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<section style="display: none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"><br  /></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="1873" style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yqVAqoZvDibEaicDyIvX7dLE9icYnwb2tlOWcD2BP99V6iaCfkk81RZlQARicbNr7amQ7a0Lc3tFgpNJNEVaY188ZVQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="30" style="margin: 3px 10px;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: rgb(147, 196, 125);float: left;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 2em !important;"  /><section style="margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: auto;max-width: 100%;border-radius: 2em;height: 2.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;background-color: rgb(147, 196, 125);line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="max-width: 100%;color: inherit;display: inline-block;letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.75em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">关注“<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong>”，更多精彩等着你</span></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">来源 | 广东省城乡规划设计研究院</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">撰稿 | 住房研究中心  陈洋</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">审核 <span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">|</span></strong></span> 住房研究中心  陈洋<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">编辑 | 总工程师室  曾宇娟</span></strong></span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.5555555555555556" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJh2azVHXZ07wIST3mM7icuMc1ESVNBrthjnw4NJwQvkGfUCTvotDS5PaA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="900" style=""  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">全文共<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">5143</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">字，阅读大约需要<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">13</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">分钟</span></section><hr style="max-width: 100%;border-style: solid;border-right-width: 0px;border-bottom-width: 0px;border-left-width: 0px;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;transform: scale(1, 0.5);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5649819" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJhB8I0ibkqRHWNia5KQNbPCaDuSpClib8V0jfTI2jNluP0HXTAmTMUibBqrA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="554" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;height: 5px;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgb(202, 112, 30), rgb(245, 175, 25));box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">瑞典以施行高福利国家政策著称，政府在为人民提供福利保障方面付出了相当大的努力，甚至宣称实现“从摇篮到坟墓”的全方位保障。瑞典的执政党社会民主工人党作为一个左翼政党，长期执政，在其执政理念上确实吸纳了不少社会主义思想，是福利国家政策的坚定捍卫者和践行者。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">2019年12月，笔者有幸赴瑞典考察学习该国的公共住房政策，先后访问了瑞典公共住房办公室（Sveriges Allm?nnytta）、瑞典租户联合会（Hyresg?stf?reningen）、合作住房建设公司（HSB）、马尔默市政住房公司（MKB Fastighets AB）等机构，系统而深入考察学习了瑞典公共租赁住房和共有住房政策、建设、管理等方面的经验做法，除了在住房政策方面深受启发之外，也强烈地感受到中瑞两国在制度和文化观念层面的巨大差异。</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></p></section><section style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">制度</strong></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">制度，是关于“权利关系”的设定。</strong></span>瑞典的住房制度，对于政府与建设机构、房东与租户、房东与租户协会、住房合作社与住户等主体之间的相互权利关系都有非常明确的规定，而这些权利关系又镶嵌在更大的社会民主主义的整体制度框架中，因此，要理解瑞典的住房制度，其实脱离不开瑞典的国家制度设计，而对住房制度的学习，则同时也可以对瑞典福利国家制度形成更加清晰的认知。对我个人来说，较为印象深刻的方面可概括为三个关键词：<span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">均等、自治、谈判。