国匠城工作台

当前：新闻编辑 | 格式化工具 | 查看本文

标题

分类

（编号：1116）

链接

作者

时间

政策

省

市

年

月

直播

主办：
协办：
时间：
会议室：
直播链接：

/h1

/h2

strong

/strong

<br />

<section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-size: 16px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 10px;border: 1px solid rgb(160, 160, 160);width: 556px;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em rgb(204,204,204);overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" style="width: 534px;height: 343px;" data-ratio="0.6425925925925926" data-type="jpeg" data-s="300,640" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/qAEVTTssxDfrrnMbJh0oTWQSTASJM1Kcgl7LAo5ibskxLIfl4BWV7PFia022wibNwibOTurU2qmuguA7YuQypg4YmA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="534" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="343"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">      </span><br  /></p><p>     <span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">随着对于流动商贩管理新政策的推出，地摊经济，亦或是更时髦的“烟火经济”这一非正式经济的一种重要形式正重新成为热点话题，并在社会上引起了一股摆摊新风潮。事实上，以街头零散商摊为代表的诸多非正式经济形式是城市活力的重要组成部分和表征，是城市经济最为具体的一种“空间自显”，也是理解社会经济表现自下而上涌现的空间动力学机制一种途径。自2002年始，杨滔博士一直关注非正式经济的空间分布特征的相关研究，通过分析北京街头的商摊状况并界定了由商摊构成的积极空间，阐述城市形态和市民生活的关联机制。这一系列研究对于我们重新认识城市非正式经济所需的场所支撑具有很高的价值，也为我们从城市规划的角度降低地摊经济的社会成本，提高其社会收益提供一种可能的路径。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">沈尧</span></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">同济大学建筑与城市规划学院助理教授</span><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;clear: both;font-size: 16px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊</strong></p><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">是指城市道路红线以内的零散商摊。</span></strong>根据经营内容，街头零散商摊可分为饮食类、书报类、百货日杂类、修理类等；根据其经营场所可分为固定类、半固定类、流动类；根据其密度分布可分为单个、小规模聚集、大规模聚集，但是当零散商摊聚集到一定程度就会自动形成正规的固定市场，性质发生改变，不属于本文讨论的范畴。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">      </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">一般都被认为只会存在于经济较为落后的发展中国家，是一个短暂的过渡现象。传统观点认为街头零散商摊对于</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">市容</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">影响很大，是落后、脏乱的象征，因此在重大节日、卫生检查时往往成为</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">取缔的对象</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">。通过关注国内外街头零散商摊的现状与研究，可以发现街头零散商摊不仅存在于发展中国家，而且在发达国家和地区也是普遍存在的。大多数观点都认同</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">街头食品</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">是餐饮生活的一部分，是城市生活的一大特色，而且商摊与<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">城市空间活力、社会阶层和城市经济</span></strong>紧密相关。</span></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">      国外对于街头商摊的研究并不多。W.H.怀特在《City》和《The Social Life of Small Urban Space》中都提到街头零散商摊对纽约城市空间的贡献，特别说明</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">街头食品商摊（Food Vendors）促进城市广场的使用</span>，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">“纽约每一个充满生机的广场和台阶处，都能发现食品零散商摊和聚集的人群”，驳斥了那种认为商摊会抢走商店生意而导致商业街衰败的观点。<span style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;">在美国更为细致的商摊研究案例是诺曼· 米勒在《街道生存：洛山基街头商摊的苦境》一文中</span></span><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">对麦克阿瑟（MacArthur）公园地区街头商摊合法化进而改善街道日常生活的实验</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;">，通过协调政府、地方商业组织、规划部门、商摊联合组织、地方社区等组织，于1995年通过了关于街头商摊的条例，详细规定了经营范围、经营器具大小、食品加工、与社区的关系、与座商的关系等，大大改善了商业萎缩和社区衰败等城市问题。</span>玛格丽特·克劳富德（Margaret Crawford）教授则认为，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊的存在是</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">激发和复兴城市的动力</span></strong>。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 25px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">外国历史上的街头零散商摊</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <span style="font-size: 14px;">在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">古希腊和古罗马</span></strong>时期，城市中有不少市场和带有柱廊的广场，街头零散商摊非常普遍。希腊人的户外生活很丰富，在整个希腊——罗马世界历史中，商业活动都是私营的。恺撒时代的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">罗马</span></strong>“水果商、书商、香水商……以他们凸出的小摊位阻塞了大道。理发师在空地上向人招揽，因为空地上人人都能听到。”在<span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">雅典</strong></span>，面包和饼是由妇女小贩挑来卖，而且雅典经济的灵魂就是贸易，一种零售商就是沿街叫卖。</span></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">      从外国古代各类绘画中可以看出<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊一直是画家们关注的对象</span></strong>，侧面反映了他们就是城市生活的有机组成部分。华盛顿国家美术馆绘画中标题是街头商贩的就有40幅，有卖花的、卖鱼的、卖烤面包的、卖蜗牛的、卖鞋的……</span></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 8px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.7103514" data-type="png" data-w="1053" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcoziatYQV8ric7Xf9hDhiaQIMBk8iakW52zluLw7m3T0GkHm0Xuejc5CkPhuxw/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图1. 1600年欧洲街头零散商摊（版画）</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：康阳编. 西洋老街景. 上海 : 上海画报出版社, 2000</p></section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <span style="font-size: 14px;">国外</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">某些食品的发展史</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">反映了街头零散商摊对于这些特有的饮食文化的传播作用，是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">传播文化、语言和新思想的使者</span></strong>。