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<section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial02,lspecial04" data-id="35746" data-md5="645dc" powered-by="gulangu.com"><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" style="width: 578px;height: 185px;" data-ratio="0.31953125" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AA2xVYGFbfD98NJz0RoPXV6JxFmgzq2x5AkMcaCosELpraaHLwmZuGIibuHx5I0KWA7H3wLXE2j4Ke1ibXpJ9MSg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropsely2="184" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropselx2="578" data-cropselx1="0"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br  /></p><section style="width: 50px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -10px;margin-left: auto;box-sizing: border-box;transform: rotate(0deg);background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.992157);" data-md5="645dc" powered-by="gulangu.com"><strong><span style="display: inline-block;width: 40px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">导 读</span></strong></section><section style="border-width: 1px medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: rgb(0, 122, 170) currentColor;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="645dc" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="padding: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="645dc" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="645dc" powered-by="gulangu.com"><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 14px;">以利物浦为代表的英国后工业时代城市，在面临疫情危机时显现了<strong>产业结构脆弱、失业率高涨、心理问题凸显、数据管控不力</strong>等诸多城市问题。本期对话讨论因疫情导致的个人和社会层面的心理健康挑战；以及智慧工具给人们带来便捷的同时，引发的一系列有关“监控资本主义”的伦理问题。</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">本期嘉宾 | Mark Boyle 教授</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial02" data-id="27569" data-md5="edaaf" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="edaaf" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="edaaf" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="edaaf" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22314" data-md5="f2265" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="f2265" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="f2265" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22314" data-md5="f2265" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="f2265" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="f2265" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22313" data-md5="371d0" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="padding: 8px;border: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170);box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);" data-md5="371d0" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section data-md5="371d0" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="text-align: center;" data-type="lspecial02" data-id="24020" data-md5="512d1"><section style="width: 252px;padding-right: 10px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="512d1" powered-by="gulangu.com"><span style="display: inline-block;width: 242px;"><img title="lgPlooO13zcuKILlzI65.474b5960.jpg" style="height: 166px;background-color: rgb(237, 248, 246);width: 179px;vertical-align: middle;border-radius: 50%;" data-ratio="0.9292452830188679" data-type="jpeg" data-w="424" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AA2xVYGFbfD9iaVzL6XyZPpDcvd7rv1kuH0NarVsg52aA5eia5yF2QKr5rTKhOkvX0RGCulM0OaRD9M28G7jLyag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropsely2="166" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropselx2="178" data-cropselx1="2"  /></span></section></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Mark Boyle教授是利物浦大学赫塞尔廷公共政策实践与场所研究所所长。该研究所汇集了政策决策者和实践者的专业知识，以支持城市和区域更新过程中的可持续和包容性发展。其主要研究范围包括利物浦地区。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Boyle教授是一位人文地理学家，他的研究聚焦于城市研究和城市政策。2017年，他被评为过去20年全世界在地理和城市研究方面最具成果的50位学者之一。同时，他还是Taylor and Francis杂志《空间与政治》的主编。</span></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 14px;">Professor Mark Boyle is the Director of the Heseltine Institute for Public Policy Practice and Place at the University of Liverpool. The Institute brings together academic expertise with policy-makers and practitioners to support the development of sustainable and inclusive cities and city regions in the process of regeneration, including Liverpool City Region. </span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 14px;">Professor Mark Boyle is a trained human geographer, his research pivots around urban studies and urban policy. In 2017, he was ranked in the top 50 most productive scholars in Geography and Urban Studies in the world across the preceding 20 years. He is also editor in chief of the Journal Taylor and Francis Journal Space and Polity.