国匠城工作台

当前：新闻编辑 | 格式化工具 | 查看本文

标题

分类

（编号：1116）

链接

作者

时间

政策

省

市

年

月

直播

主办：
协办：
时间：
会议室：
直播链接：

/h1

/h2

strong

/strong

<br />

<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(235, 187, 4);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.32" data-w="175" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lbZDBKFNJkyOwQCSY4kqokV5vuBdCLx1BXibwxgdsNVIQrCpz21leYlBVyib9JPkRKjwUd35NQP7FakFxvyFBLOw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我年少偶然识得人间绝色</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">见水不是水是水光潋滟</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">见山不是山是山色空蒙</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">见你不是你，是西子</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是风雨同舟者</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是那要共渡的人</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-bottom: 1.6em solid rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.5);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;border-left: 0.9em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.9em solid transparent !important;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;margin-left: -0.6em;border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(235, 187, 4);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;border-left: 0.6em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.6em solid transparent !important;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(3, 80, 154);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% -50px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;margin: 0px -50px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 100px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(187, 42, 31);border-right: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 100px;border-bottom: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQ3bPIUkkuubPpVA4MMQ6FQyS9LDK5BtSO8KNTXK5CrvOEibvAibDuiaA2A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1.413888888888889" data-w="1080"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 30px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市空间是经人规划和设计的，也是需要人去体验和反馈的。近期一览团队在上海、北京、深圳、广州等地开展了Jane's Walk (简称JW)的活动，邀请市民们一起，戴上对社区营造和市民生活的观察眼，来一次城市漫步。本期节目集结了本次上海JW的灵魂人物们，聊聊此次活动探访的三个超有腔调的上海社区：老小区的爆笑烟火气 - 普陀区·镇坪路、百年老路的反差萌 - 长宁区·愚园路、那些年白相过的外国弄堂 - 长宁区·新华路。一览众山小播客《不止是市民》Vol.11《上海Jane's Walk 寻找“消失的附近”|陪你荡荡马路，开开11路！》，扫码或点击阅读原文收听！</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(248, 231, 214);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 17%;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0% -30px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;background-color: rgb(248, 231, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 66%;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.11;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 45px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);letter-spacing: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">后疫情时代</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: -35px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 36px;letter-spacing: 2px;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新冠疫情下的高速公路和公共交通</p></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年 7月14日期</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="color: rgb(227, 169, 124);line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Joe Cortright</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">FEARGUS O'SULLIVAN </p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 梁晓娜、蒙超  </p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">排版/ 众山小  校核/ 刑博涵  <br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 易红杜    编辑/ 众山小</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 | weibo.com/</p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 76.5781px;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: -30px 0% 10px;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 30%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/N5o7DBlhGs3g6QlUUq5kKQlCwKLZAlI06fOl9RAE8ec5PlLrJrZmhQytR04HHzb55PC8gibZS4G6icw0fJeic1gXg/640?wx_fmt=png/format,webp" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png/format,webp" data-ratio="3.845" data-w="400"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;opacity: 