英国的炸土豆鱼片(Fish and Chip) 源于17世纪伦敦街头食品；法国的炸薯条 (French Fries) 源于19世纪中期巴黎街头推车小贩的食品；美国流行的爆米花也是出现于19世纪90年代的街头流动商摊；冰淇淋的发展历史也表明商摊对于城市大众文化的贡献。</span></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 8px rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 60%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0777778" data-type="png" data-w="720" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcoziaAgODd8rDZDYiceqV0wbA9zQpfToKWHJFx6mkNwVwQMib0T70hPoOBU6A/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图2. 1890 年美国街头爆玉米花商摊<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />图源：http://www.rossonhousemuseum.org/index.html</p></section></section><section style="line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6666667" data-type="jpeg" data-w="450" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcozia8Wh34qrkVjLiadTlyPKMxo3nzmXgXroXtHhx1Xzyc81PfKH2PPoKZhA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图3. 纽约热狗摊 (图源：网络)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 25px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国历史上的街头零散商摊</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <span style="font-size: 14px;">中国传统社会的经济结构以自给自足模式为主，在民间流通领域中游动销售的商摊占有很大比重。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">从西周到唐代实行集中封闭的</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">市</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">坊制</span></strong>，市（商业区）和坊（住宅区）严格分设，市门朝开夕闭，交易聚散有时。唐代后期，商业活动渐渐不限于两市，在两市附近的各坊和城门附近，已有手工业和商人摆摊设店，大城市出现了夜市。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">北宋年间市坊制废除</span></strong>，城里随处可开设商铺，小商贩也可沿街叫卖，晓市、夜市、季节市、“鬼市”盛行，城厢内外形成繁荣的商业区。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 80%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="jpeg" data-w="402" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcozia1Qicq3NSmCgFibSiaP6chaUTrm3gYtWmXtGTiayzk72evudKhHWib7NbxBg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图4. 唐代集中封闭的东市与西市<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />图源：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/46137737</p></section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <span style="font-size: 14px;">从中国古代书籍绘画也能看出商摊空间是中国古代街道不可缺少的一部分。张择端描绘的北宋宣和年间汴河两岸清明时节的风貌——<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">《清明上河图》</span></strong>，可见当时东京街头人流熙熙攘攘、车马喧闹、店铺林立、各种各样的街头零散商摊遍地。<span style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;">宋代孟元老的<span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《东京梦华录》</strong></span>中的商摊经营范围很广，包括"衣物图画花环领抹"、"蒸梨枣。黄糕麋。宿蒸饼。发牙豆之类……羊肉头肚。腰子。白肠……香药果子"、"秋 叶"、"生鱼"等</span></span><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">日常商品及修鞋修帽等服务，街头摊档及推车挑担沿街叫卖声</span><span style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">遍布全城，生动反映了中国北宋时期的街道商摊自由活动。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.665625" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcoziaOYLibMFw7Ag61MjXC6cK0dt1dKibUqdua4dEM1LKib8M04UUmA06Y6PbA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图5. 《清明上河图》中的街头零散商摊</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：宋 张择端 张安治著文. 清明上河图. 人民美术出版社, 1979.</p></section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">     <span style="font-size: 14px;"> 金朝《卢沟桥运筏图》的桥上和桥边的商摊，元朝《通惠河漕运图卷》中城门边的商摊，《皇都积胜图》对明中后期北京市区街道的描画，如正阳门、棋盘街和大明门一带的繁华景象中就有二十多个商摊。明《南都繁会图卷》中的南京、清《十三行图》中的广州、清《聊斋志异》插图、清《前门街市图》中的北京、《乾隆南巡图》中的苏州、清末《学堂书报图》……均描绘了市坊制废除后<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">中国古代城市街道上商摊活动的繁荣景象</span></strong>，成为街道的主要生活和景观。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6671875" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcoziaoIfSrPiakrCrcMdhflxsWrNXa69icpFicc8kyZxJ4Tibn6UOEIzKJvZCBg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图6. 明代《皇都积胜图》中的北京零散商摊</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：https://dy.163.com/article/D522DNLD0523IHRB.html</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6844828" data-type="jpeg" data-w="580" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcozialbbXmS478Y7456x63tUKo1viasfcCAy6Wf52jrNuxRJ5epEfMTBQkYA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图7. 清代《乾隆南巡图》中的苏州街头零散商摊</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：https://www.sohu.com/a/214012944_600549</p></section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">     <span style="font-size: 14px;"> 在</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">近现代的北京</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，各行各业流动商贩难以数计，他们用挑担、提篮、推车、设摊等方法做买卖。这些本小利微的个体劳动者每天流动于大街小巷，与北京大众日常生活融为一体。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">经营的商品</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">有酸梅汤、纸烟、牛杂碎、回族切糕、糖葫芦、柿子、花生、粥、烧酒、大碗茶、炸油饼、油炸虾、蜜麻花、卤煮火烧……</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">街头手艺人</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">有锯碗锯盆儿的，焊洋铁壶的，打竹帘子的，修鞋的，剃头的，磨剪子磨刀的等等。而且北京街头商摊们用特殊的声调叫卖。四季不同，货声各异，或悠扬婉转，或低沉悱恻，</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">吆喝音调与商品和时节相关</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">。汪曾祺的《晚饭后的故事》写道解放前的北京街头卖西瓜“唉，闹块来！脆沙瓤唉，赛冰糖唉，唉，闹块来！”还有不吆喝货名，仅形容货色的，如卖烤白薯:“锅底来！栗子味！”卖萝卜:“赛梨味！辣了换”。