</span></section><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-id="18674" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com" data-tools="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(55, 131, 195);letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" data-id="18674" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com" data-tools="gulangu"><section><br  /></section><section><audio style="width:100%" src="https://res.wx.qq.com/voice/getvoice?mediaid=MzIwMjAxNTIwOV8yMjQ3NTAzMjY0" controls="controls"></audio></section><section><br  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="width: 40px;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com"><span style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;width: 40px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="__bg_gif" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 24px !important;visibility: visible !important;" data-ratio="1" data-type="gif" data-w="128" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/AA2xVYGFbfCYYS1h1m4iasN3coXVcJ1BvBiaoGL8ZYic6eiaEbrSWw4mqMqq8W8hXoPQNEz3lFPaeHRykabeK3mTbA/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></span></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 16px;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.75em;text-indent: 0em;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Helvetica,"Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Please scroll down for English version</span></section><section style="text-align: center;" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22406" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="f7407"><section style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><p data-md5="f7407"><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">此次疫情给公众的心理健康方面带来了什么样的挑战？如何利用城市心理学来降低公共卫生风险，促进城市健康发展？</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><p style="margin: 20px 16px 10px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.75em;text-indent: 2em;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Helvetica,"Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">当前，我们把身体健康放在首要位置，但新冠肺炎将会给人们的精神健康带来长期的损害。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">隔离在家的人群，在高危环境工作的关键人员，以及独居在家的老年人口都极易产生心理健康方面的问题。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">这些问题总有一天会暴露。</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">封锁隔离无疑是一场关于人们心理健康的战争，它加剧了人们的焦虑、抑郁、压力、神经衰弱等现象的产生。也可能会导致更多的药物滥用、酗酒和吸毒问题。与此同时，</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">我们也看到了家庭暴力的激增，人们被隔离在家后，会将面对经济、护理负担的压力进一步施加给自己的家人</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">从本质上讲，在找到治愈方法或疫苗之前，人们将被迫与COVID-19共存——这意味着即使知道有潜在危及生命的东西存在，但医疗专业人员和药物却没有能力去拯救你。诚然，保持社交距离、核酸检测、病例追踪与跟踪都可以在一定程度上降低风险，但却不能完全消除风险。</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" style="width: 578px;height: auto;" data-ratio="0.6672845227062094" data-type="png" data-w="1079" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AA2xVYGFbfDu4ic6iblRtbInELEvPrPZ5fEIdTMnnIIOHnGTDkzlGXaD3TGzCAAgNtp5uibuO4ZLfiblDqHUlxL0og/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">图片来源：网络</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">人们需要社交，当彼此隔离时，这种基本的人类需求就无法得到满足。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">网络联系在一定程度上可以帮助人们解决这一问题，但却不能取代人与人之间的亲密关系</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">新冠肺炎精神卫生问题将是世界面临的巨大健康挑战。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">一旦社会重复秩序，我们应立即采取措施妥善应对，否则它将困扰我们的未来</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。</span></section><section style="width: 80px;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;" data-md5="466d3" powered-by="gulangu.com"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22406" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="f7407"><section style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">场所营造与公共卫生预防之间的关系是什么?英国规划系统在这方面提供了什么有益借鉴?</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 16px 10px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.75em;text-indent: 2em;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Helvetica,"Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">为有效恢复社会秩序和更好地重建，必须直面并解决当前的精神健康危机，这就需要提高规划人员、决策者和从业人员的心理素质。心理学的解决方案是把社会和政治问题放在首要位置。</span></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">心理学通常被定义为对人类思想的科学研究。心理治疗通过建立个人的适应力来应对不良的心理状态，</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">包括认知行为疗法、正念、冥想、谈话疗法、锻炼、饮食调理、节欲、睡眠和药物治疗</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">等方法。我相信，每一种治疗方法在帮助人们应对COVID-19方面都有其关键作用。学院派心理学有可能使“心理治疗必须针对思维中的异常情况”这一想法合法化。但事实上，个人化心理疗法在任何政治制度环境下也都能发挥一定作用。</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">如果我们把目前的心理健康危机看作是由社会和政治因素造成的，就可以逐渐接近一系列更为根本的解决方案。因此，在应对心理健康危机时，有必要“修复”整个经济、社会和城市环境以及在其中遭受痛苦的个体。</span></section><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" style="width: 317px;height: 307px;" data-ratio="0.9698996655518395" data-type="png" data-w="299" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AA2xVYGFbfDu4ic6iblRtbInELEvPrPZ5fEgjiajPqKFxlYOVZDVuEOSh8ico092V6PC3icibdlgxMEECZXgXgMoibNZw/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">图片来源：网络</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">在《城市与灵魂》<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（</span></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em>City and Soul</em></span><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 34px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: "mp-quote",-apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;display: inline !important;orphans: 2;float: none;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">）</span>一书中，美国荣格精神分析师、城市学家James Hillman有一句名言：“<strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);">要改变自己，就要改变你的城市</span></strong>。”只有通过改变我们城市运作的组织原则，才有可能创造出有益于社会的空间和保护生态，从而在结构上发挥治疗作用，并赋予其生命力。</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">我们需要建立这样一种场所营造传统——它可以利用社区中已经存在的强大知识资源，找到一种方法来将这些知识潜能发挥出来；尊重人们对他们所处环境状况及造成其原因的认知分析，重视他们所关心的事物和想法，考虑他们提出的解决方案；并</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">支持由规划师、政策制定者、从业人员及他们所服务的社区共同制定、共同管理及共同实施的政策措施</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial04,lspecial06" data-id="35982" data-md5="466d3" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="width: 80px;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;" data-md5="466d3" powered-by="gulangu.com"><br  /></section></section><section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22406" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="f7407"><section style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">国际上看，大数据和智慧治理工具在公共政策和公共服务的信息传递与改善方面显示出了巨大的潜力，为什么我们在此还要同时关注大数据管理的伦理问题?