</strong></span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10%;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px 6px 2px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.1</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 90%;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-style: solid;border-bottom-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">均等</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“均等”，体现在瑞典的基础性权利关系中。</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">2018年瑞典总人口1023.02万人、465.74万户，拥有住房492.48万套，户均拥有住房1.06套，几乎可谓“一个萝卜一个坑”。在瑞典，极少有人拥有多套住房，相当比例的人口居住在租赁住房中。瑞典住房大概有四种类型：</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一是</strong></span>由市政府下属公司提供的市政租赁住房（allm?nnyttan / public rental），规模占比约17%；</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二是</strong></span>由私营公司提供的市场租赁住房（privat?gda hyresr?tter / private rental），规模占比约18%；</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三是</strong></span>合作社住房（bostadsr?tter / co-operative buildings），规模占比约23%；</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四是</strong></span>完全私有住房（egen?gda boenden / direct ownership），规模占比约42%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">由此，<span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">形成“2-2-2-4”的住房结构</strong>，</span>即两成的市政租赁住房，两成的市场租赁住房，两成的共有住房以及四成的私有住房。从这个比例中可以看出，瑞典住房中的公共比例和租赁比例都非常高。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8084211" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJh9IDCLo6DUia5UJsNp97GL5C8W4yPbjjR2IYdKzEibJph71SRN7lMaiaKg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="475" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">公共属性强，往往意味着福利化程度高。可是在瑞典，“福利”的含义，又与我们所理解的不完全一致<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">。对于“福利”，瑞典人的理解首先是“均等”“均好”，</span></strong>而我国的理解更偏向“救助”“扶持”，反映在住房制度上，瑞典的政策导向是“全民住房”，而我们则强调“应保尽保”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">所谓“全民住房”（Bost?der F?r Alla），是一种普惠性的住房政策，即政府的公共住房面向全体居民供应，不设任何门槛，也不对供应对象进行收入、资产等经济核查。</span></strong>瑞典住房制度对“均等”的追求，不仅仅体现在所有收入阶层人群都可以均等享受公共住房资源，同时还体现在任何人都难以从住房交易行为中获取很高的收益，比如共有住房的交易要承担高达30%的交易税，而自有产权的公寓也不能随意出租，这些限制都是与瑞典的公共政策导向相一致的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">不过实际上，瑞典的这种普惠性住房制度是颇为特殊的，在欧洲大部分地区，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">实行的都是选择性住房制度，即面向特定的困难群体提供“社会住房”，</span></strong>与我国的理念更为接近。对于瑞典的普惠性住房制度也有不少质疑，没有门槛限制，导致申请租赁住房的排队人数过多，而公共住房制度挤压了市场活力又使得住房供应短缺，供需紧张关系表现在大城市中心区可能需要排队10-20年才能拿到住房，这是否得不偿失？对此，我的理解是，没有哪个社会制度是完美的，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">无论“全民住房”或“社会住房”都各有利弊，我们真正需要关注的是，人们对利弊的权衡与选择，以及用何种体系化的制度来支撑这种选择。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“全民住房”的确会带来需求过大的问题，但瑞典通过系统化的制度设计努力将这种弊端降至最低。首先，通过对产权收益的限制，强烈抑制了人们拥有多套住房的需求，进而大大压缩了总的居住需求；其次，在排队人群中，政府通过多种方式筛选掉并不急迫的需求，从而把真正的刚需识别出来，这个刚需人群的体量其实并不太大了。至于市场活力不足的问题，这确实是瑞典这种左翼政策的弊端，但假如为了市场活力而释放市场力量，那就不但有违执政理念，同时也将面对市场化所带来的另一堆问题（如贫富差距拉大等）。实际上，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">“均等”的理念基本上已经是瑞典的全民共识，</span></strong>他们当然也能意识到进入中心地区的艰难以及自己应当承受的代价，所以我们看到，即使是要经过长达数年的排队等待，瑞典人也基本上能安之若素。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10%;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px 6px 2px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.2</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 90%;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-style: solid;border-bottom-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">自治</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">“自治”，体现在瑞典的上下层权利关系中。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">瑞典的政治体制，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">从全国看是分权，从地方看则是集权。</span></strong>国家在开发建设方面基本不干涉地方具体的建房行为，但通过两大事务的管理对地方行为进行引导，一是财税，二是法律。如瑞典制定了一套国家建设规范（National Building Code），全国的建设都不得与这套规范相悖。相比之下，地方政府则拥有相当大的自主权限，如斯德哥尔摩市政府拥有全市70%的土地，从而在地方发展方面拥有非常大的话语权，地方也可以在国家建设规范的基础上，设定本地的开发建设标准规范；而与此同时，地方政府也负有相当大的责任，包括要努力提供大量的住房、降低建造成本、提高能源效率等。