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.2024793" data-type="jpeg" data-w="726" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcoziaQ9AKOtefCNwnJUHOx3FPDgOZE3YytECjr4l0bd5JgO1nEHllgRUMBQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: right;line-height: 1.2;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图8. 清末民国时期的街头零散商摊</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：网络<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 25px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊与城市公共空间品质</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共空间的品质</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">是人们在城市聚集后对城市生活环境提出的更高的质量要求。</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">一方面，城市公共空间品质的关注对<span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">普通人城市秩序和意义</span>的理解和感受，</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">普通人的日常生活成为了城市公共空间品质的中心</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">。另一方面，城市公共空间品质关注城市的多样性，</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">强调“公共”意义的多种表达</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，这也就是承认城市是复杂的，<strong>城市公共空间是一个多层次、多含义、多功能的共生系统，是各种阶层的人们社会生活的发生器和舞台，促进多种社会生活事件发生的社会生活场所。</strong>好的城市公共空间要允许这些不同空间的存在和交流，实际上也是不同社会和经济的交流。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">      </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊空间正是这样的公共空间</span>，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">不同的市民都有可能聚集在这一点，是一种典型的混合空间，是富有城市生活气息的地方。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><strong>分散的商摊空间不仅是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">对商业服务网点与城市空间类型的有益补充</span></strong>，而且<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">促进整个城市空间更加细腻而丰富</span></strong>。</strong></span></p></section><p><br  /><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京街头零散商摊</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">现象概述</strong></p><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">     <span style="font-size: 14px;"> 2000年前后，街头零散商摊流动性强，无照经营者多，工商部门和城管部门都没有具体的统计数据，根据北京市城管办2001年查处无照经营33.9万件的数据，可以知道北京街头零散商摊的数目是巨大的。<span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">占道经营的特点是：“门面前面有棚子，棚子前面有摊子，摊子前面有篮</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">子”。</strong></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 5px outset rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6676587" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1008" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqWXZ5V4gXn6xm1NpXNQ65h7sLzv0y8ne4ibahPYPlJYsRjjU02YiaPLjWkfRbwlbdVIBpvBLo4bOn5w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图1.“棚前有摊，摊前有篮”的街头商摊</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：www.oneplusbbs.com摄于2018年11月，广西玉林</span></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <span style="font-size: 14px;">2002年，由于城市管理部门对于主要街道的严格管理，北京255条重点大街和重要地区的零散商摊基本上</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">大大减少</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">了，但是还是</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">经常反复出现</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，特别是在节假日。可是绝对的取消街头零散商摊给老百姓带来了许多不便。比如：《北京晚报》2002年3月10日的《</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">自行车王国缘何少了“修理工”</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">》中报道某赵先生在长安街上自行车坏找不到修车的地方的难堪，记者也调研到从公主坟到国贸7000米的平安大街没有一个修自行车的商摊，而北京2000年缴税的自行车就近1000万辆，工商部门虽然认为无证经营的修车铺画地为摊，影响市容，但是城市也是生活的城市，记者甚至得出<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">“修车铺的减少不知道是城市的进步还是后退”</span></strong>的疑惑。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 5px outset rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.692" data-type="jpeg" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqWXZ5V4gXn6xm1NpXNQ65h7MFRMJZ23icRypbgwxoCIb11xCniafh8FG3mQbIMJ4ic1Xpm1EImDJeo3w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图2. 自行车修理摊</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：c2.biketo.com摄于2015年8月</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">      <strong><span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);font-size: 14px;">在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">管理方面</span></strong>，街头零散商摊的管理涉及城管监察、规划、工商行政管理、园林、公安交通管理、市政管理、环卫、环保等行政机关部门，可以说是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">政出多门</span></strong></span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">。1997年市委、市政府为了加强首都城市管理，改革现行行政执法体制，相对集中城市管理的行政处罚权，提高执法效率，强化区街行政建设，<strong>在宣武区</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">试点城市管理综合执法</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，建立了宣武区城市管理监察大队，集中行使有关行政单位的行政处罚权。</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;">1998年7月城市管理综合执法<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">试点扩大到城八区</span></strong>，2000年4月<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">扩大到市远郊区县</span></strong>。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">区城市管理监察大队实行市、区两级管理，以区为主，区监察大队所属地区分队实行</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">区监察大队和街道办事处双重管理</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，区监察大队在执法规范、执法责任制和人事方面对街道分队进行统一管理，街道办事处对街道分队有指挥调度权、日常管理权和人事管理建议权，而根据《北京市党政机构改革方案》和《北京市人民政府关于机构设置的通知》设置北京市市政管理委员会统一负责监察大队业务工作的协调和调度。