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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(235, 187, 4);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(68, 173, 178);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% -50px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;margin: 0px -50px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 100px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(187, 42, 31);border-right: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 100px;border-bottom: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4518519" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicW8AYA0ELfoqNjtQBuKdJzdcVuMyOPljwIWib1bU61M9acCTYeVnhHGj2ic45eBheGAWFcF422XKMQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不明白</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是因为困在雨中</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">才会如此思念</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">还是因为</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如此思念</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">所以被困在雨中</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小 | 可持续城市与交通</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性城市专刊 《WE THE RESILIENT》</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.7506173" data-w="405" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mee9Bdh9TiaicW8AYA0ELfoqNjtQBuKdJzf7icBkTH6dJqgibzyIpz85YBibrzl4tsibBKH291Yn4bbuYFUe7RoQ2Yyw/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-bottom: 1.6em solid rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.5);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;border-left: 0.9em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.9em solid transparent !important;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;margin-left: -0.6em;border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(235, 187, 4);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;border-left: 0.6em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.6em solid transparent !important;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(248, 231, 214);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 17%;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);align-self: flex-start;height: 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powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 66%;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.11;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 45px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.3;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">We the Resilient</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: -35px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 36px;letter-spacing: 2px;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性规划理论与实践中的重要思想(下)</p></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年 7月16日期</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="color: rgb(227, 169, 124);line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Simin Davoudi、ibby Porter</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 郝璐、贾君妍、廖璟瑒</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">袁苑、张楠、张婉娴</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 王静懿  校译/ 于萌</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小   排版/ 张琪</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 | weibo.com/</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 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0.32);align-self: flex-end;margin: 0px 0px -20px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 52%;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);padding: 5px 0px;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 14%;background-color: rgba(242, 207, 201, 0.28);align-self: flex-start;margin: -20px 0px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: bottom;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;padding: 0px 12px;border-left: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgb(227, 169, 124);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 7px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划学长久以来不断吸收新概念并转化为自身的理论和实践，韧性的概念也是如此。如今，疫情下的城市建设中又掀起了“韧性”热浪。这是一场关于“韧性理念”与城市规划的思辨，是一场对“现状”与“未来”的协同探索。在一个不断变化和充满不确定的世界里，难道“规划注定要解决的是昨天的问题吗？”该合集的编辑Simin Davoudi在开篇为我们追溯了“韧性”的起源并揭示了本质上不同的三种含义，论述了韧性思考与解释性规划中的异曲同工之处，并抛出了一系列当我们在从社会科学角度解读韧性时需要思考的重要问题。之后的几则文章中，作者们从不同的角度以不同的方式对此做出了自己的回应。