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<section style="display: none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"><br  /></section><section style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;text-align: start;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif;border-radius: 2em;height: 40px;line-height: 40px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(147, 196, 125);" data-mpa-powered-by="gulangu"><img data-ratio="1" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYAib8VVmqSR50jbd2pLvDmAIG7CQU3EM11EaPWdPg1PBDNN72HDicoriaUjUGTv5RkT2FRMAicfzb6kw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="30" style="margin: 3px 10px;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: rgb(52, 43, 252);float: left;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 14px 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;visibility: visible !important;width: auto !important;"><section style="color: inherit;display: inline-block;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">关注“<strong></strong>”，更多精彩等着你！</span></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-croporisrc="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZSgs9uD5pBuzibGf9fkicvKTCmSqIcxIzfZuzqwYQC6802iciaKoKgTlslzbzcnZEKJHbnrSxd6ibeUCg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="1.5519031141868511" data-cropx2="897" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="495.0570934256055" data-ratio="0.5524553571428571" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohZSgs9uD5pBuzibGf9fkicvKTEaPRafhZcSOcO1eJbKwH03ibm559C4Fg4ZNoMfxqtcoySTyyh7xcIoQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="896" style="width: 577px;height: 319px;"></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><br  /></p><p style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">来源 | 广东省城乡规划设计研究院</span></strong><br  /></p><section style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">撰稿 | 规划三所 姚丹燕</span></strong></section><section style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">审核 | 规划三所 陈伟劲</strong></span></strong></section><section style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">编辑&播音<strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"> | </strong></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">总工程师室 </strong>蔡焕仪</strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><section style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><br  /></section><section><audio style="width:100%" src="https://res.wx.qq.com/voice/getvoice?mediaid=MzU2MzAwODQ4N18yMjQ3NDkzNzIw" controls="controls"></audio></section><section style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><br  /></section><section style="margin: 10px 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 677px;vertical-align: top;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-bottom: -25px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 200px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dGvCuns07Zynn7lkOwMWPXVJN0UEYofrrfbNwXRZITibMeMDKr0YKd41A/640?wx_fmt=png");overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: 15px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 17px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 2px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 0px 2px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color: rgb(158, 122, 88);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">规划FM·听书堂</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 30px 15px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 677px;vertical-align: top;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-attachment: scroll;border-color: rgb(158, 122, 88);border-width: 2px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG0Jf5MvIGXcxibOeWRp7Oba6j6ic3S7NSiageYbGPkvv8HrUibbpoJnvSgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;color: rgb(115, 75, 37);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">每个行业领域里，都有值得品鉴的书。这些书有的是历经时间检验的经典，有的是引领专业发展的著作，有的是总结实践经验的宝典。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">读着这些书，也是同作者一起分享智慧。每每开卷，总像金屋打开一扇奇妙的门，离心灵最近。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“”全新打造重点栏目——规划FM·听书堂，焕仪请您听本书。</strong>朗朗书声，一字一句，让我们用声音联系在一起。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: -30px;margin-bottom: -10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: right;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.24;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 100px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG138PCy1rT4VCgnDuPtP8hfibFBRtUsDE97R5U0t9qfNc45kcKTu1ib9A/640?wx_fmt=png");line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">《创新集群三十年探索之旅》是北京大学王缉慈教授在退休5年之际完成的一本回顾之作，分为上下两篇共15章，收录了王缉慈教授在各类平台上发表过的学术论文、研究思考和信件手稿等，是她30年产业集群研究过程中的思考记录和心路折射。