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">     区监察组织执行</span><span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);font-size: 14px;"><strong>市容环境卫生管理</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">法规、规章规定的行政处罚；执行</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);font-size: 14px;">城市规划管理</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">法律、法规规定的对违法违章建设（不含未按规划许可证规定进行的建设）的行政处罚；依据<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">市容管理</span></strong>法规规定，强制拆除不符合城市容貌标准的建筑物或设施；执行<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">工商行政管理</span></strong>法规、规章规定的对于无照商贩的行政处罚；执行<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">城市绿化管理</span></strong>法规、规章规定的行政处罚；执行<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">道路交通管理和市政管理</span></strong>法规、规章规定的对侵占城市道路的行政处罚；执行<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">环境保护</span></strong>法律、法规、规章规定的行政处罚；行使法律、法规、规章和市、区两级人民政府赋予的其它职能。这些都与街头零散商摊的管理都是密切相关的。比较密切的条例有《城乡个体工商户管理暂行条例》、《北京市临时占用道路管理办法》、《城市市容和环境卫生管理条例》等。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">     <span style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然北京对于街头零散商摊的管理更为集中高效，但是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">“条块问题”</span></strong>在目前的街头零散商摊管理上依然存在。城市管理监察组织下的基层组织区监察街道分队与街道办事处以及居委会的关系非常微妙，街道办事处可以直接指挥城管支队，但是区监察街道分队的资金又是与区监察大队相关的，这种 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">“两级政府，三级管理”、“双重管理”的结构在城市管理上运作不是十分顺利。</span></strong><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">往往街道办事处抱怨指挥不动城管支队，城管支队也不愿意受其指挥，但街道办事处的说服作用往往很大，城管支队不得不依靠他们。因而目前区<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">监察街道分队与街道办事处的工作关系也有并列的情况</span></strong>。因而在提倡社区建设的今天，市政府、市管委、区监察组织、还有街道办事处等组织对于北京街头零散商摊的看法应该有新的观点，管理上也应有所提高。</span></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 25px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">不同人群对街头零散商摊的认识</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 0px;line-height: 0;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align: top;" viewbox="0 0 1 1"></svg></section></section><section style="width: auto;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 0px;line-height: 0;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align: top;" viewbox="0 0 1 1"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="width: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 0px;line-height: 0;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align: top;" viewbox="0 0 1 1"></svg></section></section><section style="width: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 10px;border-radius: 8px;border: 1px solid rgb(112, 185, 186);width: 100%;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px rgb(187,227,227);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小摊贩</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">：</strong>我又没什么文化没什么积蓄，年龄大又失业了，我找不到工作，摆小摊对我来说也是一个能<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">养活自己的营生</strong>啊。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 10px;border-radius: 8px;border: 1px solid rgb(112, 185, 186);width: 100%;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px rgb(187,227,227);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">市民1</strong></span>：我喜欢在街头的小摊上买东西，因为方便啊，什么报摊、菜摊、修鞋摊、水果摊，离家里很近也不用走路去超市买。而且小摊上的东西还便宜！<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">每次小摊被清除之后我就觉得生活消费很不方便！</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">市民2</strong></span>：不管怎样这些小摊还是影响了市容和交通的，噪音大气味大，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">影响生活质量！</strong>不过确实是很方便。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -1px 0% -20px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;width: 16px;height: 20px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" viewbox="0 0 38.4 26.9" x="0px" y="0px" width="100%"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" fill="rgb(187, 227, 227)" d="M 6.5 0 c 0.1 0 5.5 0.6 4.9 5.9 c -0.9 7.8 -4 14.1 -8.5 19.3 c 11.8 -2.8 19.6 -9.6 24.2 -19.1 c 0 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.2 C 29.9 0.7 37.2 0 38.4 0"></path></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 0px;line-height: 0;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align: top;" viewbox="0 0 1 1"></svg></section></section><section style="width: auto;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 0px;line-height: 0;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align: top;" viewbox="0 0 1 1"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="width: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 0px;line-height: 0;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align: top;" viewbox="0 0 1 1"></svg></section></section><section style="width: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 10px;border-radius: 8px;border: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);width: 100%;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px rgba(255,158,142,0.68);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">工商行政管理部门</span></strong></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">：大部分街头商摊是无照经营，这是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">偷税漏税</strong>的行为，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">希望彻底取缔</strong>。