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6826568" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJhpIEtAZicksH7MAx68x4Uia6iacDJmO35KPsD9SR7C5l6GOem3UZOfrzOg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="542" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“自治”源自欧洲自封建社会以来的古老传统，它一方面使得央地关系高度扁平化，地方通过自治，得以制衡中央权力的过度干预；另一方面，自治也赋予了地方更大的活力，当然伴随而生的，还有地方所承担的风险也相应更大。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">除了地方政府的自治权之外，瑞典的“自治”还表现在很多层面，比如在共有住房的管理层面，瑞典的每个共有住房小区都会设立一家<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">住房合作社（Tenant-owner Cooperatives / Bostadsr?ttsf?reningar），</span></strong>其角色是作为所有小业主的集合体，持有该合作住房的土地产权，雇佣物业管理公司，并约束小业主的相关权益。这种社区层级的自治，在社区建立了一个非常稳定的产权架构，各方权益既得到保护，也受到约束。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6696589" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJhMuh7336NOm6KJULHcyadO8rYPCJLcV8cVhf92AEMxKmQX9Ryo189xg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="557" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10%;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px 6px 2px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.3</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 90%;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-style: solid;border-bottom-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">谈判</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">“谈判”，体现在瑞典的个体间权利关系中。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">瑞典有相当大的租房群体，而房屋租金的管控则是一个世界性难题。自由市场下的租金很难把控，常常被激增的需求迅速推高；政府对租金的管制，又容易扭曲价格信号，进而造成供需关系的混乱。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">那么瑞典的住房租金如何确定？自由市场还是政府管制？答案是“谈判”。</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />作为瑞典的普通租客，你不用去担心租金过高的问题，也不用自己去面对强势的房东，所有住房的租金都由一个类似工会的NGO组织——<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">“租户联合会”（Hyresg?stf?reningen）</span></strong>来帮你谈判，谈判的参与方还包括瑞典的公共住房协会（Sveriges Allm?nnytta）和房地产业主协会（Fastighets?garna）。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6319569" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJhA3Tgd8W6196qdb02TtgxbS9NSyk9HGFSbgUFEPbO6HLuYoOBDcCUcQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="557" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">机构和机构之间神仙打架，租客则坐享其成。瑞典将这种必需以机构间集体谈判决定租金的制度写进了法律，专门有一个<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">《租赁谈判法》（Rent Negotiation Law）</span></strong>来规范租赁过程中有关谈判的一系列问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">除了租金，瑞典的谈判制度还体现在很多方面。比如，对于一个待开发的地块，政府通常会有明确的具有法定地位的详细规划（Detailed Plan），而开发建设者可以在不违背详细规划的前提下制定自己项目的设计方案，并与政府的建设审批部门谈判，比如设计方案中外立面的色彩可能较为鲜艳，而政府考虑到周边邻近历史街区，会建议将色彩调暗等等。经过长时间谈判和妥协，开发建设者可以获得最终的建设许可（building permit）。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7518116" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJhS2S8pV80PX37OJzGNS34hpbjrPgARCryLUttVeQxuo22lqG33hwApg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="552" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">一个尊重谈判的制度环境是与一个适度的法律原则相适配的，</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">详细规划仅明确不可突破的底线（也即谈判底线），而给利益相关方留下充分的谈判空间，从而保证各方诉求得到充分表达。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></p></section><section style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文化</strong></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">文化源自制度，还是制度源自文化？很难说得清楚，两者本就交织在一起，但我个人更倾向于认为，制度会在很大程度上引导人们的行为，进而塑造一个地方的文化。我们从上一部分的“制度”延伸到“文化”，同样可以看到瑞典无处不在的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">“均等文化”、“自治文化”以及“谈判文化”。</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10%;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px 6px 2px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.1</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 90%;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-style: solid;border-bottom-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">均等文化</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">均等化的制度，让瑞典的贫富差距始终保持在一个非常低的水平。从联合国每年公布的各国基尼系数排名来看，瑞典长期居于全球基尼系数最低国家之首。