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="1.3977591036414565" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KdHsekPZfedJxs7ibOB52qDKAuvVmCOiaeh9f3Tib0OGBvd8vsVbdPRJfIZskZqsZKsprX56icpqt92vZ0mFTsCgQA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="357" style="width: 217px;border-radius: 6px;box-shadow: rgb(210, 210, 210) 0em 0em 0.5em 0px;height: 303px;"></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">王缉慈 《创新集群三十年探索之旅》</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">科学出版社</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">2018年6月</span><br  /></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">除了《创新集群三十年探索之旅》以外，笔者也对照翻阅了王缉慈教授的另外两本著作：《创新的空间：产业集群与区域发展》和《超越集群：中国产业集群的理论探索》，将其中的一些观点进行摘取、梳理和归纳，结合个人思考，在本文中一并呈现。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.5041666666666667" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KdHsekPZfedJxs7ibOB52qDKAuvVmCOiaedG2iaiciaeov7ShiabNGzFHs9fAuhsTufFXEkcRzBXuAibU94fh4yL7awaA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="720" style="border-radius: 6px;box-shadow: none;"></section><p style="text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">  王缉慈</span></p><p style="text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">《创新的空间：产业集群与区域发展》 科学出版社，2020年2月</span></p><p style="text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">《超越集群：中国产业集群的理论探索》 科学出版社，2016年2月</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><section style="border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;margin-bottom: -5px;color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t">一、什么是产业集群</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">产业集群是一群在地理上临近、相互联系的企业和机构，它们具有产业联系且相互影响，</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">通过联系和互动，在区域中产生外部经济，从而降低成本，并在相互信任和合作的学习氛围中促进技术创新。然而，集群中相互学习和促进创新的效应可能产生，也可能不产生。</span><br  /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">产业集群的行为主体包括企业和机构两大部分，其中机构有两类，一是提供知识的机构，比如大学、职业学校、咨询机构、质量检测中心等；二是为行为主体提供服务的机构，比如商会、知识产权服务机构等。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>通常来说，“机构稠密性”（institutionthickness）是产业集群的重要特征。</strong></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">一个认识误区是，培育产业集群等于打造产业链。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">现实并非如此。很多跨国公司在本地没有什么联系，它的联系是全球范围内的，产业链的上下游也不一定在本地。这种情况下，它有完整的产业链，却没有在本地形成产业集群，只是一块产业“飞地”。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">另一个常见的误区是，地理邻近等于有效互动。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">王缉慈教授指出，中国行政体制造成的部门之间、行政区域之间的“条块分割”和“诸侯经济”现象，产生了很多地理邻近却没有实际产业联系的工业区、开发区。官僚和等级制的组织会阻碍本地行为主体间本该自然发生的互动关系。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><section style="border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;margin-bottom: -5px;color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t">二、什么是创新集群</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">“创新”是出现在地方战略规划、城市目标定位中的高频词汇，但是“创新”本身的概念定义是非常模糊含混的。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>创新不是创造、创意或发明，只有当一个产品或工艺过程达到商品化，具有一定的市场价值，方可被认为是“创新”。</strong></span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;padding: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.5874384236453202" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KdHsekPZfedJxs7ibOB52qDKAuvVmCOiaeOzIfZjVWvgX0Xhu78JMtMAefIwQ84QDuEibLm8Fe9iaQqe6nzT84Prmg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="812" style="width: 417px;height: 245px;border-radius: 6px;box-shadow: none;border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">INNOVATION = NEWNESS + MARKET VALUE</span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong>创新=新+市场价值</strong></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">王缉慈教授提出，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>创新集群是行为主体（大学、科研院所、企业、地方政府等机构及其个人）近距离合作的网络，是促进创新的产业社区，其核心是合作机构，</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">通过合作机构的作用，可以加强行为主体的集体效率，获得协同效应。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">创新集群的理论渊源有二，一是产业区（industrial district）理论，二是产业集群（industrial cluster）理论。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">可见，产业是创新的源泉，企业是创新的主体，产业集群的发展促生了创新集群。创新集群的核心却不是企业，而是各类合作机构。也就是说，企业是形成池塘（产业集群）的水分子，各类平台和社会网络是搅动形成活水（创新集群）的棍子。