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<section style="display: none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"><br  /></section><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.134375" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYic4cYPibbyIuL7mo9FSiaLW50CKnnSkGWPOODjJKPA2z8ZibaoTQpyfx0DchXnwovtTVmaDsSscQaaw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style=""  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="577" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="319" data-ratio="0.5543113101903695" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYCMb85Yz8zib2uGDUXGLBpDcDjXY8bjUa5g7yM3YQ4M3JZTvWn1Q4LKlIjuanfGbYyRh6I2wAl1Mg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="893" style="height: 320px;width: 577px;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">来源 | 广东省城乡规划设计研究院</span></strong><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">撰稿 | 规划一所 王国今</span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">审核 | 规划一所 龚斌</strong></span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">编辑&播音<strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"> | </strong></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">总工程师室 </strong>蔡焕仪</strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br  /></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br  /></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><section><audio style="width:100%" src="https://res.wx.qq.com/voice/getvoice?mediaid=MzU2MzAwODQ4N18yMjQ3NDk0NDM0" controls="controls"></audio></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></strong></strong></strong></span></strong><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br  /></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><section style="margin: 10px 8px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 677px;vertical-align: top;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-bottom: -25px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 200px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dGvCuns07Zynn7lkOwMWPXVJN0UEYofrrfbNwXRZITibMeMDKr0YKd41A/640?wx_fmt=png");overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: 15px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 17px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 2px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 0px 2px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color: rgb(158, 122, 88);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">规划FM·听书堂</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 30px 15px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 677px;vertical-align: top;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-attachment: scroll;border-color: rgb(158, 122, 88);border-width: 2px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG0Jf5MvIGXcxibOeWRp7Oba6j6ic3S7NSiageYbGPkvv8HrUibbpoJnvSgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;color: rgb(115, 75, 37);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">每个行业领域里，都有值得品鉴的书。这些书有的是历经时间检验的经典，有的是引领专业发展的著作，有的是总结实践经验的宝典。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">读着这些书，也是同作者一起分享智慧。每每开卷，总像金屋打开一扇奇妙的门，离心灵最近。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“”全新打造重点栏目——规划FM·听书堂，焕仪请您听本书。</strong>朗朗书声，一字一句，让我们用声音联系在一起。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: -30px;margin-bottom: -10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: right;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.24;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 100px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG138PCy1rT4VCgnDuPtP8hfibFBRtUsDE97R5U0t9qfNc45kcKTu1ib9A/640?wx_fmt=png");line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"  /></section></section><section><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br  /></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">工业革命时代，人口激增，资源无节制开采，生态环境遭到严重破坏。1962 年美国科普作家蕾切尔·卡逊创作的科普读物《寂静的春天》 ，人们开始将目光转向生态规划设计。然而， 在人们“绿化率” 等同于“生态化”的思想影响之下，许多不得法的改造自然适得其反。河西走廊本是一片绿洲，新中国成立之前，受过度人工干预与自然环境变化的影响，荒漠化逐渐侵袭这条生命绿带。1950 年起，政府开始采用开采水源、植树造林的方式补救，但结果却是“年年种树不见树、岁岁造林不成林”，同样的例子还有我国著名的三北防护林。两者均是因为没有认识到自然界的生存法则， 考虑了植物重要性的同时，却忽视了限制其生长的生境因子——地下水的重要性，自然界平衡各种生态环境要素限制条件的结果是，既允许森林存在，也需要有荒漠存在。</span><span style="color: rgb(132, 17, 5);font-size: 14px;"></span><span style="color: rgb(132, 17, 5);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(132, 17, 5);font-size: 14px;">所以，滥砍</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(132, 17, 5);font-size: 14px;"><strong>滥</strong><strong>伐是生态破坏，过度造林也是生态破坏。