极低的贫富差距水平造就了瑞典人不攀比的文化，体现在瑞典的衣食住行各个方面。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">从衣着来看，瑞典街头熙熙攘攘的人群，着装都大同小异，体面却不奢华；从饮食来看，在瑞典很少看到非常高档的餐厅，大大小小的自助餐厅和咖啡馆才是主流；在住房方面，政府高官、公司高管和平民都住在非常类似的房子里，甚至租着同样的房子；在出行方面，瑞典的马路上极少看到豪车，国民品牌沃尔沃是大多数人的选择。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">瑞典有个词，叫<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">“Lagom”，</span></strong>很难在我们的语言中找到合适的翻译，意思大概是不多不少正正好，有人将其翻译为“有度”，这个词，恰是瑞典人最贴切的写照：不多也不少，正正好。借用阿那亚（aranya）社区品牌创始人马寅的说法，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">“有品质的简朴，有节制的丰盛”，</span></strong>我觉得恰能为瑞典人的生活态度提供一个贴切的注脚。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10%;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px 6px 2px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.2</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 90%;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-style: solid;border-bottom-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">自治文化</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">瑞典广泛的自治文化很可能受到自治的制度影响，而这种制度又根植于更为古老的欧洲的自治文化传统，这种自治文化传统可能源于长期存在于欧洲的分封制度和商人建立的议会制度，甚至可能进一步上溯至古希腊城邦的自治传统，不管怎么说，今天欧洲大部分地区都相当认同自治。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">自治文化常常孕育出底层的创新，我们在马尔默的Augustenborg社区就领略到了这种底层创新的文化。马尔默地处瑞典最南端的滨海地区，地势低洼，每临暴雨就容易出现内涝，Augustenborg社区则是水患最为严重的地区之一。马尔默大学的一位教授决定改变这个现状，他说服Augustenborg社区的建设公司MKB，以及市政府，共同开展一系列社区改造行动，以低冲击开发（LID）理念，开辟多处引水蓄水的雨洪花园和蓄水池，经过不懈努力，如今的Augustenborg社区再也没发生过内涝，这里的探索经验获得了联合国人居范例奖，而MKB公司也正在逐步将这些经验推广到其他社区。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7989228" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJh5bkE9sU5NloE0eDOY5lexRZy8Miak59eFboj7B9Pyvx08wPNayCetvA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="557" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">从这个过程中，我们可以看到自治文化激活的社区自主动力，以及在底层创新中所产生的积极影响。可以说，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">自治不只是一种治理模式，更是一种“赋能”，</span></strong>它赋予人们自主处理自身事务的能力。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10%;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px 6px 2px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.3</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 90%;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-style: solid;border-bottom-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">谈判文化</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">斯德哥尔摩的皇家海港城（Royal Seaport），是一处滨海地区改造项目。原先这里有一大片集中供热工厂，当附近新的现代化的供热工厂建成后，这个工厂就被废弃，成了一片工业遗产。如今，新的改造正在进行中，我们已经能看到，一期社区的面貌焕然一新，清新的草坪，充满野趣的水岸，还有非常先进的垃圾分类管道系统。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5657658" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYyULRAic3eicBfvib2oyRGEJhv8TS4vlrlguqbNrTONiaBJm7xoPXB8iciatONWXJSRYKSAdviccTCqSvLg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="555" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">再开发项目的负责人告诉我们，政府会在开发前两年进驻场地，并与当地居民（多数是原工厂的老职工）沟通整个项目事宜，居民也可以在这个过程中提出自己的诉求。我问假如有部分居民自始至终都不同意开发项目，以至于拖慢项目进度，要怎么办呢？这位负责人有些惊讶地看着我说，不太可能出现这种情况，因为居民没有阻挠项目的必要，一切都可以通过谈判解决。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">我想，这正是谈判的精髓，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">谈判既意味着充分表达自己的诉求，同时更意味着双方理性的妥协。</span></strong>如果大家能够通过谈判获得自己想要的，同时也很清楚自己无法通过无理取闹攫取不合理的好处，那为什么要去阻挠项目开发呢？这让我想到我国征拆过程中常常出现的激烈冲突，强势一方为了巨大收益，不惜采用暴力手段去碾压被征拆者的利益，弱势一方则用另一种极端方式，要么坐地起价，甚至不惜自残自毁，以博取尽可能大的利益。在一个缺乏规则的环境中，双方都只能选择用非理性的冲突方式，为本就该属于自己的权益拼尽全力。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(20, 94, 86);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</strong></p></section><section style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">体会</strong></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">两周的学习培训，聚焦于瑞典的公共住房，但却给了我们一个机会去管中窥豹，感受瑞典更加宏观的制度和文化，由此，也让我对社会政策与制度有了更深入的理解。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">首先，制度永远充满着矛盾</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">——平等与自由往往是社会制度偏向的两个极端，瑞典选择的“全民住房”制度，很明显是偏向平等一侧的，可同时这又是一个优劣势都非常突出的制度，长期以来都存在着争议。