Keith Shaw的文章中对韧性概念进行了进一步的深度诠释，并提出了与韧性挂钩的一系列政治问题；Jamila Haider等和Cathy Wilkinson的文章则分别通过阿富汗北部与瑞典的案例展示了韧性评估在规划中的实践经验；Hartmut Funfgeld 和 Darryn McEvoy则探索了气候变化与应对行动中主要的灾害管理方法，以及韧性理念发挥的作用。在“韧性”与规划碰撞中，学者们提醒着我们，韧性正逐渐成为规划领域的流行语，我们需要以更具批判性的眼光看待韧性在规划中的使用，对韧性规划的去政治化高度警惕。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 16px 10px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 20 20 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 1 1 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 70px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;background-color: rgb(1, 0, 0);margin: 0px 0px 0px -50px;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 21px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;line-height: 1.3;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则四</p></section><section style="font-size: 19px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;line-height: 1.5;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性城市，在规划实践中的意义</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;margin: 0px;flex: 10 10 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6648148" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9Y1ZcQ2wiatUOFsXHicUrl0DzpJxAzEhQmib6ZZePLalDp20W9CjBay1J4UKZbgYXtic6ckVAFYXcf3g/640?wx_fmt=jpeghigh" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeghigh"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;margin: 0px -17px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0% 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(111, 128, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 5px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Cathy Wilkinson  瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 0px;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% 4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 28px;height: 28px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 50%;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-shadow: rgba(34, 82, 237, 0.14) -4px 4px 12px inset;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.71;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: transparent;background-image: linear-gradient(335deg, rgba(135, 69, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(135, 69, 255, 0) 2.5px, rgb(135, 69, 255) 2.5px, rgb(74, 179, 255) 100%);display: inline-block;-webkit-background-clip: text;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 袁苑</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: -22px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 16%;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 10px;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(206, 174, 161);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9324074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicW8AYA0ELfoqNjtQBuKdJzmrLutVVfhqxzeMo8T0XwtnIZhk5AytsdfvntFsn1zKicoWfhSu6dghw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;padding: 15px 15px 15px 5px;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);height: auto;align-self: flex-end;border-top: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -52px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9Y1ZcQ2wiatUOFsXHicUrl0Dg7W9CFW6PbZP65enHtkWKWS0p981eMZDLllQXMmq9qe7KdZtvianO9w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(13px, 0px, 0px);text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 10px 0% 0px;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 75%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">导读</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 1px dashed rgb(0, 0, 0);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(0, 0, 0);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 98%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(0, 0, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 1px dashed rgb(0, 0, 0);border-top-right-radius: 0px;height: auto;padding: 10px 6px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">世界就像相互关联的点的集合。谈论“从外面看到”的世界是没有意义的，因为没有什么在世界“外面”。</p><p style="text-align: right;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">--卡洛·罗韦利《时间的秩序》2019</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性已快速成为城市政策语境中的一个重要话题(Evans, 2011)。欧洲规划协会（AESOP）于2010年主办了“韧性城市研讨会”，并且于2012年，由（ICLEI）地方政府可持续发展部门主办的第三届全球城市韧性与适应性可持续发展论坛上成立了“抗灾与风险稀释战略”的工作组。研究资助方和政策决策者们也优先把城市韧性提升到首要地位。然而，城市韧性在城市治理实践中意味着什么还需要深入研究。的确，在学术文献中对社会生态韧性的倡导与将其作为政策热点话题拿到城市治理实践中去应用之间存在明显的差距。本文就以与瑞典小城——卢勒奥的小型战略规划部门为期一年的韧性城市项目合作案例为切入点，从实践者的角度探讨城市治理实践中韧性城市的意义。