</strong></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="262" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="282" data-ratio="1.3348837209302327" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUMmfBGbg8WwbibsBX5FaK9y0FYHv9hU4WSVBaxLEYqqv5HIs1b0Ic7NA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="430" style="width: 262px;height: 350px;"  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图1：岳邦瑞<br  /></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">《图解景观生态规划设计原理》<br  /></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">中国建筑工业出版社，2017年</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;"><br  /></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">那么，怎样的规划设计才能称之为生态规划设计？西安建筑科技大学岳邦瑞教授及其团队为解决此问题 ，2017 年出版了《图解景观生态规划设计原理》一书，该书系统、全面、准确的解决了此问题，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>其核心思想为：只有遵循生态学原理的生态规划设计才是人与自然共生之“法”。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">（图 1）</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);"><br  /></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);"><br  /></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;"><br  /></section><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="white-space: normal;"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);line-height: 1.75em;"><section mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-bottom: -5px;border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;color: inherit;"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;">一、什么是景观生态学</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">景观生态学可以从“景观”和“生态”两个方面进行解读。对于景观概念的解读，景观有三种理解，</span><span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">在视觉美学角度</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">：景观＝风景，是指人类对于地球表面的视觉体验；</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>在地理学角度</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，景观＝地域综合体。19 世纪初，洪堡将景观引入地理学并作为科学的地理术语，认为景观是由气候、水文、土壤、植被等自然要素及文化现象组成的地域综合体。随后，道库恰耶夫传承了这一思想，认为地表的一切自然成分，如：地形、地表岩石、气候、水、土壤、动植物群落都是紧密相连、相互制约的，是为复杂的物质体系的一部分而不断发展；</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>在生态学角度</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，景观＝生态系统镶嵌体，1939 年德国生态学家特洛尔提出“景观生态学”一词，将地理学研究自然现象空间的“横向”方法与生态学研究的内部功能的“纵向”方法相结合，开始关注景观的结构、功能和变化。后来福尔曼和戈德罗恩从景观与生态系统的关系角度进行了更为本质的定义：</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>“景观由相互作用的生态镶嵌体组成，并以类似形式重复出现，具有高度空间异质性的区域”</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，1999 年<span style="font-size: 14px;">Moss</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span>将其最终总结为“</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>景观是相互作用的生态系统的异质镶嵌体</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"> ”，为大众所认可。（图2）</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>生态，即生物生存发展的状态 。</strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="554" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="441" data-ratio="0.8064516129032258" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUf0cPAaSUdDUPskpgfj1tr9iboicbNwHl1icEyI9mm24V3WGZ7Cx3n0Stg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="899" style="width: 554px;height: 447px;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图2：不同视角下景观的理解</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">结合“景观”与“生态”的概念，景观生态学是研究具有异质性的土地镶嵌体发展变化过程的学科。其核心为景观格局与景观过程之间的相互作用关系</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，景观格局是指土地镶嵌体的斑块、数量、大小、排列方式等，景观过程是指景观生态系统内部和不同生态系统之间的物质、能量、信息的流动和迁移转化过程的总称，生态过程与景观格局时时刻刻都在发生变化，不同之处在于，景观格局是生态过程的瞬时反映，生态过程不断塑造新的景观格局。（图 3）</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="547" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="293" data-ratio="0.5413870246085011" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUJbiaOt5Hnjxl5VkFxicBbHicX1z3ibqapo2ian1ooc43LmDqzAOzPicpOW7w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="894" style="width: 547px;height: 296px;"  /></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图3：景观格局与生态过程的相互作用关系</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="white-space: normal;"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);line-height: 1.75em;"><section mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-bottom: -5px;border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;color: inherit;"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;">二、什么是景观生态学原理</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">景观生态学的原理提取来源于生态学、地理学等多个学科，庞大的学科知识体系使原理的提取工作较为困难，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>该书根据来源的公认性、可被空间化、有实践案例支撑三项标准筛选出 24条基本原理并按照微观、中观、宏观三个方面分类，将每一条原理按照理论（Theory）＋模式（Pattern）＋案例（Case）（以下简称 TPC模式），对每一个理论进行了解释并加入了实际案例。