0.35;justify-content: flex-end;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 120px;height: 53px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 0px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 100px;background-color: rgb(248, 231, 214);border-right: 0px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 17%;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="transform: rotateZ(270deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;opacity: 0.23;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 35px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 100px;background-color: rgb(99, 182, 196);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% -60px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.17;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 65px;height: 130px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 0px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-right: 0px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 100px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 24%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 43%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 14%;background-color: rgba(216, 223, 224, 0.32);align-self: flex-end;margin: 0px 0px -20px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 52%;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);padding: 5px 0px;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 14%;background-color: rgba(242, 207, 201, 0.28);align-self: flex-start;margin: -20px 0px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: bottom;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;padding: 0px 12px;border-left: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgb(227, 169, 124);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 7px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则一介绍的是位于波特兰5号州际公路在疫情期间不但告别了一直以来的严重拥堵，甚至高峰时间段的交通流量超过了疫情之前。作者从这一现象出发，引入高速公路拥堵临界点的概念，分析并得出，疫情出行限制措施降低高速公路使用需求，导至交通流量在临界点之下是交通拥堵状况改善的主要原因。基于分析结论，作者提出有关高速公路需求管理的政策建议，希望通过收取拥堵费和需求管理来调控高速公路使用需求从而减少拥堵，并对政府大规模道路建设的可行性提出质疑。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">而则二介绍的是在一些国家的地铁和公交上并未发现聚集性冠状病毒。这是否意味着在疫情期间乘坐公共交通并没有想象中的那么危险？造成这一现象的原因又有哪些？是否有足够科学依据来支持这一发现？而这对于阻止冠状病毒的传播又有哪些帮助？让我们来一探究竟。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: -22px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 16%;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 10px;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(206, 174, 161);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQd9CKVP8VYxFGm5clvu9nMQ5rib4OdnzKicLbSuJt3sMkcOVcKKyvKQdA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="265"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 42%;padding: 15px 15px 15px 5px;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);height: auto;align-self: flex-end;border-top: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -52px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.15;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQ8qjUsNWeV5SHia67MFyGI0IRyLpUYf9syI2GMmq0kibhlOfangVVtqxA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="265"  /></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(13px, 0px, 0px);text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 10px 0% 0px;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 75%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);padding: 8px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0px;border-width: 0px;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;z-index: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -30px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 6px 13px;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新冠让我们认清了高速公路</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 52.4375px;height: auto;margin: -20px 0px 0px -10px;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;z-index: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: center;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none