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">卢勒奥科蒙对韧性城市的探索</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">卢勒奥科蒙位于瑞典拉普兰北极圈以南。卢勒奥，是一个位于诺尔博顿地区（约瑞典北部）的区域中心的约有45000人的沿海城镇。科蒙的战略环境规划师（下文简称SEP规划师），负责整个地区的战略环境长期规划，她和其他工作人员以及决策者一起参与到韧性城市的研究中。2006年，瑞典环境部发布了一本简单易懂的关于韧性城市的小册子，作为尝试缓解科学与政策之间的隔阂的举措之一，此举激发了这位SEP规划师的兴趣。这本小册子讨论了社会和生态系统之间的关联，在生态和社会系统的变化中，面对韧性是非常有必要的，同时册子中也给出了两者的例子。这位SEP规划师对构建一个将社会与环境联系在一起的理论框架，来提升城市韧性，适应变化产生了极大兴趣。目前，她和她的同事（战略公共卫生官）正在研究科蒙的环境和健康之间的联系。这位卫生官对该领域提类似的概念较为熟知，包括Aaron Antonovsky（1979年、1987年）提出过的影响个人应对压力的因素的理论，并且在接下来的几年里，这两位工作人员以个人名义收集了很多相关理论和联系途径。在2008年，不同的战略规划职能部门包括公共卫生、环境、土地利用、交通和社会规划等合并成为一个小型战略规划部门，并努力制定了一套共同运营体系。此外，他们还努力的使其非战略性部门参与进来。正如SEP规划师所解释的：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“我们认为我们正在经历的是一些非常抽象、特殊、复杂的问题，从我们的角度来看，系统、人类和环境之间的关系是复杂的，事物是相互联系的，同时相互作用。影响是一环传导一环同时又能循环的。我们总是遇到那些在其他系统的工作人员，他们把世界看得简单得多。。。我希望能用一种共同的语言以共通的认知方式来理解我们的观点。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，在各种因素相互作用，错综复杂的背景下，对于战略规划部门的员工来说，需要一个专业的活动平台，于是SEP规划师建议采用“韧性“来命名。当她听到我在卢勒奥的一个公共活动上发表关于“韧性城市”的公开演讲时，她问我是否能够与她的团队合作，共同探讨科蒙的韧性城市。当时，我正在完成斯德哥尔摩“韧性城市”的博士研究，恰好刚完成韧性城市战略规划试点工作（Wilkinson等人，2010年）。我们同意在2010年一起合作，在卢勒奥科蒙开始一项关于韧性城市战略规划的探索性工作。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何一起探索韧性城市？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">令人惊讶的是，关于韧性城市在规划实践中的运用的文献非常少。与之前举办的探索韧性与规划的相关性的研讨会不同（Wardekker，2009年；Wilkinson，2010年），卢勒奥的项目时间跨度更长，更开放，探索性更强，并且涉及到各专业的发展而不是特定的某一成果或者政策关注的某一点。项目是在参与性行动研究的基础上进行的，其有一个较高目标：与战略规划部门共同研究卢勒奥科蒙的韧性的相关性。这个活动是在科蒙举行的，这次的项目与我早些时候与高级规划官员合作进行的试点研究产生了共鸣，他们的结论是，开展韧性城市的工作确实需要“改变管理行为”（Wilkinson，2010，37）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们举行了一整天项目研讨会，做了一个介绍性的概述报告，其中穿插了从韧性评估工作手册中摘取的韧性评估的各种方式（Resilience Alliance，2007）。进行评估前需要讨论一些关键概念，包括相互联系的社会生态系统及其意义，适应能力、适应周期、波动时间线、阈值/制度变迁、跨尺度互动和复原战略等（Wilkinson，2011）。战略规划部门的主席、SEP规划师、战略健康规划师、社会规划师和战略土地利用规划师在内的小组共举行了六次会议。早期，团队建议我以概述的形式开始每一个工作会议。这一点非常重要：这需要参与者花时间来理解新概念。长期的学习和参与项目使得这个理解过程很灵活。这显示了重复的持续价值，重复对个人和集体学习的重要性。除了探讨卢勒奥科蒙的城市韧性外，还选择了粮食安全、能源和青少年三个重点关注对象，来更加深入地探讨环境和社会问题的适应力。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一种捕捉城市和区域系统动态的新方法？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;align-self: center;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-end;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 50px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(218, 204, 202) 3px 3px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 2px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(2px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 18px;height: 18px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 50px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">韧性评估手册指出：</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 98%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: dashed;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -3px 0% 0px;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;margin: 0px 0px 0px -3px;flex: 50 50 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 50px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;flex: 50 50 0%;height: auto;margin: 0px -3px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 50px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">管理韧性需要理解历史系统动力学是如何塑造当前系统的。社会生态系统是动态的。系统是随着时间变化的，我们希望拥有一个广泛的概述，来揭示系统驱动因素干预的影响、历史带来的干扰和响应。</span></p><p style="text-align: right;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">--Resilience Alliance, 2007</span> </p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -4px;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;margin: 0px 0px 0px -3px;flex: 50 50 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 50px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 50 50 0%;height: auto;margin: 0px -3px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 50px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，为卢勒奥的变革驱动因素制定一个历史性的波动时间线是首要任务。通过研讨会，确定了科蒙随时间变化的社会、技术、经济、环境和政治驱动因素 (在GCVSDPA之后, 2009)。通过识别不同时代的模式或分类特征，使那些复杂的系统能够被共享、捕获和合成。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，由于气候变暖，上个冰河世纪后冰川融化，斯堪的纳维亚半岛北部的陆地面积继续迅速上升。这使得了1649年卢勒奥的原始定居点被重新安置在地势较低的地方以便船只可以进入港口。在当前因气候变化导致的海平面上升的背景下，卢勒奥反而处于相对有利的位置。在食物体系方面，研究者发现一些与极寒有关的饥荒(1695–1697, 1860–1868)。自古以来，卢勒奥主要依赖当地的粮食生产。据战略规划部门主席的回忆，他们小时候从来没有新鲜蔬菜过冬。然而，在过去的半个世纪里，随着食物系统逐渐全球化，居民可以在北极以南的卢勒奥全年购买芒果、鳄梨和香蕉！这些事情都不是最近才发生的，通过一个历史时间线来将他们综合起来，才能对影响科蒙的外因达成共识。研究小组成员表示，他们以前从未见过这样的卢勒奥，社会、技术、经济、环境、政治和历史的综合考虑使卢勒奥的未来蓝图更加的丰富和动态。正如战略规划部门的主席（一位狂热的体育迷）所说，“不做好助跑，你就不可能成为一名优秀的跳远运动员。”作为负责准备《卢勒奥2050愿景》的规划部门，他认为这个项目是一次“有益的助跑”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">另一个对研究小组有启发意义的活动是探索另一种模式的政府，以及食品、能源和青少年部门的潜在门槛或拐点。