</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><p style="margin: 20px 16px;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">很显然，计算机数据分析在应对COVID-19方面可以发挥积极的作用。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">我们可以利用智能技术来绘制新冠病毒的传播地图，也可以使用手机数据来提醒与感染者有过密切接触的人群</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。人工智能可以帮助我们模拟疾病的未来扩散。联系人追踪也是功能强大的新工具，可以对疫情有所帮助。</span></p><p style="margin: 10px 16px 5px;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: normal;text-indent: 0em;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Helvetica,"Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei",微软雅黑,Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" style="left: auto;top: auto;width: 100%;height: auto;text-align: center;right: auto;bottom: auto;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-indent: 2em;font-family: mp-quote,-apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 17px;" data-ratio="0.4260614934114202" data-type="png" data-w="1366" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AA2xVYGFbfDu4ic6iblRtbInELEvPrPZ5fPia8t7zrZic1rribdvm96tiaxT4tVUoq3TjbHboUAJAPGhcA7cYavXLBbw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-backw="546" data-backh="233" data-cropsely2="233" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropselx2="546" data-cropselx1="0"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><strong>约翰霍普金斯大学全球疫情地图</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">图片来源：https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">但是我们需要非常小心，在Shoshana Zuboff所谓的“</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">监控资本主义</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">”框架下，智能技术的起源和发展已经催生了这样一种技术，它的配置不仅为商业数据采集器的利益服务，而且在很大程度上明显地存在监管不足问题。</span></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">出现问题的原因并不在于智能技术本身，而是因为该技术受到非常特殊的政治制度动力的支持和约束——</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">即一种新的资本积累模式，其商业模式是在几乎没有法律监管或道德监督的情况下，从个人关联数据中提取有价值的信息积累</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">计算机化的数据驱动解决方案本质上是良性的。一切都取决于数据市场的政治构成，以及数据所有权和分享机制的体系架构。特别是取决于如何设计，规范和管理这些内容，以及考虑它们是否获得了社会许可。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">我们需要问到，健康计划人员如何才能更有效地建立和管理接触者追踪应用程序，从而使公民能够在以民主、道德、社会许可为基础，并保持持续的公众信任的环境下，更加充分地受益于强大的数据革命？</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">我们需要让数据民主化，建立一个规章制度，</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">决定谁有权分享数据，谁有数据所有权，谁可以靠数据盈利，以及谁可以为了某些特定目的使用数据</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。 </span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">COVID-19期间，可能存在各种各样的以紧急情况为掩护的数据使用和滥用情况。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">我怀疑在这场危机过后，将会有很多关于这些数据使用的民主合法性的问责</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。强大的计算能力和数据革命是否能帮助我们在这场疫情中更好地保护自己，将取决于我们今天所做出的重要社会和政治选择。</span><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22406" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="f7407"><section style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">一个高效能的数据生态系统应该是什么样的?如何对城市数据系统的现状进行“健康检查”?</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">很幸运的是，在疫情开始流行之前，利物浦地区正在积极构建一个高效能的数据生态系统。赫塞尔廷研究所在其中发挥了核心作用。我们的“健康检查”涵盖三个方面：</span></section><ul class="list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;list-style-type: disc;"><li><p><span style="font-size: 15px;">制定</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">基本框架</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">所需的治理、管理、道德和监管方面的安排（治理和管理，公共利益治理：为公民建设智慧城市，数据道德管理）</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 15px;">作为集成生态系统基础的</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">技术基础设施</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">和挑战（建立开放数据生态系统并促进互操作性，投资数据基础设施：硬件和软件，数据安全性，数据可视化）</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 15px;">数据驱动型生态系统所需的</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">资源、财务和经济</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">问题考量（融资模型和采购，成本效益分析）</span><br  /></p></li></ul><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">我们认为，迄今为止，利物浦地区数据治理领域最重大的创新是建立了开拓性的</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">利物浦城市数据合作社（CDC）</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。CDC是由8个国民保健署（NHS）信托基金、利物浦临床调试小组以及4个高等教育机构（利物浦大学，利物浦热带医学学院，利物浦约翰摩尔大学和知山大学）组成的合作伙伴关系。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">旨在开发一个综合性的数据和数字创新设施，以支持卫生技术合作伙伴之间的协作，并提供对相关数据的安全访问，同时巩固公众对数据使用方式的信任</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" style="" data-ratio="1.410126582278481" data-type="png" data-w="395" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AA2xVYGFbfDu4ic6iblRtbInELEvPrPZ5fPccqAIyd3oNnf5hcDthuld4aUxNEuaFVPUdHoBbkPicBtzTRlYAhQrA/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">图片来源：https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/heseltine-institute/<br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.75em;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: -11px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;transform: rotate(0deg);"><br  /></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">数据治理中的责任由当选的成员来维护，从而在“信任的范围内”为公众提供保障，且尽可能使用可信赖的国家基础设施。当地社区与NHS分析师、数据科学家和卫生技术工程师合作，共同寻找改善医疗保健和福祉的新方法；而公民陪审团则负责裁定哪些数据集可以共享以及哪些需要保密。