solid none none;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(223, 46, 0);padding: 0px 2px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none solid none none;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 181, 77);padding: 0px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(223, 46, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Joe Cortright   翻译/ 梁晓娜</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(223, 46, 0);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 54px;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: center;z-index: 1;margin: 0px -10px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);padding: 5px 10px 5px 20px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;background-color: rgb(255, 217, 217);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">限制需求的确可使高速公路更好地发挥作用。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与新冠疫情爆发之前相比，穿过北波特兰的5号州际高速公路不但车流量增加，高峰时段的车辆通行速度也更快。在下午4:30到5:30之间的5号州际公路上，马格姆大桥和州际大桥之间的平均速度已经翻了一番，达到每小时55英里以上，同时，这段高速公路上的车辆运载量也比疫情爆发前增加了2%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">若我们对上述现象多加思考，会发现它向我们揭示了如何对抗拥堵，并获得一个更为高效运行交通系统的方法。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">众所周知，今天的交通通行速度要比六周之前快很多。在美国大部分大都市地区，留在家中，减少外出的政策使汽车出行的规模减少了一半以上。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 54px;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: center;z-index: 1;margin: 0px -10px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(253, 222, 219) 0%, rgb(253, 222, 219) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 100%);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 1px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(2px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);padding: 5px 10px 5px 20px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;background-color: rgb(202, 240, 250);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新冠疫情下的交通奇迹:高速公路上的汽车不仅越来越多，速度也越来越快</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">随着交通量的减少，汽车在高速公路上可飞速疾驰，甚至可以说波特兰大多数车辆都在高速公路上以超过法定限速的车速通行。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">某些读者可能会认为上述现象是由高峰时段的车辆减少而导致的，然而事实并非如此。实际上，在下午4:30到5:30这一高峰时段，波特兰主要高速公路上的车辆数量与新冠疫情爆发前一样多(甚至更多一点)。即使如此，汽车仍然比六周前跑得快得多。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">让我们仔细研究一下这条穿过北波特兰的5号州际公路，并且据说是全美最堵道路 (俄勒冈州交通运输厅甚至计划花费超过十亿美元来拓宽这一英里半的路段)。以玫瑰区和州际桥之间的区域(从里程标300到309)为例，我们利用波特兰州立大学的PROTAL交通数据统计软件（用于测量交通速度和流量），将实时流量速度和流量数据相结合做分析。通过选取向北行驶方向，下午4:30到5:30，马格姆桥(位于里程标 300)和州际桥(位于里程标308)之间的交通数据，来研究工作日高峰时段的交通量和通行速度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">那么，5号州际公路在典型工作日中的交通状况究竟如何？因为下午的交通拥堵情况往往更加严重，在此我们选择研究下午的交通通勤数据。数据表明，在保持社交距离措施实施前五周，即2020年2月3日至3月12日，这段高速公路每小时通行量为26,900辆汽车，平均时速为25.6英里每小时。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">接下来，再将上述数据同新冠发生后做对比。根据3月13日到3月28日下午4:30到5:30的数据，车辆通行速度不降反升，达到平均每小时53.6英里(此段高速公路限速为每小时50英里)。高峰时段的交通通行量高达27,450辆/小时，此数据不但没有下降，反而上升，大约超过新冠疫情前水平的2%。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 100 100 0%;margin: 0px -45px 0px 0px;height: auto;z-index: 1;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图一、新冠发生前后 5号州际公路的交通行驶速度</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与高峰时段的交通量对比</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQuFEV6ibnv0XaLLg22d4yGHPFVgaJKgs3YQPD3e18SpD8yeadgubHuXg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.6796875" data-w="768"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);margin: -10px 0px 0px;flex: 4 4 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 60px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">看似令人惊奇的事实是，5号州际公路在高峰时段的交通比新冠出行限制实施之前车辆更多、车速更快。这样的情况究竟是如何造成的呢?</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 54px;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: center;z-index: 1;margin: 0px -10px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-image: linear-gradient(to left top, rgb(253, 222, 219) 0%, rgb(253, 222, 219) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 100%);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 1px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(2px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);padding: 5px 10px 5px 20px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;background-color: rgb(255, 217, 217);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">高速公路工程师知道却未告诉你有关于交通拥堵的事实</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">众所周知，在道路不拥堵的情况下，道路可承载更多、更快的交通流量。