我在概述性发言中提到的珊瑚礁制度演变案例的门槛和波动（摘自Bellwood等人，2004年）激发了该小组的灵感。我们将这些工具应用于这三个选定的部门。以青少年为例，门槛是一个关键性因素，决定了年轻人是否有可能创造良好生活机会和应对逆境的能力，其中包括休了三个月以上的病假、没有完成的高中学业以及失业超过一定时间，或者缺乏成年人引导的社交网络等等。通过这个，团队看到了获得资源优先顺序的价值，并且能在研讨会上将其价值转化为对政策的影响。有趣的是，随着这一新信息的发现，战略规划部门的传统分区图被新生成的动态图表所覆盖，这些动态图表显示了历史上的变革驱动力和科蒙未来发展可能性。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">制定战略议程？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们除了希望在战略规划部门内能使用共识的语言体系来讨论不同的战略问题外，另一个愿望是能够找到一个更好的方式，在科蒙其他地方和当地政治人物沟通战略问题。正如这位SEP规划师所解释的，寻找应对不确定性因素的方法是关键：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;opacity: 0.99;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.99;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-top-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(221, 217, 213, 0.78);border-bottom: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-right-radius: 9px;border-left: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-left-radius: 9px;padding: 15px;border-top: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(93, 86, 93);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.6px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我完全不相信我们现在有能力处理不确定性。规划的出发点是世界是不变的。我们知道这是什么，发生了什么等等。我之所以把这些看成是根本观点是因为找到另一种形式太难了。我们无法把它概念化。但我相信，现在发生在我们周围的一切正在迫使我们去承认必须要寻找另一种形式。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;font-size: 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);margin: -1px 0% 10px;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 55%;align-self: center;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;z-index: 1;margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: flex-end;transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 9px;height: 9px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 8px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);background-color: rgb(228, 236, 255);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 2px 0px inset;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这句话揭示了一个根深蒂固的线性思维：明天的世界将与今天基本相同，并为继续做相似的决策提供稳定的基础。有趣的是，针对这一问题制定规划框架是战略规划部门在研讨会结束后处理的关键议题之一。到2011年底，“应对变化的能力”是六个目标领域中的第一个，这些领域被确定为实施《卢勒奥2050愿景》的平台。其中包括与政界人士讨论关于城市韧性对科蒙未来中长期发展的重要性。虽然政界不想使用“韧性”这个词（不容易翻译成瑞典语），但他们比任何其他人都更容易接受这个作为目标。韧性现在是科蒙战略议程的一个独特的部分，下一个挑战是如何与更多的利益相关者共同实践。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这引出了一个问题：如果我们是以韧性为治理目标，我们会有什么不同的做法？第一步首要的是先定义韧性“是什么”、“针对什么”。在关于食品部门的研讨会上，团队阐明了他们的兴趣点在于，在应对石油和化肥高度依赖、气候变化以及避免对生态造成不利影响这些问题时还可以有足够的、健康多样的、美味新鲜的食品。与会者观察到，不管科蒙的居民想面对什么，建立当地的食品安全都是有意义的。因此我们对卢勒奥现有的食品体系和目前的管理方式进行了一次清查，以了解其在多大程度上是以“韧性战略”为基础的（Wilkinson，2011）。当团队分别看到好的和坏的实际中的做法时，讨论就转向了食品生产体系所面临的主要挑战，最后转到由谁来为韧性负责。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生态系统的多样性是被认为是具有韧性的，多样性通常是复杂的。因此，韧性的方式常常会转化为谁在为多样性和冗余买单。谁来承担多样性的成本，从而使未来的城市更有韧性。谁会为这份决策买单呢？让你选的话，谁为这种保险政策买单？今天或未来，如果意外在没准备好之前就发生了，谁的韧性需要被优先考虑？按照这种思路，快速提升韧性是对现状的一种考验。例如，就卢勒奥的粮食系统而言，假定需要有多种粮食的来源（当地生产，或者与区域/全球网络相连）可以在发生意外时提供更可靠的供应。然而，在过去不到50年的时间里，粮食系统的供应已经从主要依赖于当地转向主要依赖于外部。虽然有一些支持当地食品工业的举措，但这些举措并没有改变这一趋势。在紧张的财政计划和市场竞争的背景下，优先提升地方粮食安全问题将会是一个政治问题。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">六</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">总结性的思考</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这篇文章的目的是展现一个战略规划从业者，以学习韧性城市为主要目的的表述。通过研究卢勒奥科蒙的社会生态适应力表明，这一概念框架可以在不同部门、不同学科以及不同利益方之间构建一种共同的语言体系，并为高级别的战略议程提供信息。它通过使用专业话语、打比方、分析工具和经典案例来挑战动态变化中的均衡假设，寻找可以持续引领和控制的管理方法（Wilkinson等人，2010）。正是这一点吸引了卢勒奥科蒙的战略规划师。规划者们认为这一概念颇具价值，这支持了Davoudi对进一步审视社会生态/演进韧性与其他规划理论之间关系的呼吁。而这些规划理论强调的是多重的变化、偶然和关系动力，包括后结构规划理论（Hillier，2007），政治经济观点（Swyngedeow，2010），以及规划的诠释法（Davoudi，2012，本期）。Davoudi指出韧性的研究应该将生态学的概念转化为社会现象，并且指出权力和政治是关键问题。对于卢勒奥规划师来说，运用韧性评估手册的每一步都需要慎重考虑。谁在体系内，系统重点该怎么选择，优先考虑哪个部门的知识体系和哪个部门的韧性？这些问题都很关键。但是，这里面涉及的正义性、公平性和合法性问题与任何可持续性发展项目没有什么不同。我在与卢勒奥的合作项目中发现，参与者的思考非常有趣，一个韧性框架能够帮助他们更快、更有针对性地了解这些深层次的问题，而这些问题在与可持续发展的合作中往往会被掩盖。从这个角度来说，韧性这个话题可以提供了一条新的途径，来构建这些更深层次、更具结构性的问题，并将其纳入规划议程。基于这些原因，未来我们在理解韧性规划时还必须要注意韧性规划在规划实践中的应用。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 30%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0833333" data-w="1452" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/stdbosFJqdiaTxV7z4LkBNEUveibITl0cMLPzIRqnZcWfAnaDyZoZqbq5HVTuR3QiaiaLiawqw6KF6Zicz4jY4n1yQrg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 16px 10px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 20 20 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 1 1 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 70px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;background-color: rgb(1, 0, 0);margin: 0px 0px 0px -50px;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 21px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;line-height: 1.3;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则五</p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 19px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;line-height: 1.5;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性概念能否适用于应对气候变化？