在为公共利益服务时，CDC还将向具备特定计算机数据分析能力的私人市场参与者开放公共部门数据集。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">我们希望CDC的建立将有助于克服利物浦碎片化的数据现状，且事实显示它已经对疫情响应有所帮助。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">一旦在卫生和社会关怀方面得以有效实施，希望可以进一步将这种数据共享模式复制到交通、气候、环境和住房领域中</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。如果一个城市最终能够建立起所有这些数据集的合集，那将大有裨益。一方面能够帮助我们更好地了解人们使用交通工具的习惯、居住分布、健康状况以及就医次数。另一方面也会对整个城市的规划和管理产生很大的帮助。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">当然，我们最基本的目标是</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);font-size: 15px;">确保将技术和大数据用于创造公共利益，并使公民能够将定义公共利益的权利掌握在自己手中</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体;"><br  /></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;" data-id="18674" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com" data-tools="gulangu"><section data-id="18674" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com" data-tools="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="width: 40px;display: inline-block;" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com"><span style="display: inline-block;width: 40px;"><img style="height: 29px;width: 29px;vertical-align: middle;" data-ratio="1" data-type="gif" data-w="128" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/AA2xVYGFbfCYYS1h1m4iasN3coXVcJ1BvBiaoGL8ZYic6eiaEbrSWw4mqMqq8W8hXoPQNEz3lFPaeHRykabeK3mTbA/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></span></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">更多拓展阅读请滑至文章最后</span><br  /></section><section style="text-align: center;" data-md5="5c2ef" powered-by="gulangu.com"><br  /></section></section><section style="white-space: normal;" data-type="lspecial02" data-id="22406" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><section style="padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;box-sizing: border-box;" data-md5="f7407"><section style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;" data-md5="f7407" powered-by="gulangu.com"><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">What would be the mental and well-being challenges to the public? How to engage urban psychology in reducing public health risks and promoting healthy cities?</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Whereas the physical aspects of health are being given priority at the moment, the longer-term health damage done by COVID-19 will be on the people’s mental health. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>There are mental health problems that come from people being locked down, from key workers being exposed to the virus, and also from the elderly population staying home alone</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">. These will come home to roost at some point.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Lockdown is definitely a war on people’s mental health, heightening levels of anxiety, depression, stress levels, nervous exhaustion and so on. It may lead to more substance abuse, alcoholism and drug abuse. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>We are also seeing an upsurge in domestic violence, as people are being trapped in violent households, fueled by additional family stresses around dealing with added economic pressures and care burdens</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Essentially, until a cure or a vaccine is found, people will be forced to live with COVID-19 – that means going into the world knowing that there is something lurking that could kill you and health professionals and medicines will not be able to save you. Think about that. A reality for every person who leaves the house. Of course, social distancing, testing, tracing and tracking can reduce the risk but it can’t remove it altogether. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">People need to socialize, this basic human need cannot be fulfilled when people are at a distance and are isolated from each other. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>Digital contact is helping hugely but it is no substitute for human intimacy</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">COVID-19 mental health problems will be a huge health challenge for the world.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong> I believe this will be something we must properly deal with once the society reopens again or it will haunt us downstream</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">What is the relation between place-making with preventative public health? Does the English planning system provide any good lessons in this aspect?</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">To reopen effectively and build back better, it will be necessary to tackle the present crisis in mental health. And to tackle the crisis in mental health it will be necessary to improve the psychological literacy of planners, policy makers and practitioners. Psychological solutions need to work with social and political questions centrally to the fore. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of the human mind. Psychotherapies target undesirable psychological states by building personal resilience – including through </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness, meditation, talking therapies, exercise, diet, abstinence, sleep and medication</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"> and so on. I believe each of these therapies has a crucial role to play in helping people cope with COVID-19. But cloaked in a scientific aura, institutional Psychology risks legitimating the idea that therapies must be targeted at abnormalities which exist ‘under the skull’. In fact personalised therapies can only do so much in any given politico-institutional environment.