现代化城市就应该有点“气派”，而街头零散商摊的存在就会带来<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">影响市容、妨碍交通</strong>等“乱”的问题。因此，从城市环境到爱国卫生再到小区治安，每次活动几乎都会牵扯到街头零散商摊。有时一条街要<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“还路于民”</strong>就需要清除上百个商摊。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 10px;border-radius: 8px;border: 1px solid rgb(112, 185, 186);width: 100%;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px rgb(187,227,227);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划部门</strong></span>：<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">街头商摊</span>既给人们生活带来方便，也影响了市容、交通、生活，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">需要“退路进厅”。</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -1px 0% 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;width: 16px;height: 20px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" viewbox="0 0 38.4 26.9" x="0px" y="0px" width="100%"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" fill="rgb(187, 227, 227)" d="M 6.5 0 c 0.1 0 5.5 0.6 4.9 5.9 c -0.9 7.8 -4 14.1 -8.5 19.3 c 11.8 -2.8 19.6 -9.6 24.2 -19.1 c 0 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.2 C 29.9 0.7 37.2 0 38.4 0"></path></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 5px outset rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.598" data-type="jpeg" data-w="500" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqWXZ5V4gXn6xm1NpXNQ65h7LZ9DAWhqy56pRXYxMy3mYG95mIT6qlDYR3cYk6jXp88pW3bFhSnW4A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图3. 城管执法</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：photocdn.sohu.com摄于2008年9月</p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市管理监察部门</span></strong><strong>是目前北京对于违法街头零散商摊管理、处罚的唯一组织，</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">他们是经常与街头零散商摊一对一地打交道，体会很多。他们认为</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">管理街头零散商摊很难，一方面对于市容来说需要严格管理，但是街头零散商摊流动性很强，管理不便，人员不够；另一方面有很多商摊的确是困难户、下岗职工，甚至是残疾人，因而对于他们的“违法”行为很难处理，而且在处理这些人时，居民往往会站在他们的立场上说话。因而 “疏导结合“是其目前的较为现实的方针。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">虽然北京对主要街道（255 条街道）管理很严，对于次要街道还是容许一定的商摊存在的，对于所谓的违法街头商摊的管理也不是非常严格。他们也认为对于街头零散商摊的管理和认识是非常重要的，不改变目前的认识和管理模式，城管人员进入社区的工作会遇到很大的困难。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 25px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京街头零散商摊存在的经济原因</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 5px outset rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6666666666666666" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqWXZ5V4gXn6xm1NpXNQ65h7XWRUwGfVZ3JicUH39KpEOAWJHiaJiaAlic61Oibia3DwT9ibZnz9QvUZRvfibA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 0px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">图4. 街头零散商摊</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">图源：<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">pf.53shop.com摄于</span></span>2016年10月</p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><span title="" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;margin-left: 0.4em;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:45.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">边际效应和规模经济</strong></p></span> </section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);box-sizing: border-box;">  <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">   </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">街头零散商摊存在就是边际效应和规模经济的产物。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">街头商摊是资本不多的小商人，只要增加少量的边际成本就能获得他们能接受的边际效益，而对于规模较大的座商或其它商人，增加这么一点边际成本带来的边际效益是难以接受的。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">许多商品由于规模经济的原因不可能都在大市场内交易</span>，而<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市人的需求是多方面的</span>，因而这些小规模的街头零散商业就应运而生。这些街头零散商摊又<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">尽可能地接近顾客</span>，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">缩短了顾客与商品的距离，交易也就产生了。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><span title="" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;margin-left: 0.4em;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:47.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产权界定的不严格导致寻租</strong></p></span> </section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">     <span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);box-sizing: border-box;"> 城市公共空间属于国家公有，政府可以决定这些公共空间的用途，但只有在某些地租价值或潜在价值相当高时，政府才会清晰而严格地界定公共空间各种权利。但是不管怎么细致划分，</span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">总有一部分产权会落入公共领域，为街头零散摊商寻租提供了基础。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section><span title="" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;margin-left: 0.4em;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:49.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散摊商与政府的博弈</strong></p></span> </section></section><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">     在税收一定的前提下，假定一个理想政府的最大化目标就是全体市民的满意度最大化。简言之，政府的目标是市政建设的最优化，也包括市容良好，并假定出于这个目的，政府禁止摊商的存在。对于零散摊商而言，</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">只要期望收益大于期望机会成本，就会继续摆摊</strong>。