</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;margin: 0px;flex: 10 10 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.75" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9Y1ZcQ2wiatUOFsXHicUrl0DpVvx70o0lEV3kBENZ0EwB2VyYfWUKBP0UGM0RZSy81lpMeUiaDpnpHQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeghigh" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeghigh"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;margin: 0px -17px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0% 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(111, 128, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 5px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Hartmut Fünfgeld、Darryn Mcevoy 澳大利亚墨尔本理工大学</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应对气候变化项目</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 0px;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% 4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 28px;height: 28px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 50%;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-shadow: rgba(34, 82, 237, 0.14) -4px 4px 12px inset;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.71;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: transparent;background-image: linear-gradient(335deg, rgba(135, 69, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(135, 69, 255, 0) 2.5px, rgb(135, 69, 255) 2.5px, rgb(74, 179, 255) 100%);display: inline-block;-webkit-background-clip: text;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ Nan</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: -22px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 16%;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 10px;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(206, 174, 161);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9324074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicW8AYA0ELfoqNjtQBuKdJzmrLutVVfhqxzeMo8T0XwtnIZhk5AytsdfvntFsn1zKicoWfhSu6dghw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;padding: 15px 15px 15px 5px;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);height: auto;align-self: flex-end;border-top: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -52px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9Y1ZcQ2wiatUOFsXHicUrl0D8sG0Wml0EUys4jGCqRd6Adxiayt0tqxM7p0tkrDKFCUqdTY5AabcSWg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(13px, 0px, 0px);text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 10px 0% 0px;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 75%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自2007年联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的科学家发布研究结果以来，应对气候变化已成为重要的公共政策领域。该研究结果表明地球气候已经在发生变化，而且由于全球气候系统的惯性，即使最大程度地减少温室气体排放也无法避免所有影响。尽管应对气候变化是对很多规划师和决策者而言是新的工作领域，但它与很多既定的政策和实践领域之间的联系是显而易见的：例如城市和区域规划，灾害风险管理，可持续发展以及社会正义与公平。像可持续发展一样，应对气候变化行动具有挑战性，并非是因为它需要一套全新的范式、方法和政策工具，而是因为它需要跨学科和跨部门的协调与行动。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应对气候变化还给决策者带来了另一种挑战。它要求决策者了解大量不同领域和规模的信息并将各个参与方纳入考量，将这些多样化转化为在社会和政治层面都可以接受的适应方案，尽管这些方案可能存在很大程度的不确定性。尽管存在这些复杂性，但应对的优势之一是不需要创建一套全新的规划和决策体系。相反，正如 Smit 和 Wandel（2006）所指出的，需要的正是将当前和未来的气候变化考虑因素纳入现有的规划和决策工具和系统中。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在使用相关概念描述应对的意义和目的时，也可以明显看出应对气候变化与现有规划和决策领域的一致性。与可持续发展相反，在其被引入政策领域时，可持续发展是一个几乎全新的想法，而应对、适应则是在进化生物学和生态学等领域中经过广泛研究的现象。在这些学科和学科语境中，尽管有不同的解释方式，但应对的概念是众所周知的。因此，在气候变化的背景下，可以用熟悉的科学术语来解释适应性，例如脆弱性、暴露程度、敏感性、适应能力，以及越来越多地被使用的韧性。然而，这些概念中的大部分（尤其是韧性的概念）使用方式都不一致，因而往往无法解释。这些不一致阻碍了跨学科和跨部门进行有效的适应气候变化规划。在本文中，我们基于 Davoudi 在规划理论和实践中使用韧性的思考，研究了韧性的各种形式与适应气候变化的各种解释之间的关系。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">韧性与应对气候变化有何关联？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，韧性的概念已在很多政策领域中流行（Davoudi，2012），应对气候变化的影响就是一个典型的例子。在不同行政尺度上的适应规划、政策制定和实施中都提到了韧性。韧性的概念似乎与制定城市规划、发展政策和方案特别相关。在国际层面，很多聚焦适应气候变化议题的有影响力的出版物、会议和项目也都表明了这一点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，针对东亚的城市决策者，世界银行发布了关于“气候韧性城市”的“入门”（Prasad et al., 2009）。很多国际城市能力建设项目和会议在其方法和规划中也主要使用了韧性的概念，例如“城市气候变化韧性”（洛克菲勒基金会，2012）和“韧性城市”（UNISDR，2012；ICLEI，2012）。