事实上，高速公路系统会遵从一个“临界点”规律，在到达交通速度临界点（45-50英里每小时）之前，道路可以不断地承载更多的车流，当到达临界点之后，交通流量则开始变得饱和。在这种情况下，即使一个微小的减速也会对道路系统产生影响，使得整体车速下降，更为重要的是它会降低道路的运输能力。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">之所以在新冠以情之前5号州际公路拥堵不堪，而现在却如此迅速并能运载更多车辆的原因在于，交通流量被控制在了上文中提到的临界点以下。以下两张图展示来自PORTAL计算的结果数据，显示前后数据对比及工作原理。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 4.1445 4.1445 0%;margin: 0px 0px -10px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 60px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);margin: 0px 0px 0px -45px;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQ5L9qJdcqpD86BVzoUG0UzcpFIl70mXytwRNVRGiaoJUYKmdaMfiaViapg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.3821022727272727" data-w="704"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图二、新冠疫情前：临界点出现在下午2-3点，车流速度持续减慢直到傍晚6-7点。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图二的结果符合新冠疫情前每天在5号州际公路观察到的现象。整张图表示从0点到24点全天典型交通流量图。这些数据展现了2月10日至2月14日5号州际公路从里程标300到里程标307区间的数据。其中蓝线表示速度(对应左纵轴)；蓝色柱状代表每小时的交通量（对应右纵轴)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从图中可以观察到，每天下午2点或3点左右，5号州际公路向北行驶的交通流量达到饱和水平，对应的车流速度急剧下降到每小时20英里左右。这种情况通常会持续到下午6点到7点，此时由于从南方进入的汽车和卡车变少，交通量已经降低到足以让车辆直接加速到最高限制速度。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 100 100 0%;margin: 0px -45px 0px 0px;height: auto;z-index: 1;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图三、新冠疫情后，交通流量全天保持在临界点以下<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">且平均时速达到55-60英里每小时</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQNuLzdibianD02PINRructsI8u2iamOX5kNqIt74AenqFyRN438WzKttXg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.3328550932568149" data-w="697"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);margin: -10px 0px 0px;flex: 4 4 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 60px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图三是4月13日至17日的数据分析结果。经过分析，发现高速公路车流量这几天没有达到或超过临界点，所以车辆可以一直保持高速运行，在高峰时段(下午4:30 - 5:30)，这条公路的交通流量甚至比疫情爆发前还要多。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">请注意，虽然高峰时段的车流量略有上升，但每日的总流量实际上是下降的。这里我们来看一下里程标307.9的24小时交通数据。在2月17日至28日的工作日中，5号州际公路向北行驶路段平均每天约有46,700辆车。在3月23日至27日的工作日中，交通流量下降到每天约38,100辆，降幅约为18%。这近乎五分之一的交通流量下降意味着，一天中高速公路的交通量不会超过它通常会引发拥堵和长时间减速的“临界点”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 54px;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: center;z-index: 1;margin: 0px -10px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(253, 222, 219) 0%, rgb(253, 222, 219) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 100%);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 1px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(2px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);padding: 5px 10px 5px 20px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;background-color: rgb(202, 240, 250);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三、通过高速公路和拥堵的关系科学解读这一现象的原因</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">高速公路真正的工作方式:只要每辆车都以每小时45-50英里的速度行驶，那么高速公路将在它所能承载最大的交通量下运行良好。一旦高速公路交通流量超过它的承载力，车辆运行速度就会突然下降，高速公路也会失去运输能力(在任意时间段，经过某一给定点的车辆数都会减少)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">交通量与交通速度呈“非线性”关系。当我们绘制交通速度与交通量之间的关系图表时，可以得到解释交通拥堵形成的曲线模型。下图来自华盛顿州交通厅2018年拥堵报告：纵轴表示速度，横轴表示车流量，图中的每个点都对应着这段道路上车辆数量与其对应的速度，弧形阴影则显示数量和速度关系曲线模型。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 4.1445 4.1445 0%;margin: 0px 0px -10px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 60px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);margin: 0px 0px 0px -45px;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQdwb8FqnjUhLKPW0HZlWsZxvXCRyJYr7ZQudbibrotgGCZPtPKUibWEOQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.7146814404432132" data-w="361"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图四、最大交通流量-<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">速度与流量曲线关系模型图</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当车流以较低流量行驶时(图左上位置)，车辆可以以自由速度(通常是限速，或比限速稍高)行驶很长时间。