</span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在摊贩与政府的博弈<span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;">中<span style="font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;">只有政府打击给摊商带来的损失大于经营收益，且政府有极大的可能进行打击时，摊商才不可能摆摊</span>，</span>但是条件很难满足。对于政府进行打击街头零散摊商的情形，</span>由于</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">打击给政府带来的收益相对于成本来说是非常小</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">的，所以政府也只能偶尔为之</strong>，</span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">比如市容检查、大型活动期间等，因而街头零散摊商的最优决策是摆摊。在博弈中，街头零散摊商处于优势地位，最后的均衡状态是：街头零散摊商摆摊，而政府则不过问。从这个意思上来说，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;">政府禁止摆摊，是不符合纳什均衡的</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section><span title="" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;margin-left: 0.4em;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:51.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">承认街头零散商摊符合帕累托改进</strong></p></span> </section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">    <span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);box-sizing: border-box;">帕累托最优是指资源配置的任何改变都不可能使一个人的景况变好而又不使别人的境况变坏。如果改变资源配置导致每个人的境况都较前变好了或者至少一个人的境况变好了而没有一个人的境况变坏，就是符合帕累托改进。目前反对街头零散商摊的存在很大一部分原因就是认为他们破坏了市容、影响了交通，产生了噪音等。但是街头零散商摊通过占取城市公共空间内一部分资源方便了市民的生活、丰富了城市空间，甚至还起到监督城市安全的作用等，而且他们还养活了自己和家庭，增加了社会就业。可以说</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊给社会带来的净福利会抵消他们外部不经济而产生的负外部性</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。这些负外部性也可以通过城市设计减少到最低值，或通过管理手段对其内部化。</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">这样街头零散商摊空间比相同大小的闲置的城市公共空间更加经济，所以<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">承认街头零散摊商的存在符合帕累托改进</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">5</p></section><span title="" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;margin-left: 0.4em;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:53.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">假日产生的街头零散商摊</strong></p></span> </section></section><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);box-sizing: border-box;">   </span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">假日经济是在中国节假日增多的情况下产生的。但是目前有一种</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">特殊的假日经济</span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">，就是在长的假日中，也有一部分生活不是很富裕的人利用空闲时间做小本买卖——街头零散商摊，给本不是很富裕的家庭</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">增加收入</span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">。在富裕的阶层中也有人为了表达或者展示自己的兴趣爱好，在假日卖字画、书籍等，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">表达了假日多种形式的生活</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 5px outset rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6666667" data-type="jpeg" data-w="900" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqWXZ5V4gXn6xm1NpXNQ65h7Gic62ziao3qw4tG6ljldGp2lSJU4EI4kCDYXzRTBXx1MJLPwhp0jClpQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图5. 节假日的文玩小摊贩</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：dp.pconline.com.cn摄于2016年2月</span></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京街头零散商摊存在的社会原因</strong></p><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 60px;height: 10px;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;border-top-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-bottom-color: rgb(137, 205, 206);border-top-width: 6px;border-bottom-width: 6px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">     <span style="font-size: 14px;"> 北京街头零散商摊的存在也有其社会原因，<span style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;">北京作为特大城市，</span></span><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">外来人口和本市低收入者</span><span style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">的数量都是巨大的，他们是城市中事实上的一个阶层，很大一部分这些阶层的人从事街头零散商摊，西方发达国家特大城市中也存在这种现象。</span><span style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">街头零散商摊就是一种社会职业</span><span style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">，而且收入不是很低。在一定程度上它<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">增加了社会就业机会，有利于社会的稳定和安全</span></strong>。另一方面，从某种社会意义上来说从事街头零散商摊也是摊商<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">对于这个</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">城市社会的认同</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">，表达自己的社会存在，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有利于城</span></span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">市责任感的建立</span></strong>。</span></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;line-height: 1.6;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;line-height: 1;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><span title="" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em;padding: 0px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:45.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">给城市低收入者创造就业机会</strong></p></span> </section></section><section style="font: 400 17px/1.6 line-through;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;font-size-adjust: none;font-stretch: normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">    </span><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">解决城市贫困的活动在各个城市中轰轰烈烈地开展，既有增加就业的方法，又有增加专项救济资金的方法。