韧性概念在国家层面的决策中也越来越受欢迎，例如澳大利亚。2011年，澳大利亚政府理事会 —— 由三级政府代表参加的政府间高峰论坛，通过了《国家抗灾韧性战略》（COAG，2009）。该战略旨在为灾害管理提供高级别的指导，充分考虑了气候变化的影响，将其作为提高抗灾害韧性的重要因素。2011年，澳大利亚政府宣布向地方政府提供450万澳元的应对气候变化基金，名为“建立沿海社区的韧性”（澳大利亚联邦，2011年）。在很多城市的气候变化战略和规划中也提到了韧性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在这些情况下，韧性究竟是如何定义的？简而言之，在很多情况下，韧性概念并非以精确的、定义的方式被使用，而是更多地用作通用的（看起来时尚的）总括性术语，它宽泛地表达了所采用的适应方法的概念基础。然而，这些使用是涉及到韧性的各种不同定义。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，工程韧性假设扰动后恢复到平衡或稳态，在政策上最重要的是系统恢复其原始状态所需的时间。这种韧性思维对于旨在保护现有资产、人员和地方免受或弱化气候变化影响的适应措施中很明显。从字面上看，工程韧性思维似乎很普遍，例如应对全球海平面上升。在这里，建设或加固防波堤和防洪堤等基础设施是一种常见的适应策略。同样，海滩养护也包含工程学上的韧性思维，人们花费了大量的资金和技术来补充因长距离漂流或沿海侵蚀而损失的沙子。因此，工程韧性的理论与对该理论作为最终目标的理解完全吻合（O’Brien et al., 2007; Fünfgeld & McEvoy, 2011），其重点放在产生实际的适应结果，例如一个社区、地方、或基础设施“更能应对”气候变化。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对 “生态韧性”一种更为动态的理解，即系统波动后转变为另一种替代平衡状态，使学者常常在临界点及其对应对气候变化的影响这类情况时发生争论。这里的关键问题是：需要（而且实际上能够）管理和应对多少需求才能防止系统或其部分转变为替代状态或动态稳定状态？在应对气候变化方面，这种辩论最常见于与生态韧性概念起源密切相关的问题。在生物多样性的管理和保护中，应对气候变化的研究经常探讨物种或栖息地在气候变化影响下的脆弱性，例如温度升高、干旱加剧、更频繁的火灾，海平面上升以及二氧化碳施肥效应（Low，2007）。在这里，生态韧性概念似乎最合适，可以为确定关键阈值（例如生物多样性下降和物种丧失）提供框架，表明需要采取更激进的适应行动。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管大多数应对气候变化的努力都考虑到社会和生态系统的不可分割性，也表明 Davoudi 的“演进韧性”概念在围绕气候应对的社区实践中很重要，但很多应对政策都被定义为风险管理。例如，一些最杰出的城市气候变化应对策略采用了风险体系的方法（例如 GLA，2010；墨尔本市，2009；Rosenzweig＆Solecki，2010），而“气候风险管理”这一术语已经常常用于指导政府政策（例如，澳大利亚联邦，2006）。在某种程度上，这可以理解为以一种务实的方式来应对气候变化对复杂的耦合社会生态系统影响的不确定性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们认为，尽管基于风险的方法和风险管理方法论认可社会生态系统的关联性，但它们远未包含对韧性的进化理解。这至少体现在两种方式上。首先，他们在很大程度上忽略了社会生态系统耦合的一个最重要的特征：系统始终处于不断变化之中，而转型是这一过程的重要组成部分。相反，气候风险管理主要涉及维护现状，即保持系统良好运行，例如政府组织以符合其既定目标的方式运行。从风险管理的角度，大多数组织的掌舵者会将深刻的变革视为系统故障，而不是保持系统韧性的健康运行中的一部分。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其次，气候风险管理的线性重点在于确定风险来源并制定处理策略，因此无法充分应对在没有任何警报或外部干扰迹象的情况下发生的混乱的系统变化。这强调了我们的观点，即大多数气候风险管理的实施都受到工程韧性理解的限制，这种理解是尽快恢复到先前的稳态。此外，通过着眼于预防可能发生的干扰并努力避免或减轻这些干扰，气候风险管理常常会完全拒绝韧性思维中的一些基本特征，指的是系统的理想状态就是可以完全避免或尽量减小干扰。这种观点采用了管理、命令和控制系统的理解，很难与复杂社会生态系统、其演化性质及不断变化的韧性相关的文献相结合。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对适应气候变化的生态韧性的理解</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">上述现象提出了一个问题，目前缺少什么才能使应对气候变化的规划、政策和实践更符合演进韧性的概念，以及这样做的益处？答案主要在于耦合社会生态系统的本质，其不断发展变化的性质使我们认识到 “管理”气候变化影响的局限和机会。主要机会是使人们对系统有更好的理解，而在应对实践中人们很少会充分发挥其全部潜力。研究人员，规划人员和决策者很少在一开始就澄清他们所关注的系统是如何定义的，其边界是什么，以及它如何与边界外的其他系统互动（Smit et al., 2000）。大部分有记录的应对努力仍依赖于广义相关的方法，该方法侧重于气候学建模和缩减维度，旨在提高数据的可信度并减少决策的不确定性。考虑到对韧性的进化理解，这种努力似乎过于单方面了。气候学当然可以为从事应对工作的人提供大量帮助，但是只有在特定的社会生态系统的背景下，气候学信息才能指导决策。例如，温度变化的预测只有在决策者能够了解温度变化如何与社会生态系统组成部分和变化趋势（例如人口变化，当地经济结构，环境过程、以及相应管理机构）相互作用时才能为他们提供有意义的指导。要确定气候变化对地方和区域的潜在影响，就需要将气候学信息置于具体的情境下，即充分考虑非气候环境过程、社会行为以及人们对耦合社会生态系统各个部分的不同价值观之间的复杂相互作用。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结论</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为了使应对气候变化，且能够在实践层面借鉴韧性的进化性涵义并从中受益，首先，相关从业人员需要接受自身在理解和预测系统组成和变化方面的局限性。对已习惯于将“应对“作为绝对的且最终目标的人来说，这似乎是实现实际的、可测的应对成果过程中不可逾越的障碍。然而，演进韧性强调对适应的理解应该是一个围绕社会学习、机构变革以及转型潜力的持续过程。如果不认真讨论和审查支撑应对气候变化的价值观（它们最终决定气候适应目标和方法），上述一切关于韧性的讨论都永远不会实现。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 30%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0833333" data-w="1452" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/stdbosFJqdiaTxV7z4LkBNEUveibITl0cMLPzIRqnZcWfAnaDyZoZqbq5HVTuR3QiaiaLiawqw6KF6Zicz4jY4n1yQrg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 16px 10px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 20 20 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 1 1 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 70px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;background-color: rgb(1, 0, 0);margin: 0px 0px 0px -50px;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 21px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;line-height: 1.3;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则六</p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 19px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;line-height: 1.5;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性规划的政治性：一个值得警惕的问题</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;margin: 0px;flex: 10 10 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6648148" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9Y1ZcQ2wiatUOFsXHicUrl0DtmNbyj88rTuvNA5fK2UbGnTyD3vsQoFmTRa1bH99oyAvzUkofP98xA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;opacity: 