv7Qtale4tCFyNQnabwKoyyVLWFqQb5ib9kiabXiaIw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">图源：www.dg.gov.cn</span><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">此外，我国大部分地区属于季风性气候，降雨量时间分布非常不均，这与莫斯科这种高寒少雨而且降雨相对比较均衡的降雨特征相差甚大，更不用说东莞所在的华南地区的亚热带季风气候所特有的“龙舟水”暴雨特征了。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">城镇排水设施的管理水平直接影响城市排水防涝设施作用的发挥。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">我国城镇建设“重地上、轻地下”的顽疾导致我国许多城镇排水设施建设完成后由于缺乏高质量的运维而无法正常运行。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="489" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.8455056179775281" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkrdpUpKicsXrH4qa8bSicQfMShf0ddOWWibulgxv4n6biancvvroTJbvZ1w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1068" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">东莞市区某流域雨水管排水能力评估结果</span></section><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.7254545454545455" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rk6kemJG61TcXfMBJJqzVw9ice4VFGqeMtiamevXTojdd3TaJiadFZlqZsQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="550" style="width: 100%;height: auto;" data-backw="550" data-backh="27"  /></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">“消失的”雨水篦子</span><br  /></section><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 1px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -14px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(20, 82, 107);font-size: 50px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">05</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(30, 212, 194);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>城水共融，韧性</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>智慧的适应之道</strong><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 23px;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 82, 107);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">城市洪涝问题的本质是城市规划建设过程中如何处理好人与自然关系的问题。随着生态文明战略深入实施，将人与自然视为生命共同体，尊重自然、顺应自然已成为城市规划建设发展的基本遵循。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">根本而言，解决城市“看海”问题最为智慧的做法是城市规划建设时先做好蓝绿生态底盘，科学谋划城镇布局，为可能的城市洪水留下足够的生态滞蓄空间。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">世界上很多国家都充分意识到，随着全球气候变化对城市安全运行影响的显著增加，城市空间规划布局应更加注重极端暴雨的影响，德国德罗斯顿市新一轮土地规划提出了紧凑用地与生态网络耦合布局的概念方案，以充分应对全球气候变化及其带来威胁。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="348" data-backw="578" data-croporisrc="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkkoz6gOicy0h1xoiaEp0DXaia4NsQqfT8D2uom6jkuht5QU9qtzgx8jXRw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="949" data-cropy1="14.776816608996539" data-cropy2="586.1470588235294" data-ratio="0.6027397260273972" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNwQI2jAdvY2iaoB4hncDKLRGic9opy4ZdCKVaiccibSdtVHYAVUX4cNl1HxVCZvZPcDub0ZURYznOU6iaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="949" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><section style="text-align: left;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">德国德罗斯顿市紧凑城市与生态网络规划图</span></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">The compact city within the ecological network</span></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">图源：AdaptationofDresden on ClimateChange Flood and Drought Delegation CAUPD 12. Dezember2019, Dr. Christian Korndoerfer</span></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">然而，经过四十年的快速城镇化，我国形成了体量巨大的城镇建设区，多数城市或地区很难完全重建或恢复规模化的雨洪生态滞蓄空间，加之近年来全球气候变化影响显著，极端暴雨频发，设计标准偏低的排水防涝设施无法承受猛烈暴雨袭击，客观而言，城市“看海”问题将长期伴随这些地区存在。事实上，即使排水防涝设施达标建设，由于存在城市建设水文效应，加之全球气候变化影响，许多城市依然会面临城市“看海”问题，拥有较高建设标准排水设施的欧美地区的城市同样有城市内涝问题的烦恼也正是这个原因。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">因此，面对频发的城镇内涝灾害，除尽快补齐城镇排水设施工程建设的短板外，更为重要的是需要城市管理者树立韧性智慧防灾减灾观念：</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;border-style: none solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(58, 66, 94);padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;align-self: center;margin-right: 5px;margin-left: 5px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -6px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;height: 20px;width: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 178, 155);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(58, 66, 94);padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(52, 168, 150);"><strong>实施精细评估，科学修复城市自然蓝绿空间</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 100 100 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">城镇建设不可避免地对原有自然地形产生干扰甚至是改造，一些城市或地区由于规划建设初期对原有场地水文特征缺乏研究，客观上导致了城市潜在洪涝滞蓄空间和行泄通道消失，加之缺乏完整的城市竖向规划，最终导致城市水文系统紊乱，“看海”不足为奇。面对如此窘境，应积极采用水力模型，对城市暴雨水文过程进行精细化模拟，从全域范围科学识别潜在的洪涝滞蓄空间和行泄通道，贯彻海绵城市建设理念，分散重建城市蓝绿空间。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="548" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.947680157946693" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rk9vqsW9UC3Oeeh0RX7kib3r1rtJSqNyhkoPpaiczYeE4uKpfK3wibRaFQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1013" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">基于水力模型的城市内涝积水空间和排水路径识别</span><br  /></section><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="445" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.7703125" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkXMFpJZ7wd6ZibWBs7uYhQ5z2QeL3WkabpUhT10r9Dtdluf8t7U8CPiag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><section style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">新加坡加冷河碧山公园  ?安博戴水道</span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;border-style: none solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(58, 66, 94);padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;align-self: center;margin-right: 5px;margin-left: 5px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -6px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;height: 20px;width: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 178, 155);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(58, 66, 94);padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(52, 168, 150);">因地制宜设置灵活设施，弹性应对极端洪涝</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 100 100 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">从经济角度看，城市管理者无法通过不断增加投资，建设规模巨大的工程设施来抵御发生概率较低的极端洪涝灾害，这种做法在高密度建设区域不仅难以落地实施，也不符合韧性城市防灾理念。德国、荷兰等国家在应对城市局部洪涝时采取的防洪墙做法值得我们研究借鉴，该项措施具有相当的灵活性和经济性，对保护城市内部某些脆弱敏感地区具有不错的效果。</span><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="328" data-backw="578" data-ratio="0.5681211041852182" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/36RibRqVRbNyomjcFPKCVia7zYcStsD3rkZryGUogXxBtZXPibX1tW0M0s4d6ZdYD9nqkKl2h6AoPPRpwkMSQroNw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1123" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"  /></p><section style="text-align: left;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">德国德罗斯顿市临时防洪墙设计<br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">图源：Adaptation ofDresden onClimateChange Flood and Drought Delegation CAUPD 12. Dezember 2019, Dr.Christian Korndoerfer</span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;border-style: none solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(58, 66, 94);padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;align-self: center;margin-right: 5px;margin-left: 5px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -6px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;height: 20px;width: 3px;background-color: rgb(20, 178, 155);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(58, 66, 94);padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(52, 168, 150);">强化新一代信息技术应用，提升内涝防治智慧化水平</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 100 100 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">依托智慧城市建设平台，强化物联网、5G等新一代信息技术应用，构建集在线监测、实时数据传输、积水结果预测、风险发布与智能决策于一体的城市内涝监测预警决策平台，不断提升城市遭遇极端暴雨灾害时的韧性应对能力。</span></p><p><br  /></p><section style="line-height: normal;text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">- 推荐阅读 -</span></strong></section><section style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br  /></span></strong></section><p style="white-space: normal;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MDUwOTI5MQ==&mid=2650049412&idx=1&sn=1b2b6b4aeab1b397214ad37d9eca7ecf&chksm=880ab100bf7d38162fef3825123657cd7ac0c24cd0797c44a129e13ff2eba83cb4ab87db5d57&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.38" data-s="300,640" 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!important;">中规院深圳分院城市基础设施研究中心主任</span></strong></span></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: 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