随着车流量的增加(沿着曲线向右移动)，速度会缓慢下降。一旦交通流量达到饱和，每条行车道的流量达到每小时1500到2000辆车，就会到达一个不稳定的点，即速度和流量关系变得不稳定，曲线便开始向相反方向弯曲。事实上，高速公路的确切临界点取决于许多因素，例如，道路是直还是弯，道路有无匝道，以及其他可能的因素。一旦一条道路的通行流量到达并略微超过它临界值，交通速度就会突然减速，道路上实际可通行的车辆便会减少。在进入高速公路的车辆下降之前，道路通行的状况往往会困在如图所示的中下部位置，当新进入的车流量因为拥堵逐渐减少，汽车便可以逐步加速，道路通行状况便可以回复到达如图曲线较高部分。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们总是陷于交通拥堵之中的原因是永远有太多的汽车需要进入高速公路，一旦大量汽车涌入高速公路，其交通流量将会超过临界点，届时道路将会持续处于拥堵状态。而高速公路工程师们所做的许多“改进”(例如，扩大匝道的容量)，事实上却使更多的车辆更容易进入公路，结果只能导致其更早进入拥堵状态。(我们在《城市观察》的文章显示，十年前5号州际公路在胜利大道段的拓宽工程，是导致5号州际公路大桥在高峰时段交通流量下降的重要原因)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这就是为什么“消除瓶颈”是一场无望的“打地鼠”游戏。当你让更多的汽车在某一地点行驶得更快时，你只是在让下游的某个地点超载得更快，交通拥堵更早地发生。这也是拓宽高速公路从未有效缓解交通拥堵的原因之一。就算是拥有23条车道高速公路的休斯顿，也同样遵循这样的规律。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，要使高速公路的承载量最大化，关键在于保持交通流量在临界点之下。这正是新冠疫情的出行限制对全国高速公路造成的影响。(当然，这是一种过于严厉而低效的做法，但它意外展示了如何通过管理需求可以消除拥堵的方法)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 54px;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: center;z-index: 1;margin: 0px -10px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-image: linear-gradient(to left top, rgb(253, 222, 219) 0%, rgb(253, 222, 219) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 50%, rgb(223, 248, 255) 100%);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 1px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(2px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">04</strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);padding: 5px 10px 5px 20px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;background-color: rgb(255, 217, 217);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、政策启示:需求管理是减少交通拥堵的关键</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在如何有效应对交通拥堵方面，过去几周的经验应该是一个强有力的实际验证。如果我们可以通过对高峰时段道路需求的管理，把交通量控制在临界点以下，就能让现有道路在最高限速(甚至高于限速)的情况下，承载比现在更多的车辆。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有了这个经验启示，大家或许会认为，高速公路部门，尤其是俄勒冈交通厅这样，面临着20-30%的汽油税收减少且资金紧张的部门，将会努力寻找如何应用需求管理解决方案，并将其应用于每天的实际管理工作中。请注意，但这并不意味着交通总量的急剧减少，它只是控制车流数量不超过高速公路的承载能力临界点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">但可惜的是，我们却只从俄勒冈交通厅听到了推土机的声音。即使面对显而易见的证据，已经证明可以不花一分钱在混凝土或沥青上，便能解决交通拥堵，他们却打算在玫瑰区（Rose Quarter）的5号州际公路上进行一项耗资数十亿美元的高速公路拓宽项目，可想而知的是，如果没有价格或其他需求管理手段，这个工程不但不能解决拥堵，反而会加剧污染。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这就表明，高速公路工程师实际上根本不在乎交通拥堵，这一点与他们的声明恰恰相反。究竟是谁花费数十亿美元的进行基础建设，然后却毫不关心建设完成后的管理使用问题，甚至在某种意义上让它定期因为需求量过大而变得非常低效？如果交通工程师愿意，他们可以采取一系列措施来让高速公路系统运行得更顺畅，并为所有用户提供更好的体验。正如经济学家长期以来指出的那样，在高峰时段使用道路，即使是收取一个适中的价格，也会促使一些用户推迟出行，选择其他模式，或选择其他路线，最终方便所有人的出行。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(239, 70, 70);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">拥堵费：</strong></span>新冠疫情期间的交通经验表明，对道路使用者来说，道路收费不会增加额外的成本，反而会带来巨大的好处，它会使出行速度更快，并更充分地利用道路。这是支持道路收费的有力论据。高速公路的分时收费系统将鼓励人们重新安排他们的旅程，从而帮助高速公路流量保持在它的临界点以下。通过这种方式，拥堵费将带来英国人所说的“物有所值”——如果你被收取了高峰时段的拥堵费，就将得到一个对所有人都更有效的道路系统。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(239, 70, 70);box-sizing: border-box;">需求管理：</span></strong>收取拥堵费可能是提高道路效率最佳和最有力的工具，但它绝不是唯一的工具。在波特兰地区，每条高速公路都是“有限的通道”。波特兰的大多数高速公路匝道都配备有“匝道仪表”一种用于限制驶入高速公路的车辆数量交通信号。匝道计量的逻辑来自于对上文中提及的车速与车流量之间不稳定、非线性关系的观察。匝道计量器的设计就是为了防止太多的汽车同时涌上高速公路，造成交通拥堵。但大多数匝道的控制都很谨慎，间隔时间是固定的(每5-10秒大概通过一辆车，不管高速公路有多堵或有多通畅)。更严格的计量措施，例如允许车辆在匝道上等待以保持高速公路的运行，将带来更高的交通流量。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同样，高速公路部门也可以考虑在高峰时段关闭一些匝道。一个合理的备选方案是通往北方的5号州际公路的Jantzen滩入口匝道。这个短且低标准的匝道让Jantzen滩购物中心的交通一直拥堵到5号州际公路桥，是引发每日车流速度锐减的主要原因。5号州际公路交通状况的改善恰好与到Jantzen滩购物的人数大幅减少同时发生，这也并非巧合。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在新冠疫情期间这个精彩的实验表明,在管理需求方面动一些脑筋，将有助于我们营造更好的交通系统，不但能缓解日常交通的拥堵，更能充分利用好造假昂贵的基础设施。如果我们足够聪明，则应从这个实验中吸取教训，选择一种让每个人都受益的方式来管理我们的道路系统，而不是简单地把数十亿美元投在修路的工程上，这些工程对解决交通拥堵的根本原因毫无帮助。