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><section style="border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;margin-bottom: -5px;color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t">三、产业集群≠创新集群</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">产业创新往往存在于产业集聚的区域，然而产业集聚的区域不一定能够培养产业创新。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>王缉慈教授将基于技术创新和文化创造力的产业集群归为高端集群，可以将其理解为，产业集群是创新集群的必要条件，创新集群是产业集群的高阶版本。</strong></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">王缉慈教授指出，非创新的生产集群是专业化产业集聚的“陷阱”，因为它的企业可能聚的快，散的也快，使生产集群会在瞬间消失而造成区域经济的衰退。反过来看，无产业基础的“创新空间”打造，也是一种发展的“幻觉”，因为这里的创新可能只是几个空壳公司和几家漂亮的咖啡馆，没有热热闹闹创新人才网络和扎实成熟的产品转化链条，创新集群会成为一栋空中楼阁而造成地方财政的浪费。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">产业集群促进创新的原因是什么呢？不管是地方创新系统理论或者地方创新网络理论，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>都强调必须要有人与人、企业与企业间面对面的交流，近距离的沟通。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">互动会迸发出火花，正式和非正式社会网络会促进内生知识的形成、积累和分享，这对持续的技术创新非常重要。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><section style="border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;margin-bottom: -5px;color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t">四、创新产业≠高科技产业</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">平日里提及创新产业，言必谈生物医药、电子信息、新材料新能源等等，最近的创新产业热词又变成了“机器人”。按照一般的定义，高科技产业是指那些生产高科技产品的企业。但是，在传统产业的生产过程中，有大量的高技术生产工艺和过程，其重要性却经常被忽视。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">传统行业里同样也有高价值的产业，在产品中凝聚着大量的人的创造力。</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">比如家具和服装、制鞋等产业，在国外被称为“创新性的低技术产业”。其创新性可以体现在三个方面。一是企业在资源管理、生产组织、营销销售等方面，通过创新以获得竞争力；二是知识密度不等于研究和开发密度；三是通过优秀设计和持续改善产品质量获得产品差别化。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">以鞋业为例，女性高跟鞋是鞋业设计和制作难度最大的小众市场，需要制鞋业的“高精尖”技术，样品设计和工匠手工制作都是创新性活动。如能通过品质把控、文化包装和品牌营销，立住高端市场，就可以从低附加值产业转变为高附加值产业。欧洲一众奢饰品牌就是如此。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><section style="border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;margin-bottom: -5px;color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;" mpa-from-tpl="t">五、制造业要把根留住</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">出口导向型制造业大多是对成本非常敏感、技术发展缓慢且高度自由布局性的产业，可以在全球范围内迅速转移，在发展中国家留下产业空洞。而制造业素质是需要在很长的时间内不断沉淀的，通过教育、培训、合作获得一批成熟稳定的工人和快速响应的生产链条。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在全球产业再次“松脚”移动的今天，跨国公司的生产环节是很难留住的，它们会去到成本更低的地方，但是它们帮助培育的劳动力素质和制造业环境是可以留住的。对于高新技术制造业来说，需要同时结合高技术的科研人员和低技术的劳动力。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>因此，中国城市要把制造业的根留住，并不是说要留住世界五百强的制造工厂，而是要留住人，并培育大量的中小企业。</strong></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在培育中小企业的同时，需要激励它们建立商会等社团组织，促进它们的交流与合作，以便形成健康的创新生态系统，持续地进行自我学习、创新和迭代升级。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;display: inline-block;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="white-space: normal;line-height: 0em;">﹀</p><p style="margin-top: -8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 0em;opacity: 0.5;">﹀</p><p style="margin-top: -8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 0em;opacity: 0.2;">﹀</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在《创新集群三十年探索之旅》的后记中，王缉慈教授回顾了自己的研究脉络和教学经历。从生产力出发研究产业布局是她坚持的研究思路。在1985年出国前，她在研究每一个产业布局时都会钻研它的生产流程。在重化工业的布局研究中，王缉慈教授会为学生讲解从铝土矿变成氧化铝的化学反应，还带着学生在山西下过煤窑。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">王缉慈教授说自己没有获得过任何学位，同时又说：“常常有人问我今年有什么新成就，最近有什么新成果，有时我说不出来，但是这都没关系，因为我能量积累到一定程度可能还会出一本书，还会有新的成果、新的发现。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>我不断地在积累，不断地在想问题，不断在学习。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">”如此谦逊、务实、脚踏实地、实事求是的治学和工作态度，同样非常值得我们去学习。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><section><mpcps frameborder="0" class="js_editor_cps" data-datakey="1590396048956_0.6662360617264627" style="width:100% !important;border:0;" data-uid="1590396048954" data-type="1" data-product="" data-templateid="list" data-pid="25291320" data-packid="" data-smartnum="" data-color="#fa7834" data-categoryid="3" data-appid="wx831660fe3ded4389" data-report="s0%3D0%26s1%3D0%26s2%3D0%26s3%3D%25E5%2588%259B%25E6%2596%25B0%25E9%259B%2586%25E7%25BE%25A4%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%26s4%3D0%26s5%3D10%26s6%3Did_1590396237711_653758%26s7%3D%26s8%3D%26s9%3D%26s10%3D%26pid%3Dwx831660fe3ded4389_25291320%26uuid%3D3563008487657922787%26title%3D%25E5%2588%259B%25E6%2596%25B0%25E9%259B%2586%25E7%25BE%25A4%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2597%2585%26sid%3D3%26cid%3D3%26ratio%3D17.00%2525%26price%3D70.20%26"></mpcps></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br  /></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;line-height: 2em;"><img class="rich_pages __bg_gif" data-ratio="0.2168141592920354" 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