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">We can edge closer to a bundle of more fundamental solutions if we construe the present crisis in mental health as socially and politically produced.  In tackling the crisis in mental health then, it will be necessary to ‘fix’ economies, societies and cities as much as suffering individuals. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">In City and Soul, US Jungian psychoanalyst and urbanist James Hillman famously declared: ‘</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>to change yourself, change your city</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">’. Only by changing the organising principles around which our cities work will it be possible to create pro-social spaces and ecologies of care which are structurally therapeutic and life affirming. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">We need a tradition of place making which taps into the formidable intellectual resources which already exist in communities, find a method to bring this knowledge to the fore, respect peoples’ analysis of where they are at and why, dignify their concerns and ideas, entertain the solutions they propose and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>champion policies which are authentically co-created, co-governed and co-implemented by planners, policy makers and practitioners and the communities they serve</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">Internationally, big data and smart governance tools have shown their strong potential in informing and improving public policies and services, why it is important at the same time to pay special attention to the ethics of big data management? </span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Obviously computerised data analytics have a role to play in tackling COVID-19. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>We can use smart technologies to map the spread of COVID-19; we can use mobile phone data to warn people if they have been contacted with people diagnosed with the disease. AI can help us model the future diffusion of the disease</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">.  Contact tracing is a powerful new tool that could make a difference.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">But we need to be careful; the origins and development of smart technology within a framework of what Shoshana Zuboff calls ‘</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>surveillance capitalism</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">’ has given rise to technology that is not only configured primarily to serve the interests of commercial data harvesters, but which is also substantially – and manifestly – under-regulated.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Problems arise not because of smart technology, per se, but because this technology is being enabled and constrained by a very particular politico-institutional dynamic –</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong> a new mode of capital accumulation whose business model is the extraction of value from amassed linked personal data with little juridical, regulatory or ethical oversight</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Computerised data driven solutions are actually essentially benign. Everything depends upon the political constitution of data markets, and the architecture of data ownership and sharing arrangements – specifically, how these arrangements are designed, regulated and governed, and whether they command a social licence. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">We need to ask, how can health planners build and govern contact tracing apps that enable citizens to exploit more fully the powerful data revolution in a way which is democratic, ethical, underpinned by a social licence, and which maintains ongoing public trust?</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">We need to democratize the data, to establish a regulatory framework and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>decide who is sharing the data, who is allowed to own the data, who is allowed to make money out of the data, and who is allowed to use data for certain aims</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">In this COVID-19 window, there are probably all sorts of uses and abuses of data going on – using the emergency situation as cover. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>I suspect after this crisis, there are going to arise lots of questions about the democratic legitimacy of these uses</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">. Whether or not computing power and the data revolution will help us shield ourselves better from COVID-19 will depend upon the crucial social and political choices we will make today. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 24px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-left: 6px;border-left-color: rgb(0, 122, 170);border-left-width: 4px;border-left-style: solid;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 18px;">What should a high-performing data ecosystem be like? How to carry out a ‘health check’ of the current status of urban data system?