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 7px 0% 0px;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);padding: 8px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0px;border-width: 0px;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;z-index: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -30px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 6px 13px;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">在日本和法国，疫情期间乘坐公共交通出人意料的安全</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 52.4375px;height: auto;margin: -20px 0px 0px -10px;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;z-index: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none none none solid;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(223, 46, 0);padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(255, 181, 77);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(223, 46, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ FEARGUS <span style="background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 蒙超    </span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(223, 46, 0);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 4.1445 4.1445 0%;margin: 0px 0px -10px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 60px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);margin: 0px 0px 0px -45px;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQ9DgctHicv0ehos04JMa8gSlywklvZ3ySKSibuovrqnBZNSw0VhibroPDg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.6670212765957447" data-w="940"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图五、在东京，地铁乘客保持他们之间的社交距离。图：Kiyoshi Ota/彭博社</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">据法国国家公共卫生机构报道，在5月9日至6月3日期间，法国新出现了150起聚集性冠状病毒病例。这些聚集性冠状病毒，即出现三例及以上接触性感染Covid-19的病例，主要出现在大家可能会猜到的那些地方：医疗机构，工作场所和收容所——那些人群会长时间聚集在封闭空间中的场所。拿医院的例子来说，已经被感染的人可能会在这里聚集在一起。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而，让人意想不到的是与公共交通相关的聚集性冠状病毒病例的数量：没有一例。在将近一个月的时间里，法国的六个地铁系统、二十六个电车和轻轨网络以及众多的城市公交线路上都没有出现一个聚集性Covid-19病例。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">考虑到地铁和公共汽车封闭，通风不良的性质，以及即使在封锁期间也很容易造成拥挤的状况，这种完全没有出现聚集性冠状病毒病例的情况可能令人感到意外。但在日本也出现了与法国极为相似的情况，日本对冠状病毒遏制的策略集中在发现这些聚集性Covid-19，而不是严格的封锁城市、实行保持社交距离的规定和进行大规模测试。据《科学》杂志报道，截止到5月下旬解除紧急状态的时候，日本的大多数聚集性感染都与体育馆，酒吧，音乐俱乐部和卡拉OK室有关；但并没有在其拥挤程度世界闻名的通勤火车上发现任何案例。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">那么，为什么法国和日本的公共交通系统没有像人们所预想的那样成为超级传播发生的场所呢？这是否意味着公共汽车和地铁实际上是相对安全的？</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在公共交通上没有发现聚集性冠状病毒的原因之一令人欣慰：乘客似乎在重视安全准则。在东京和巴黎的骑手都戴着口罩（尽管这在日本已经是一个由来已久的习惯），并一直尽可能地保持着社交距离。观察到日本公共交通低传播率的学者也注意到，日本的公共交通乘客往往会在乘车过程中保持沉默——这一点很重要，因为讲话是一种非常有效的传播病毒的方式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">日本的公共卫生普及活动也特别重视交谈对传播病毒的影响。专家强调避免 “3C” ，即封闭空间（Closed spaces），拥挤的地方(Crowded places)和近距离接触(Close-contact situations)，例如近距离对话。3C重叠的部分就是最危险的场所——不一定是坐满聊天乘客的火车，也可能是赛后运动员聚集的更衣室 (援引日本公共卫生建议手册曾经引用的一个例子)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过避免交谈，日本的公共交通乘客可以将3C区域变成危害较小的2C区域。但是，这绝不是日本的特有现象，在法国，火车和公交的乘客也不会过多交谈，公交系统也从来不是最适合闲谈的地方（尤其是在严峻的病毒大流行氛围中，封闭空间感染病毒的风险非常明显）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">除此之外还有其他潜在的影响因素。尽管火车车厢可能是封闭的，但无论是通过空调系统、打开的窗户还是在停靠车站时开启的车门，都能实现至少部分通风。此外，人们往往不会在火车或公交上停留很长时间，而在出行途中尽可能短地暴露于潜在感染者可能有助于减少病毒传播。这些条件可能不会激发人们的整体信心，但是与不戴口罩一次性在封闭的地方暴露几个小时相比，戴口罩，有限的暴露时间和一定程度的空气交换会更安全。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 100 100 0%;margin: 0px -45px 0px 0px;height: auto;z-index: 1;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图六、一名运输工人站在巴黎夏特莱（Chatelet）地铁站平台上的地铁周围。图：Christophe Morin/彭博社</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQhz376PibJWghBicNUXdubFZIQyvoGJMVRJ6zeLXicGkV6jpCgvEsXfhsw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.667741935483871" data-w="620"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);margin: -10px 0px 0px;flex: 4 4 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 60px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管如此，人们对公共交通的担心仍然存在，公共交通系统确实将新冠病毒传播给了运行公共交通的工作人员。纽约市公共交通系统与超过100起与冠状病毒相关的死亡有联系，地铁的工作人员（如地铁司机）首当其冲。在伦敦，共有37名公共交通工作者（包括28名公交车司机）死于Covid-19。为了降低惊人的死亡率，伦敦交通局规定将驾驶员的区域与其他区域隔开，并只允许乘客从中间门上车，在许多其他出现公共交通工作者Covid-19死亡案例的城市也采用了这种措施。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在法国和日本，与公共交通相关的冠状病毒感染数字偏低可能主要反映了我们可用于检测它们的手段有限。