0.99;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.99;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-top-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(239, 244, 255);border-bottom: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-right-radius: 9px;border-left: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-left-radius: 9px;padding: 15px;border-top: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(83, 83, 83);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.6px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(239, 175, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/</strong></span>  Libby porter  英国格拉斯哥大学城市研究系、Simin Davoudi 英国纽卡斯尔大学建筑、规划与景观设计学院</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(239, 175, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/</strong></span> 张婉娴</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;font-size: 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);margin: -1px 0% 10px;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 55%;align-self: center;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;z-index: 1;margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: flex-end;transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 9px;height: 9px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 8px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(170, 195, 255);background-color: rgb(228, 236, 255);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 2px 0px inset;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: -22px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 16%;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 10px;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(206, 174, 161);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9324074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicW8AYA0ELfoqNjtQBuKdJzmrLutVVfhqxzeMo8T0XwtnIZhk5AytsdfvntFsn1zKicoWfhSu6dghw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;padding: 15px 15px 15px 5px;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);height: auto;align-self: flex-end;border-top: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -52px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9925094" data-w="267" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9Y1ZcQ2wiatUOFsXHicUrl0DriaJuNIXTQ0OHSKFXia9aJ2zXLPMZb9ofS5pSBw9IvqoHssQoBINEb6A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(13px, 0px, 0px);text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 10px 0% 0px;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 75%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">韧性作为规划领域的新兴流行语</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划学长久以来不断吸收新概念并转化为自身的理论和实践，韧性的概念也是如此。正如本次特刊的作者们所关注的，韧性思维，其方法、词汇和隐喻迅速成为规划学词典的一部分。政府的政策和策略越来越多地提到韧性。越来越多的规划学者也关注韧性，探索韧性对规划实践、规划机构和治理意味着什么。对新概念持开放态度使得规划者关注创新，并倾向于挑战现状。然而，这也促使人们不加批判地接受一些术语和概念，这些术语和概念往往脱离哲学和学科学派，以不可靠的方式被用于政策和理论上。这与Sudjic (2008)的观察一致，“当一个城市对它所面临的问题有了一个看似聪明的想法时……，那么它距离传染其所有竞争对手只需开一次会就行了“（p.11）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用来论证“反向“甚至”相互冲突“的“弹性“概念，诸如“创意城市”(creative city) 或“可持续性”(sustainability)，都需要仔细解构。对这些概念的冠名的和使用应该以一个批判性的视角去审视。根据一份简单的频率统计，韧性似乎正在迅速取代可持续性，成为当下的流行语。韧性很可能走向相似的命运，成为一个空洞的规划概念：一个空洞的能指，可以证明几乎任何目的。出于这些原因，韧性应该引起我们的关注。任何不加批判且容易被纳入词汇库的东西，都需要进行仔细的核实，以弄清楚它的目的是什么。同理，有可能转变规划问题和干预措施体系的概念值得进一步分析。本次“特刊“的目的是激发对这两方面问题的讨论。在结语中，我们试图综合作者们的思考，并从一个更批判的角度提出一些关于在规划中使用韧性的问题。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">韧性作为规划领域的概念框架</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性思维给规划带来的概念和隐喻发挥着重要的作用。从这个意义上讲，它有可能打破公开而徒劳的分析以及严苛保守的干预，并由此重构规划，以便我们能够重新看待。长期以来，政策和实践体系的重要性，以及重构作为一种潜在的变革性活动的作用，一直是规划领域的重要讨论（Forester, 1989; Fischer, 2003; Rein & Schon, 1993）。本次特刊的作者撰写了关于“演进韧性”如何改变实证主义社会科学的假设—规划所固守的确定性、蓝图、预测和均衡的标志。所有作者都指出了这种重构可能发生的各种理论和实践方法，体现了一些尤为重要的特点。首先，韧性思维提供了打破规划对秩序、确定性和现状迷恋的概念和方法。韧性思维认为变革是正常的，动态化是系统运作的固有部分，强调“预设变革、解释稳定性，而不是预设稳定性、解释变革的重要性“(Folke et al., 2003, p.352)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其次，韧性思维强调，为非线性、复杂系统和内在动态系统准备“蓝图”这类的策略从根本上是徒劳的。尽管这种“工程”式运作模式仍然深深根植于规划政策和实践方法之中。正如Funfgeld和McEvoy在本专题所表明的，似乎在气候变化应对的策略中这种方式最为明显，这些策略旨在解决有界系统中的线形因果关系。韧性思维可能以自由的形式避开任何被定为“正常”的舒适状态。如果在某种干扰或剧变之后，一个系统发生了不同于以前的转变，这并非被视为韧性的失败，而是该系统内在的可能性。在这种假设下，例如，如果我们不再谈论回到“正常”的房地产市场或“正常”的经济，而是把重点放在转型的可能性上，转向一个可能更好的房地产市场，或更公平地分配经济资源，我们才能更好地应对这些转变。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第三，由于韧性思维不会使社会和生态系统脱钩，因此它具有解决我们当前面临的复杂、深刻和动态的社会生态问题的独特潜力。韧性要求从“生态现代化”占主导的环境观转变为将生态价值置于规划师关注大前题的方式方法上来。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在本次特刊里，Haider和同事Wilkinson特别展示了规划中韧性思维具有的潜力。