我们应当充分认识到制度天然具有的矛盾性，才能在制度的设计与改进过程中，抱有更加开放的心态，而不致固步自封。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">其次，制度不是孤立存在的</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">——所有的政策和制度都是建基于更大的制度背景上的，评价制度的优劣，不能孤立看待那些政策条款，同样，也不能孤立地照搬学习。我由此想到规划行业常常喜欢引用国外案例作为借鉴，可是却往往并不对案例所处的制度背景进行分析，仅仅断章取义取其“皮毛”，这实在是很草率的做法。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(181, 7, 7);box-sizing: border-box;">最后，制度应能持续地生长</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">——瑞典的住房制度令人印象深刻的一点，是其稳定而持续不断的演化迭代过程，无论是法律法规，还是NGO组织，都经历了百年的演变，延续至今，虽然跟当初已经很不一样，但却明显是一脉相承。可是反观我国的住房政策，却在短短数十年间，不断出新、推翻，又另搞一套，导致今天我国的住房类型五花八门，住房体系也面目不清。慎言“不破不立”，持续稳定的迭代升级，才更有可能收获时间的回报。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 2px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>-END-</strong></p></section></section><p style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 2px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;"><br  /></p><section style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 2px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-top: 0.65em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 578px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(72, 72, 72);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="margin-top: -0.65em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-top: 1px;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;height: 1.3em;line-height: 1.3em;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);border-left-width: 3px;border-left-style: solid;border-right-width: 3px;border-right-style: solid;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">近期阅读推荐</strong></p></section></section></section></section><p style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 2px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">           </p><section style="white-space: normal;font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247493299&idx=1&sn=1059c2452a4d0a2248d5167a6aa9ff11&chksm=fc62603bcb15e92d646d44a2d5c4456461920ff7e6547d04ae8e571cd2864cfe1b0c98d5f9da&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="11" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: 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100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><h2 style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">点击图片阅读全文                 </h2></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 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top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247493227&idx=1&sn=492f737055730c8b39e0209051e0e9b1&chksm=fc6260e3cb15e9f59c04589f7cd3274fff7f4395750d4945126e49482df0ba54fbae18254196&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;"><img data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="549" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="250" data-ratio="0.44976076555023925" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZtw9NCLCNjGYUcia66d8Tbv0v6NbPcvCsAkgsniaeYffPvt3FLEYBWKIEUVIB1vtp6oFSJG2L3fyPw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="627" style="height: 250px;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 14px 0px;width: 556px;top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;"  /></span></a></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 20px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;overflow-wrap: 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inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247493209&idx=1&sn=2ae192f2679b3daa1ee7c0d7a2e8627e&chksm=fc6260d1cb15e9c7c03c07b6e56322cb92e31c46fc17475177e99dda50a2327480568b1405cc&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;"><img data-cropselx1="0" 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