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R而不凡︱R语言制作日本老龄化动画演示与绘制地图(两则)
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<div class="rich_media_content " id="js_content"> <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9KWyAm78qwibl2wicVtAiaorxkECC89WbfZfnkaRQX10GI6M6Uvx6FQpyqS8icjyfrt1iax1cLUzNqG6g/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 100%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Kyle Walker、Freakonometrics</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 辛梦阳 文献/ 王晓晖 <span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">校核/ 众山小 </span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小 排版/ 古佳玉</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://mmsns.qpic.cn/mmsns/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OSHmarhEwCtezN7tqQCMLTg/0" data-ratio="1.0067567567567568" data-w="148" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">R语言的应用一直是我们关注的焦点，今天我们就来介绍两种R语言的应用。则一是制作日本社会老龄化趋势的动画图，另外一则是介绍如何利用R语言绘制地图和热力图。相信大家会从中学到对海量数据的可视化、以及对地理信息展示的小技巧。另外感谢懂行的翻译志愿者对源代码的中文备注。<em style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">不多说，来看源代码喽！</em></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; font-size: 21.6px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px; width: 2.5em; text-align: right; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em; height: 0.3em; margin-right: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section><section style="width: 2.5em; text-align: right; margin: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin-right: 2px; line-height: 1.2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: white; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.8em; font-size: 23px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则一、R语言制作日本老龄化动画演示</strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Kyle Walker 翻译/ 辛梦阳</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">美国人口普查局建立了多个数据库(http://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets.html) 以供开发者们通过Census API(http://www.census.gov/developers/)来调用数据。其中还有一个是国际数据库International Database (http://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/international-database.html) ，该数据库提供人口统计历史数据（按年龄和性别分统计的人口）及其统计分析，并可预测未来情景直至2050年。Kyle Walker 为了应用这些数据库和API开发了R语言idbr包 (https://github.com/walkerke/idbr)，让人们更容易通过R程序下载这些数据库，并创建类似图一的动画。该动画展示了日本自1990年以来的人口调查统计。人口调查局预测这种人口老龄化趋势只会随着时间推移而加剧。注意图中底部不断减少的婴儿数量，日本人口已经在2016年起开始减少。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OoUHvLOAuV0wWkY5kQwGZzVTo8vGCX4iagojW0riac9tZgPLQKPxVWyLQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.858" data-w="500" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、R语言制作的日本老龄化效果图</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kyle 使用ggplot(https://mran.microsoft.com/package/ggplot2) 命令的geom_bar来可视化这种人口金字塔，并使用ggthemes (https://mran.microsoft.com/package/ggthemes/) 包的Economist主题重新渲染。我们需要申请一个Census API (http://api.census.gov/data/key_signup.html) 的密钥来运行代码，不过这很简单，提供公司和电子邮件地址后分分钟就搞定。接下来安装ImageMagick (http://www.imagemagick.org/) 支持的animation(动画)包。那么我们看一下Kyle的源代码吧(https://gist.github.com/walkerke/f9665e15b74b393bd2d6#file-japan_pyramid-r)：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O3WRnu1K5Tibp1Okpmwj2wpHqUy9I8icDRR3Am0SDN5STWa9ymKWic0STA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.6726618705035972" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OUBXibwEyczicIxia9mjtvoNfEvatTb6ia49lSGtD5eMslHNsNTd9TxOaDA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.4340425531914893" data-w="470" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O7XzNYuSOArGj3YUy55UyHqBibZW5O0l9JppoOjB3zLC3nOkqtcFVJcQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.5297872340425531" data-w="470" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OuQWlP5T3SosRU9aYGbDu73heCqVZDa5Vk5iaRtBu8W7ibVbYohHACHPg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.1531914893617021" data-w="470" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、日本老龄化动画R语言源程序</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">更多关于Kyle的idbr包的内容，请点击如下GitHub的链接:</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Github (walkerke): idbr, An R interface to the US Census Bureau International Data Base API (https://github.com/walkerke/idbr)</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; font-size: 21.6px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px; width: 2.5em; text-align: right; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em; height: 0.3em; margin-right: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section><section style="width: 2.5em; text-align: right; margin: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin-right: 2px; line-height: 1.2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: white; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.8em; font-size: 23px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则二、R语言绘制世界地图</strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Freakonometrics 翻译/ 辛梦阳</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O4Yt5ib1kmY1ibOjm8ibKZxzQuPrZKWtoGeQNOfCcRMklD4Pf97zRNKVNA/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="1.0046948356807512" data-w="213" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、R语言绘制的世界地图</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">上个月，freakonmometrics在他的博客贴出了一系列关于北极的文章。