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">如岛屿生物地理学理论，是将生物地理学的理论抽象出来应用于规划设计。在生物地理学中，1921-1922年，Archenius和 Gleason建立一个说明基本规律的经验型模型，揭示岛屿物种存活数目与所占面积（空间）之间的一般原则，并表达为以下的基本形式：</span>S=CA<sup>Z</sup><span style="font-size: 14px;"> (A代表面积， C物种分布密度，Z是参数，一般为 0.18-0.35)（图 4），按这个公式来计算，岛屿物种的数</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;">量与岛屿面积成正相关关系。</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="6" data-cropselx2="309" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="197" data-ratio="0.6257309941520468" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUAv4xyicBwdUa3jAA4qdmgwicv84lIiaAQEkwicdQkIBP6fCsqOqwZBa7qQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="513" style="width: 315px;height: 197px;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图4：“物种-面积” 理论关系模型</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;">但这只是一种静态的统计关系，这样的考虑显然忽视了生物的迁徙与死亡，因而，在1967年MacArthur和Wilson在普斯林大学提出著名的“均衡理论”，首次从动态方面阐述了物种丰富度与面积及隔离程度之间的关系，认为岛屿物种丰富程度取决于物种的迁入率和灭绝率。这两个过程的消长导致了物种丰富度的动态变化，迁入率和灭绝率与岛屿的面积及隔离程度有关。由于岛屿上的生态位及栖息空间有限，已定殖的物种越多，新物种迁入的可能性就越小，已定殖物种灭绝的可能性也越高。因此，对于某一岛屿而言，迁入率和死亡率将随岛屿的物种丰富度增加而分别呈下降和上升趋势，迁入曲线和灭绝曲线分别呈现下行与上扬趋势。因此，面积大而距离较近的岛屿比面积小而距离较远的岛屿平衡态数目要大，面积小和距离较近的岛屿分别比面积大和距离较远的岛屿周转率要高。（图5）</span><br  /></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="375" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="261" data-ratio="0.7413194444444444" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUQQFokibjT9y44w3jykUvHqkKLfGchbhia0MZJujv333prXY0EvRfjQ5g/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="576" style="width: 375px;height: 278px;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图5：基于迁入率与迁出率的均衡理论</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">从景观生态学的角度，这些理论空间化后衍生了六个自然保护区空间设计的六大空间法则，即：</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-weight: bold;"><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 3em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">大保护区通常要比小保护区好；</span></strong></section></li><li style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-weight: bold;"><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 3em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">一个大的保护区通常优于同样面积的几个小保护区（后引发著名的SLOSS之争）；</span></strong></section></li><li style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-weight: bold;"><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 3em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">距离近的几个保护区通常优于几个较远的保护区；</span></strong></section></li><li style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-weight: bold;"><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 3em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">等距排列的几个保护区通常优于线性排列保护区；</span></strong></section></li><li style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-weight: bold;"><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 3em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">有廊道连接的保护区优于没有廊道连接的保护区；</span></strong></section></li><li style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 3em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">圆形的保护区优于瘦长的保护区。</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 14px;">（图6）</span></section></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="554" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="597" data-ratio="1.104602510460251" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUZdC4UBN0QnwXialA0kchg90WKYUNFbs1qibYIQMoJn8ZQ9W9ZRGyshxw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="717" style="width: 554px;height: 612px;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图6：自然保护区的六大法则</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);"><br  /></span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">最后，利用这些规律得出</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>自然保护区圈层模式</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">和</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>保护区网</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">两种理想的保护区规划设计方式。（图7）</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="487" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="174" data-ratio="0.40842787682333875" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUXHSCONmOHWry7c21mIcibicB6bqKTdnibrQQCmbV4DHT2GulXc680sL1Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="617" style="width: 487px;height: 199px;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图7：两种自然保护区保护模式（a.