这两篇论文反映了如何采用“韧性评估工作薄“的方法，以更加透明和连贯的方式揭示社会经济、生态、文化和政治现象之间的联系。正如Haider和同事在论文中所反映的那样，我们在规划叙事中，有多经常能够同时概念化战争、难民、粮食波动、腐败和植被流失？在阿富汗北部，传统的规划方法可能试图测绘彼此无关的数据，例如植被类型、集水量、土地利用和可达性，而不太注意驱动该地区发生变化的更根本因素。同样，在Wilkinson关于在瑞典北部应用韧性评估手册的论文中，官员们能够通过和标准规划模式截然不同的方式来思考规划、粮食安全、青少年和能源之间的联系。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性思维的所有这些方面对于规划理论和实践都很有用且具有潜在的洞察力。然而，这些都不属于真正的新事物：我们并非对这些不屑一顾，而是要指出，一段时间以来，在该领域内部和边缘，一直存在着类似“重构”规划的方式。韧性思维与“思考空间的相互关联“(Davoudi, 本期), 解释性、对话性和后结构主义概念下的城市治理高度相关（Wilkinson，本期）。长期以来，我们利用一堆社会科学之外的方法论来批判“秩序意志”和控制时空的欲望(Friedmann, 1993; Sandercock, 2003; Scott, 1998)。我们也从可替代的理论观点获得启发，来发展具备更强关联性、流动性和解释性的规划方法(Davoudi, 2011;Davoudi & Strange, 2009; Healey, 2007; Hillier, 2007)。在这个意义上，规划的“演进韧性”论只是为这些长期存在的呼声增添了另一种声音。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如上所述，韧性思维给规划带来的一个重要的新观点是，它认为社会和生态之间存在着内在联系。虽然对环境问题的关注一直在规划中发挥着重要作用，如气候变化，但在规划中使用的理论概念和实际工具似乎与作为社会基本条件的生态系统的概念不相协调。因此，我们很少看到我们一贯定义的“社会”和“环境”之间的内在联系。因此韧性思维之所以受到欢迎也是因为其不仅为规划中的这种“脱节”提供了新的语言。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);background-color: rgb(238, 233, 241);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: -3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);margin: -10px 0px -10px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(76, 68, 71);padding: 6px 10px;background-color: rgb(218, 204, 202);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 86.423%;flex: 0 0 auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 10px 0px;height: auto;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(76, 68, 71);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">韧性从何而来，向何而去，又由谁来决定</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而，就像所有使用翻译和重构的方式一样，新的想法和概念被从其上下文中拿出并不加批判地纳入规划学里是又危险的。在让人为之兴奋的“新理论”的表象下，往往隐藏着重要的结构性和政治性问题。这一点在韧性思维中显而易见，因为韧性假设其从根本上是去政治化的（Hornborg, 2009）。本次特刊的作者们，尤其是Davoudi和Shaw提出的关键问题特别中肯。他们呼吁进一步开展实质性和紧迫的工作。为此，我们回到Davoudi在本次特刊的开篇文章中概述的四个关键问题：1）人类行动的目的性问题；2）所带来的结果，以及由谁来定义结果是否有韧性；3）在界定系统“边界”（boundaries）时可能被排除在外的东西。Davoudi的第四个问题贯穿了其他三个问题，这是一个关于韧性的政治性问题，即韧性从何而来，向何而去，又由谁来决定？</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性植根于自然科学，尤其是生态科学。正如过去的经验所表明的，任何将自然科学思想应用于社会现象的框架都可能存在严重问题。这源于本体论和认识论上的根本分歧：自然科学试图将自然世界解释为事实问题。韧性科学也不例外。将关于世界本质的本体论假设转化为社会生态系统的“社会“这一端会遇到一些已经阐述过的问题，尽管这些问题并没有被消除。数十年来对实证主义的解构工作，已使其不再霸占对社会学和规划界的主导地位。这些解构强调“自然”和“社会”的范畴是社会建构的，远非自然产生的。将它们视为研究的现象，意味着它们已经置身于具有文化、社会和生态意义的网络之中，我们自己构建的网络。韧性倡导者提供的一种潜在解决方法，即把社会周期变化的本质从“不可避免”淡化为“趋势”，也没有充分暴露或公开批评这些分析范畴的建构。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">韧性思维的自然而然的立场对于规划的理论和实践来说都是有问题的。社会生态环境的背景，更不用说危机，从来都不是不可避免的：它们是产生的，而且可能总是相反。这是一个基本的本体论假设，即韧性的规划方法很难理清。Davoudi在这个问题上提供的范例——新自由主义“自力更生“的论调正在被质疑，在这种论调中，韧性的概念正悄悄地开始证明，妖魔化那些被认为“不够韧性”的人或地方的政策方向是正确的，并支持Wacquant (2008) 所揭示的，在“高度临界“的情况下撤出国家服务。同样，作为韧性化思维的核心，对“震荡和动荡“的去政治化解读，往往忽略了有关震荡和动荡的最重要的社会学问题：谁承受了危机的冲击？什么类型和程度的“波动”是可以接受的？“制度崩溃”或“动态变革”最符合谁的利益？Shaw在本期文章中强调了这些关键点，并表示，“向前跃进”（bouncing forward）代表着一个更为激进的议程，一个有吸引力却似是而非的主张。前进到什么地方呢？改革的可能性和“前进”的 诱惑也巧妙且便于适应过去30年一直占据规划论述主导地位的新自由主义的城市增长、城市复兴和城市更新这些议程。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，按照这种逻辑，我们被带到难以回答结果这个问题上：韧性从何而来，要达成什么样的结果？如果韧性主要是保存我们所拥有的东西并恢复到原来的状态，那么第一个相关的问题肯定是：值得保存和我们想要“恢复”的是什么？如当前困扰欧洲和美国的经济和社会危机的典型例子。目前仍有房地产市场评论员不断发表鼓舞人心的言论，称房地产市场很快将“回归正常“（Handley, 2012）。当过度膨胀的房地产市场、掠夺性的放贷行为、总体财富差距已经如此明显和严重失调时，我们为什么还要回到“正常”呢？同样的问题在规划与可持续性、城市更新(Porter & Shaw, 2009) 以及在其他许多地方一直都显而易见，在这些地方去政治化和（恢复）正常化进程引发了错误的政策构想。对结果的定义显然是一个政治性问题，而不是自然科学本体论理论可以解决的问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系统边界及其如何定义是Davoudi（本期）提出的第三个重要问题。本次特刊中的每一篇论文都指出边界和系统定义是将韧性应用于规划的关键挑战。正如作者们所揭示的，这是一个需要对具备巨大学习能力的挑战。我们早些时候曾指出，韧性评估方法的一个有益成果是，能够将主流规划方法中仍然固守在“孤岛”中的现象联系起来。然而，政治性的问题至关重要：通过划定边界，什么（以及谁）被排除在系统定义之外？此外，还有一个对所关注系统的性质和规模的问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在将韧性思维应用于规划时，存在一种趋势，即通过地理或社会界限将相互关联的社会生态系统正常化。例如，在资本主义非常广泛的社会生态层面上，难以置信关于界定“系统”（system）的研究原来非常少（Hornborg (2009) 是个典型的例外）。资本主义似乎是一个韧性极强的体系，鉴于当前相互关联的社会、经济和生态危机，急需对先进资本主义的有害、暴力和社会破坏力进行批判性的系统分析。这些问题也必须从批判的社会角度适用于“广义相关”等概念，因为它们将进一步凸显于将韧性应用于规划的深层政治性问题中。从原则上讲，“家长制”是一个极具吸引力的理念。但是，一个“成熟的”社会体系会是什么样子，谁又能说得准呢？“广义相关“以去政治化的方式应用于人类住区，将轻而易举且毫无疑问地支持城市和规划政策的新自由化趋势。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这种批评意味着我们迫切呼吁，在我们试图从韧性的角度“重新构建”规划时，必须认真对待权力、体制和社会资源分配不均等政治问题。也许有些韧性思维方式并不适合社会环境。对社会和生态的联系更密切的理解极具发展潜力，可以继续削弱顽固地停留在规划理论和实践领域的工程学和孤岛心态。然而，韧性思维倾向于认为，“社会生态”范畴是自然存在的，剥夺了人类的能动性，使现象正常化，仿佛这些现象是不可避免的，隐藏了社会构建“系统”的机制，并使支撑人类干预过程的价值选择去政治化，这些都应引起高度警惕。随着通过韧性视角来重构规划的观点日益流行，最重要的是，我们能够继续批判规划领域潜在的去政治化问题。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: 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