如果改变传统就业思维，</span><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">认同街头零散商摊也是一种职业，那么就能给城市低收入者创造更多就业机会</strong></span>。</span><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">街头报刊亭和早餐亭工程就是认同了这样的观点。这也是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">一种非正规就业，是对传统就业概念的改变</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">      北京2001年初下岗职工7.45万人，全年城镇登记失业人员共有17.28万人。目前北京的相对贫困人口12%左右，我们以北京市民收入中位数800元的一半，即400元作为划分北京市民贫困线的标准，同时参考北京市目前实行的最低生活保障标准273元。可见</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">低收入者急需更多的就业岗位</strong>。</span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-family: line-through;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">实际上已经有一部分人选择街头零散商摊作为谋生的职业，如果社会整体认同这种商摊是一种职业，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;">对于重新就业、安定社会有一定的积极作用</span></strong>。这也是城市管理部门在清除无照商摊时，不得不对某些下岗职工从轻处理的原因。</span><br  /></p></section><section style="font: 400 17px/1.6 line-through;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;font-size-adjust: none;font-stretch: normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;line-height: 1;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><span title="" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em;padding: 0px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:47.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">社会服务与福利</strong></p></span> </section></section><section style="font: 400 12px/1.6 line-through;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;font-size-adjust: none;font-stretch: normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">     </span></p></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">     街头零散商摊</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">与市民的日常生活密切相关</span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">，特别是在社区中，很多商摊的商业活动是带有</span><strong style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">社区服务的性质</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">的，因而他们由于道德的原因拥有固定的消费群体。从街头零散商摊自身的角度来说，</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">允许他们的存在也是社会给予他们的福利</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(94, 94, 94);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">。某些需要帮助的社会群体是通过街头零散商摊的活动促进了他们在社会上的立足，比如北京某公益广告中就是残疾人通过摆书报摊而获得了新生的力量。这就是一种社会福利。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 5px outset rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6666667" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqWXZ5V4gXn6xm1NpXNQ65h7XT15pIHSJNI3w62bt0x3BWyxIXTe4C0mGfUNpSo3mpQYUG61RYRKTw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图6. 居民在小区出入口摆摊</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：楚天都市报摄于2020年6月，武汉纽宾凯国际社区蜜城小区</span></p></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="font: 400 17px/1.6 line-through;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;font-size-adjust: none;font-stretch: normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;line-height: 1;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px 2px 3px;border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);line-height: 1;display: inline-block;min-height: 1.6em;min-width: 1.8em;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(112, 185, 186);"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section><span title="" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em;padding: 0px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.4;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:47.txt2"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></span><strong>社会责任感 </strong></section></section><section style="font: 400 12px/1.6 line-through;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;font-size-adjust: none;font-stretch: normal;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">     </span></p></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">     街头零散商摊对于城市公共空间的使用，下意识地给予了他们还是社会成员的感觉，建立了对城市公共空间、活动和城市卫生负责的心理。因而街头零散商摊活动会在某种程度上<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">促使摊商拥有社会责任感</span></strong>，对于社会负责，而不是漠视这个社会，甚至与社会为敌。这样，有利于建立良好社会的秩序和形成安定社会环境。街头零散商摊也能<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">促进</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(112, 185, 186);box-sizing: border-box;">弱势群体的社会融入</span></strong>：对于</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">残疾人和</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">下岗职工</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，商摊是他们得到社会认可和个人价值体现的途径，他们会感觉自己还没有被社会抛弃，还能为社会尽义务；对于</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">外来人口</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">，他们会感到自己很能被这个大而陌生的城市所接受，为这个新的城市尽责任。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 0px;border: 5px outset rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6663405" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1022" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/o4Nwd3FxibqWXZ5V4gXn6xm1NpXNQ65h7IlabJ7lAVzEODUpAkXnR4qibN1UUeicKEiatbL6tDYsZAkNrBjkoLymWQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图7. 