圈层模式b.保护区网模式）</span></p><p><br  /></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="white-space: normal;"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);line-height: 1.75em;"><section mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-bottom: -5px;border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;color: inherit;"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;">三、景观生态学原理如何应用于规划设计</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">保护区圈层模式在生态规划设计中的应用</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">：俞孔坚团队所规划设计的哈尔滨群力新区生态湿地公园，其设计目标之一是要最大程度的保护场地内部原生湿地，即保护区圈层模式的规划设计方法，即将天然湿地作为“核心区”，面积尽可能最大化，边界尽可能接近圆形，内部尽可能完整而无人工干扰，在核心区外建立环形缓冲区屏蔽外界不良干扰。（图 8）</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="554" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="307" data-ratio="0.5614754098360656" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUtaX5j3BhFweCJcVRUvObj55VK1KtkGMCvYR8x9AxKdWlUtjkpbUApQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="732" style="width: 554px;height: 311px;"  /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图8：哈尔滨群力生态湿地公园</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br  /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">保护区网模式在生态规划设计中的应用</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">：石花洞风景名胜区的规划目标是保护破碎化的栖息地野生动物种群，具体策略为借鉴自然保护区“保护区网模式”构建起连续、安全的生境网络，恢复野生动物生物多样性，包括：① 对原有和潜在栖息地进行保护；② 将栖息地通过安全的生态廊道连接；③ 设置适当的缓冲区减少人为干扰。（图9）</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-cropselx1="5" data-cropselx2="433" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="228" data-ratio="0.5211267605633803" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZUKlqeh6Rmp5e9fCCUHLuUaPiaZDVSKpepMxpSLtdpZjfD6tzj7wHEbjfXQXtCibx5mXP8hgxTKQibA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="568" style="width: 438px;height: 228px;"  /></p><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">图9：石花洞风景名胜区生态规划</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="white-space: normal;"><section data-mpa-template-id="477" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(170, 166, 149);line-height: 1.75em;"><section mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-bottom: -5px;border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(120, 116, 97);border-top-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-right-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);border-left-color: rgb(120, 116, 97);font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;color: inherit;"><p style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: rgb(170, 166, 149);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5em;background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(62, 49, 49);"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" style="border-color: rgb(170, 166, 149);color: inherit;">四、规划启示</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;"><br  /></section><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">《图解景观生态规划设计原理》一书，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>首先</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">阐述了作者对于生态规划设计的认知：</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>即尊重生态学原理的规划设计才可称之为生态规划设计， 生态学原理源自“自然规律”，</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">只有充分认识到“山、水、林、田、湖、草、海”之间的相互作用关系，发掘自然规律，才能将其应用于规划设计中去，避免“年年种树不见树、岁岁造林不成林 ”的现象再发生。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>其次</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">， 以尽可能简单的方式将晦涩难懂的生态学知识传输给生态基础不同的读者。《图解》一书给人的直观感受为每一条原理均为简单的或生物学、或地理学或生态学原理， 原理繁多， 但其以“TPC ”的模式介绍给规划设计工作者，甚至是零基础的读者，只需五分钟就可以读懂一个生态学理论，将繁杂难懂的景观生态学理论传播给更多的人。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>最后</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，给规划设计人员指明了方向。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong>作为规划设计人员 ，在确定城市用地空间布局之前，应在了解生态学原理的基础上考虑其在自然界的作用，在保证了自然作用的前提下酌情调整用地斑块类型以适应人的生产生活需要， 使人与自然的需求均达到最优，即“生态打底、人文造境、社会和谐”的规划设计方法。</strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><strong><br  /></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img class="rich_pages __bg_gif" data-ratio="0.2168141592920354" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/JARNncAyohaRLfq5Yic1FCmdAmvao2BfXsZOVdkq3cBQHIqlfiad5WicI2KNyTWCDwYKSE1ckrcsHPDU1h9dsO2fQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="452" style="height: 84px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", 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