蒙彼利埃大学的流行病学家Mircea Sofonea向报纸《Le Parisien》表示：</p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(243, 243, 243);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);margin: 3px 0% -3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -25px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(223, 46, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 0px;height: 0px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 0px;height: 0px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(223, 46, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 0px;height: 0px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 0px;height: 0px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(223, 46, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 0px;height: 0px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;align-self: flex-end;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 0px;height: 0px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(223, 46, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(223, 46, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 5px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(223, 46, 0, 0.42);padding: 15px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.99;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“在已经建立基本或加强的流行病学监测的地方，例如医疗机构，疗养院或某些公司，更容易检测出集群。” “从统计角度讲，一次性识别三个[来自公共交通]的病例更为复杂，因为它们不一定会在几个小时内出现。”</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">换句话说，如果在诊所，收容所或办公室通过测试发现感染者，则可以相对容易地找到他们与该建筑物内的接触者，从而绘制出病毒传播的路径。但是要在该人和他在出行过程中遇到的其他人之间建立联系，就需要测试人员跟踪和测试例如在特定时间段内使用特定地铁线路的每个人——这是一项艰巨的任务。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据目前的数据，尚无法排除在公共交通感染Covid-19的风险。但是这些在法国和日本的发现仍然令人鼓舞：严密地的遮盖面部，有限的交谈，短暂的暴露时间和一定的通风似乎可以极大降低在火车和公交上病毒超级传播的风险。尽管尚未得到证实，但仍有可能证明这些连接城市的出行并不是城市里最大的软肋。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(186, 146, 143);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">～ THE END ～</strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;z-index: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 55%;height: auto;border-color: rgb(235, 187, 4);border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQiaibqEIuB4qnlFPicN1jl1RhUZUMicicr6uJc49q5wwfvrqRE4ianzj3MWIg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 30px;letter-spacing: 1.6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为独立的专业志愿者团体，秉承专业理想与价值观，不依托任何机构，信守非盈利原则，帮助中国城市可持续发展。我们关注的领域包括但不限于：城市规划与发展战略、城市交通、公共交通与非机动化出行、活力街区、街道与城市设计、量化城市与大数据。至今我们已经拥有遍布全球近430名志愿者网络，并推送3000篇专业微文。作为微信公众号平台最大的线上专业志愿者平台，我们感谢您对我们的关注和支持，并欢迎加入我们！</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 24%;align-self: center;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 25%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/N5o7DBlhGs3g6QlUUq5kKQlCwKLZAlI06fOl9RAE8ec5PlLrJrZmhQytR04HHzb55PC8gibZS4G6icw0fJeic1gXg/640?wx_fmt=png/format,webp" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png/format,webp" data-ratio="3.845" data-w="400"  /></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.54;justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 0px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 100px;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-right: 0px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 35%;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);padding: 10px;height: auto;margin: 0px;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicHFwWw9ZlE3QibbfScXjyYQuPQ5l4M7hboresVQStrsbAEahiahMJGocSYuoljul5DmNMLHBJVD8dQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeghigh" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeghigh" data-ratio="0.9175925925925926" data-w="1080"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 24%;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);margin: 0px;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(249deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.54;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 0px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 100px;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-right: 0px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.32;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(186, 146, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">所遇成文 余生有歌</strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 178, 178);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2020 ? 转载请注明：</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">转载自公众号“”</span></p></section></section></section>
                <br />