残疾夫妻在摆摊，盲人丈夫为人按摩，残疾妻子为人擦鞋</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">图源：网易新闻摄于2017年8月，昆明大观路</span></p></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">未完待续</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);font-size: 14px;">>>></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(57, 170, 187);font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关于作者</strong></span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 35%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: auto !important;height: auto !important;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.3383742911153118" data-type="png" data-w="529" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/o4Nwd3FxibqV7RdcjDib0Zb0g0oCcTcoziabaia8z8geqz4F1alXF5Wiccmy3IeKibzoJegeDS6EGkjEUn6R7ZiaNn4Uw/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0.3px;font-family: line-through;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">杨滔</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国城市规划设计研究院未来城市实验室执行副主任</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">清华大学《城市设计》副主编</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同济大学CUSP<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究员</span></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0.3px;font-family: line-through;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">清华大学和UCL（伦敦大学学院）双博士，国际空间句法指导委员会委员，中国建筑学会城市设计分会理事，中国建筑学会建筑策划与后评估专业委员会理事，中国建筑学会计算性设计委员会常务理事，中国城市科学研究会大数据专委会高级会员，中国勘察设计协会科技技术奖评审专家。曾负责雄安数字规划平台项目、北京城市副中心行政核心区控规及城市设计、大伦敦战略规划城市空间设计专项、西班牙塞维利亚总体规划、沙特阿拉伯国家空间规划等项目。</span></p></section><p><strong><span style="color:#0b0118;font-size:16px;"></span></strong></p><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><span style=" color: rgb(136, 136, 136) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ">注：</span>本文分享自“城市科学与规划”微信号，编辑审核:徐怡怡. 特此鸣谢.</span><br  /></p><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 16px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;width: 549.09px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 1px 0px 10px rgb(178,185,192);"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgb(0,0,0);"><a style="color: rgb(87, 107, 149);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-decoration: none;" href="http://sxwj.dmctv.cn/" target="_blank" tab="outerlink" data-linktype="1" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" style=" bottom: auto;display: inline-block;font-size: 0px;left: auto;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px; right: auto;top: auto; " data-positionback="static"><img style="box-sizing: border-box;height: auto;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;vertical-align: middle;" data-ratio="0.7516667" data-type="png" data-w="600" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDcVI9ffj5qfXUJicgxbEWe8zAYw2wjLZyQG1LpibrfsAo9U1Lj6rp3mpD8kcOUoWIQZpPicEY1xTEfWA/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></span></a></section></section><section style="margin: -70px 0px 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="box-sizing: border-box;height: auto;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;vertical-align: middle;" data-ratio="0.2887865" data-type="png" data-w="651" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDcVI9ffj5qfXUJicgxbEWe8zvgoCkWzz2ichtMgfn1ibkhibXasdbeyeZoBUIib7ZAuAadgGBKicuNhFjKQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(133, 118, 106);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">城乡规划行业的“</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 104, 39);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">问卷星</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">”</span></strong></span></span></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 5px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(255, 129, 36);letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 22px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 104, 39);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">随行问卷</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"></strong></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 3px;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 2px 8px;border: 1px dotted rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.4em;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">点击图片 一键注册</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></p><p><img style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; " data-ratio="1.2" data-type="jpeg" data-s="300,640" data-w="50" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/qAEVTTssxDfkCyIPiaKRxGLWsVz5SZBChuuszynibrlfSF28YZ2TJjiasv1ibVlF0XexSI43PbMUeXdT1C0XoZnYCg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0"  /><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: "mp-quote",-apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;orphans: 2;text-align: justify;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style=" color: rgb(136, 136, 136) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; "><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">人间烟火</span></strong></span></p>
                <br />