</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px;"> </span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Fortunately, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Liverpool City Region was actively building a high-performing data ecosystem. The Heseltine Institute was centrally involved in this. Our health check was covered three areas:</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;font-family: 宋体;">·</span>The governance, management, ethics, and regulation arrangements necessary to set the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>basic framework</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"> (governance and management, governing for public good: building Smart Cities with and for citizens, governing data ethically)</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;font-family: 宋体;">·</span>The </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>technical infrastructures</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"> and challenges which are fundamental for an integrated ecosystem (building Open Data ecosystems and fostering interoperability, investing in data infrastructure: hardware and software, data security, data visualisation) </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"> ·</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong> Resources, finance and economics</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"> questions which need to be asked of data-driven ecosystems (financing models and procurement, cost–benefit analysis)</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">In our view, the most significant innovation in Liverpool City Region’s data governance to date is the pioneering </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>Liverpool Civic Data Cooperative</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;"> (CDC). The CDC is a partnership of eight NHS Trusts, Liverpool Clinical Commissioning Group, and four higher education institutions: the University of Liverpool, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool John Moores University, and Edge Hill University.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong> It is working to develop an integrated data and digital innovation facility which supports collaboration between health tech partners and provides secure access to relevant data, while cementing trust from the public in how data is used</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">. </span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Accountability in data governance is safeguarded by elected members, and thus secured for the public within a ‘diameter of trust’. Trustworthy national infrastructure is used wherever possible. Local communities work with NHS analysts, data scientists and health technology engineers to find new ways of improving healthcare and wellbeing, while citizen juries adjudicate on which datasets might be shared and which kept confidential. When it serves the public good, the CDC will also open public sector datasets to private market actors with particular computer data analytic capacities.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">We hope that the CDC will be helpful in overcoming the fragmented data landscape in Liverpool and already it is helping with the COVID-19 response. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>Once we deal with this for health and social care, we hope then to replicate this model of data sharing in transport, climate, environmental and housing data-sets</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">. It would be wonderful if the city could eventually build all of those data-sets into a single data set, so we could then get a much better understanding of how people use transport, where they live, what their health status is, how many visits to the doctors they’ve had and so on. It would also very much help the planning and the management of the whole city.</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">Of course the essential objective is to </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong>ensure tech and big data are being put to public good and that citizens are in control of defining what public good means</strong></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;font-size: 15px;">.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 13px;">More information about Heseltine Institute for Public Policy Practice and Place on：</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 15px;margin-left: 16px;white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 13px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: Calibri;">https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/heseltine-institute/</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: 宋体;text-align: center;"> </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">-End-</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><hr style="border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392);border-right-width: 0px;border-bottom-width: 0px;border-left-width: 0px;white-space: normal;transform: scale(1, 0.5);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;"  /><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><section style="text-align: right;line-height: normal;white-space: normal;"><span style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">策划监制 | 徐蕴清主任</span></section><section style="text-align: right;line-height: normal;white-space: normal;"><br  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