这些文章中的地图都是用其卓越的ggplot2包绘制的，今天我们就来分享一些源代码。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，我们来获取一张世界地图，使用getMap命令从rworldmap包中读取(https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rworldmap/index.html)。较之map，我倾向于这个函数，因为它给我更精确的边界。当我在绘制欧盟地图时，会使用同样的方法(http://egallic.fr/european-map-using-r/)。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OnIQFII268ykPc1rVvIpV5BLibHUaOxxIHcsCnDKpCz2nwicF1Tq1Fydg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.379876796714579" data-w="487" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、绘制世界地图源代码</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">代码绘图如下：</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OL0Fe5b8lnvoGBbl6guGT35kmed98VIxl2jYlcfMiaJ9vuicCicazlcgXg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.539568345323741" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、ggplot2 绘制的世界地图</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">ggplot2包中还有一个超赞的函数coord_map，可以让我们瞬间变换地图投影，指定方向同样很容易。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OR5YZIszfLe6Y6IQDdnH1bKbBibbhzKyHtT9StVI7cbCxEh2oq3dNybA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5233812949640287" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图六、变换地图投影的源程序</span></em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OXFoj44y4UPsUVNpfek2CDibuCTDtBHSb6p4R03BbpP1KrXKpiche1rNQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.9928057553956835" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、变换后的效果</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在，我们想要高亮显示加拿大、俄罗斯、格陵兰等国在距离北极3000公里范围内的区域。这看起来没什么，但是在处理代表一个国家的多边形时，会显得很费力。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在给定圆心和半径的情况下，我们需要一个可以得到圆上各个点的坐标的函数。有趣的是，北极的维度是90，经度几乎为无穷。此外，在使用geosphere包中的函数destPoint时，((0,90))是无法识别的，为了解决这个问题，我做了一点小手脚，在原经纬度加上微小值。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OgK1KN1zpibhCBSVpUomFcQdtacreQZ2c3xUq0vHicmpepNkZaPmsjtzQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.4751037344398341" data-w="482" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图八、高亮地图</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在，我们可以使用gpclib包中的union函数创建我们选择国家的gpc.poly对象。这将使处理国家边界这种对象更为容易。看一下加拿大的坐标：</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O7kyOPmNNOQtUvicazm7WrsmNicZSaOudQ91SHkkvnv4CS2KeNlKWPeog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.552158273381295" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图九、处理国家边界</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如你所见，有很多不同的组，该数据框中，有30个定义多边形来描述加拿大边界对每个多边形，我们获取与圆环相交的点坐标。接下来的代码展示了如何得到指定国家的gpc.poly对象。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OrXxHJkFFibpo1srszUDZXBp0ibX6p8ay16JvwxEA7Pmc6o2nkTnYjlqw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.025179856115108" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十、指定国家对象</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在北极为圆心，半径为3000公里下，这里给出求得国家边界和圆环交点的坐标。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O3YIXcTNqpQLHrib8IebUoWh3iccZko09p2CloD6cibUbDH8iaMWw0QGXmQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.0359712230215827" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十一、给出国家边界和圆环交点的坐标</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">接下来可以将这些函数应用到加拿大，俄国和格陵兰。我希望将这些圆最后画出，以免被多边形遮挡住，因此我将圆的数据框以”z”开头。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O6ZSea7R7fwtYOGgIsfpQ7HMicsnPjZia8uGPZ6hgBBuLc7YiczUvOUpkw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.1942446043165467" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十二、免被多边形遮挡</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为了让ggplot能够只填充这三个国家的多边形，我们可以加入一个world.df2向量，让其他国家都为空值。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OKhkX5CyIwPoWfiamiafiajE1B2EHnNibKvsPSGKcgmXFymVbQgVKjHic6dg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8255395683453237" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十三、加入world.df2向量</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">终于可以绘图了！</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OicThTA3aBOMj8ETBGNa7BaibvdIJG6dV1eU2U0OpfRaP90560Qq2nDrQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.9568345323741008" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十四、绘图代码</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OWnUfZymWXCjuNafklOZYdFgic08xQN2ck5kOKPO3aW0vnMGrluVxQvQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.539568345323741" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十五、加拿大、俄国、格陵兰距北极3000公里范围成图</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在，如果想生成动画gif，可以将以上代码在改变角度这个变量下运行。