Neighbourhood effects in cross-Atlantic perspective: A longitudinal analysis of impacts on intergenerational mobility in the USA and Germany
跨大西洋视角下的邻里效应:美国和德国代际流动影响的纵向分析
Junia Howell(美国匹兹堡大学)
首次出版时间:2018/10/24|2019年Urban Studies最佳论文候选作品
Abstract: Research in the USA provides evidence that neighbourhood conditions affect intergenerational mobility. However, what remains unclear is the extent to which the US context is unique in producing this influence. To examine this question, the present study directly compares neighbourhood effects on intergenerational mobility in the USA versus those in Germany – a country whose housing market and social welfare policies differ significantly from those in the USA. Results provide a blueprint for conducting cross-national neighbourhood effects studies and illuminate how the nature and severity of neighbourhood effects are nationally specific. These findings underscore the importance of considering how broader political contexts shape neighbourhood effects on intergenerational mobility – a consideration that has implications for proposed policy interventions.
摘要:美国的研究证明,社区条件会影响代际流动性。然而,尚不清楚的是,美国背景在产生这种影响方面的独特程度。为了探讨这个问题,本次研究直接比较了美国的社区条件对代际流动性的影响与德国的此种影响,因为德国的住房市场和社会福利政策与美国的差别很大。结果提供了进行跨国社区影响研究的蓝图,并阐明了社区效应的性质和严重程度是因国家而异的。这些研究结果强调了考虑更广泛的政治背景如何影响社区对代际流动性的影响的重要性——这一考虑对拟议的政策干预而言是有意义的。
Keywords: cross-national comparison, Germany, income mobility, neighbourhood effects, USA
关键词:跨国比较, 德国, 收入流动性, 社区效应, 美国
原文地址:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018798731
Land in urban debates: Unpacking the grab–development dichotomy
城市辩论中的土地:探讨土地掠夺与发展的二元对立
Femkevan Noorloos(乌特勒支大学)
Christien Klaufus(阿姆斯特丹大学)
Griet Steel(乌特勒支大学)
首次出版时间:2018/9/11|2019年Urban Studies最佳论文候选作品
Abstract: On the heels of the rural ‘land grab’ debate, the ongoing urban transition combined with large-scale urban infrastructure investments and land scarcity forces us to also pay more attention to issues of land in urban discussions. Yet how can we conceptualise land-related problems in order to connect and integrate rural and urban debates in overarching discussions of development? In this commentary, we argue for moving beyond the directly visible outcomes and presumed ‘culprits’ of land investments by critically analysing indirect and long-term effects of land acquisitions on people’s livelihoods as well as the differentiation of these effects for different actors. We propose three specific arguments to disentangle the grab–development dichotomy: 1) placing a focus on the sequential chain of effects of displacement; 2) paying more attention to the ambivalent roles and contradictory interests of different actors; and 3) taking the three-dimensional aspects of land development into account.
摘要:在农村“抢地”争论之后,正在进行的城市转型与大规模的城市基础设施投资和土地稀缺相结合,迫使我们在有关城市的讨论中更加关注土地问题。然而,我们如何将与土地有关的问题概念化,以便将农村和城市的辩论联系起来,并将两者整合到关于发展的总体讨论中呢?在这篇评论中,我们主张批判性地分析土地征用对人们生计的间接和长期影响,以及对不同参与者而言此等影响的区别,从而超越直接可见的结果以及一般人想当然地认为的土地投资的“罪恶”。我们提出了三个具体的论点,来解开“抢地-发展”的二分法迷思:1)把重点放在拆迁的连续影响链上;2)更加关注不同参与者的矛盾角色和矛盾利益;3)考虑土地开发的三个维度。
Keywords: development, displacement, exclusion, gentrification, land grab, land investments, land use, poverty, redevelopment, regeneration关键词:发展, 拆迁, 排斥, 绅士化, 抢地, 土地投资, 土地使用, 贫困, 再开发, 再生
原文地址:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018789019
Global expertise, local convincing power: Management consultants and preserving the entrepreneurial city
全球专家,本地说服力:管理顾问和维护企业家城市
Anne Vogelpoh(汉堡大学)
首次出版时间:2018/6/11|2019年Urban Studies最佳论文候选作品
Abstract: The advice of management consultancies on urban policy is particularly influential in moments of crisis involving entrepreneurial principles. As global experts, management consultants appear as appropriate assistants for steering growth-oriented, competitive urban development. In order to show how consultants turn the urban into an entrepreneurial project to be managed, I discuss the literature on urban policy and consultants then examine the activities of private management consultancies in six German cities. Empirically, I first explore the specificities of urban policy advice given by globally operating consultancies (their methodological approach and the projectisation of the urban; global networks and comparative–competitive thinking; fast databases; reputation; externality). Second, I critically reflect on how the consultants’ advice is fundamentally reshaped by localactors in the process of policy making (through participation, appropriation, slowdown and politicisation). The paper thus critically evaluates the rise of expertise–policy relations and calls attention to mechanisms for patching the fractures of the entrepreneurial city.
摘要:在涉及“企业家原则”的危机时刻,管理咨询机构对城市政策的建议尤其具有影响力。作为全球专家,管理顾问似乎是适当的助手,可以指导实现以增长为导向、具有竞争力的城市发展。为了说明顾问如何将城市变成一个“企业家项目”来管理,我会讨论关于城市政策和顾问的文献,然后研究私人管理咨询公司在六个德国城市的活动。从实证的角度,我首先探讨了跨国咨询公司提供的城市政策建议的特征(其系统方法和城市项目化、全球网络和比较竞争思维、快速数据库、声誉、外部性)。其次,我批判性地思考了在政策制定过程中(通过参与、拨款、放缓和政治化),咨询顾问的建议是如何从根本上被当地参与者重塑的。在此基础上,本文批判性地评估了“专家—政策”关系的兴起,并呼吁关注如何建立一系列机制,修补“城市企业化”造成的割裂。
Keywords: comparative urban studies, globalisation, governance, local government, management consultants, policy
关键词:比较城市研究, 全球化, 治理, 地方政府, 管理顾问, 政策
原文地址:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018768490
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