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OUt7TNrTZFGrGn8BvD7hINf27XXXoOriaYJEPqllRcw4HT5q9maO8LJw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.1492805755395683" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十六、生成动画GIF</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O4Yt5ib1kmY1ibOjm8ibKZxzQuPrZKWtoGeQNOfCcRMklD4Pf97zRNKVNA/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="1.0046948356807512" data-w="213" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十七、动画GIF 效果</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">现在，让我们看看如何用网格化数据，为了演示这种方法，我们使用txt格式的NASA数据：GISS Surface Temperature Analysis GISS地表温度分析数据 (http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/)</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先我们在R中加载进数据</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">temp <- read.table("nmaps.txt", skip=1, header = TRUE, na.strings="9999.0000")</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">想在调色板中设置等级间隔，并赋予不同颜色并不难：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OTUm9icGyH7VEPNN8J8Ee3f3xibyTWB36xOj2QsOBGPPibsNpxhtuAXLicg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8758992805755396" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十八、赋予颜色</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">接下来，添加不规则的地表温度间隔：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">temp$interval <- cut(temp$array.i.j, breaks = breaks)</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">最后一步是将之前的代码装进函数，同样是改变角度这个参数:</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O1K8rUaCtp7bLQibkFyAJwUs0buYRA0u3IjMpcDagFrH2mib48XqLMEpA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8327338129496403" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十九、转载代码并改变角度</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在绘图前，再次分析一下代码。如果想绘制贴块，使用geom_tile()函数。在temp数据中找到x和y的坐标。我们使用fill语句来根据地表温度填充贴块。最终，为了得到像NASA地图上那样的配色，我们需要通过scale_fill_manual手动定义颜色。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">rotate_map(1)</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">ggplot2包中还有一个超赞的函数coord_map，可以让我们瞬间变换地图投影，指定方向同样很容易。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3O1uILhmBmJLD3h79Uqfic1f6jBfRnQ29pg00L5eGVhqCdpmAiacJOtc1g/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5179856115107914" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十、最终成图</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">同样，如果你想做出动画效果，虽简单，但需要更多时间。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OKSRiaqZAIEea349iarsiaNhJM5WSWITmbd6UBg6cSwr7PSTkl0RdIvjZw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7841726618705036" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十一、做成GIF效果</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这样做出的动图将有28M那么大！</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文原文请参考：http://egallic.fr/maps-with-r/</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></p><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QWOCZVeIf6OSb7gyeiaUwZ4Df75gQPrCpv1eLABxT8rPRzDfdWiaUSD8L3zPicTn4ao8Q83z6m7HhQjNiavmich4Hug/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.358974358974359" data-w="39" style="width: 2.8em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" /><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.2em; width: 555.556px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OmES1g6FB3gfZLLNUNCgiatgUKdI76YLqjFXeXM0yNR1tDG1FRNGRZxQ/0?wx_fmt=png"); background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: repeat-x;"></section></section></section><p><br /></p><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><p><br /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9wxQ5bOnysduiazUjkJrxpGsiawV3HQ4jx8B2rCKoNdXn0tictAibndFbY3ey7bak7uRohhpicQvcd1ag/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.8093525179856116" data-w="" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(11, 131, 171); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买2015上半年刊，请点击阅读原文......</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.2em; height: 2.2em; border: 0.12em solid rgb(225, 224, 224); border-radius: 50%; margin: auto; padding-top: 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(194, 190, 190) 0px 0.2em 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1.7em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin: -0.5em auto; border: 0.1em solid rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.45098); border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"></section></section><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.5em; height: 2.5em; border-left-width: 0.1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-width: 0.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0.3em auto; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3.5em; height: 0.5em; display: inline-block; margin: auto auto -1em; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 1.3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0.5em; padding: 1em; margin-top: -1.5em; border: 0.1em solid rgb(204, 204, 204); height: auto !important; width: 100%;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 30%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9KWyAm78qwibl2wicVtAiaorx3h83eMFJyvIGib5SKYibE3lW8mU26Z5Epd5sguyQWGO6384p6PvbhYvQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.019108280254777" data-w="157" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; 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