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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsgkA4bOgI5Ye3iaFWAGNfmM5ozGsHLnnFGoSQFbZgcaM580iblZ9ibMFnA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.562037037037037" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(255, 129, 36);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文需阅读 - 35分钟</p></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(95, 156, 239, 0.69);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.82) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sustainable</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cities &</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mobility</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(179, 179, 179);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(179, 179, 179);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 124, 6);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</span></p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">「」</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">|5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月21日期</span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.82) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsfoSz9lMnjQfyCpxNm14cvpz8xavE2E3AExr9qDxFwBjefA1G7RLicQA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/TJKyxzpzYmEPgVDibydUoo2SMjDNfkUqHTicCg81VCVP5nG8Pdh9R4SQVZmaOgLjCyAaLGWCBjWF7yVEtlenPzQA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/1IkvXdeyKXSjibnjvtYQgQOlibrDFqX25Rm4VOWrz2aVwY7XQJL4AiacL6ng7ZGVOumVd8JtZ6zRjWEANWP431Iew/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 30px;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/sUlzkh8mwTIpYkWanQ4nkjXpbbEQthGTUe1wM5HJ4wsARdw9t78QrSdlHMX27PL68PobkmDPyR1krWLmPtl8aw/640?wx_fmt=gif");background-position: 50% -1.30435%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 92.1671%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78) rgb(225, 63, 78) rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 3px 0px 0px 3px;flex: 30 30 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;margin: -15px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(241, 233, 230);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -0.8px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 1px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 2px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 3px 1px, rgb(149, 50, 45) 0px 5px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;flex: 30 30 0%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-radius: 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0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-right-style: solid;border-top-right-radius: 0px;border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 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src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsvKPC3bFlG4YN7XicV6QkicIrLweDJ64H9fvzboe1WpFMM00XhHs3awgg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsWD0ZlV2iczvhI2C4B9eeC9iac2xjHDdlnfBPPITicLgiayXBLaKHRIA5Xw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsYWQvNGTnrLxsYHjKWiaQwiaLNpp2czXWUgoktYb1iaj5GdafoMPSp2sYA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9962406" data-w="266" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDscSmOia8tud5f9oa47MMzUYrWa2ZenqZDBBm8lH5G3WZYWRUyNAyMFrA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9851301" data-w="269" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsqkffbcTcvWuicVz3CsVQMciaFttkKicUTh6Oj6kRhfc1Ob4RHdvDh1QjQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsbmSCk7eW0k0BPIgw5vTtmGY9c3ke89miaw0jBjAU55ABHmfiauUdTuwA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsMhlkuMfT7AyZ8VTYaWktmReiaR0BNGTdaXA3WcauWrXIZ8zgiaooK3uw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsplw43tYvUJg4gficRjctpDqZYL9oa6Aia3ZhsAz8KTZkBeavvnLILZBw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/</strong></span>经合组织国际交通论坛</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ </strong></span>徐珵、顾宇忻、刘艺玺、张乐怡</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">林中朴、旦增衮布、刘志广</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">朱雪莹、高广达、张书婧</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/</span></strong> 众山小  <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">校核/</span></strong> 徐珵<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ </span></strong>徐珵   <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">排版/ </span></strong>张璐</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 | weibo.com/</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: rotateX(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);padding: 3px 3px 0px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 15px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/ZmvPn14KRJwZakyDasibGPuYGq8SpTjhPEdC62HCCia4VeHaibSMEYwxhAuysPGEeNSK8frt5icpHicWsQONOgUCPqA/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 25.8037% -43.1473%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 29.7866%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 16px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0px -1.85em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 2.3em;background-color: rgb(255, 179, 179);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;font-size: 20px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 2.3em !important;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享化的趋势下，对于城市未来交通发展的影响几何？共享出行服务的普及是否能切实改善城市拥堵、环境污染等课题？本文中，国际交通论坛（ITF）借助其多次论证的区域交通特征研究模型，通过数据采集、调查研究、焦点小组等多种形式在里昂都市区（LMR）进行仿真模拟，并深入探索了不同场景下，共享出行模式替代传统出行方式的可能性和可行性，为未来城市共享出行服务提供发展依据。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px inset;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;background-color: rgb(250, 250, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文为OECD的国际交通论坛（ITF）于2020年发布的第4篇以城市为基础的共享出行仿真模拟报告。<span style="color: rgb(0, 162, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请后台留言联系我们索取）</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bo9tNCHliagRv05HFvOCspmicWnLParGeDG2jc8xRHpCF4dLWxZic46ta9yoNgg4zDbk3ybx5EPpDfU1E8q2eQxTQ/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: 3.39425%;background-attachment: scroll;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 50%, rgb(255, 255, 255) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(227, 242, 253);min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 6px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(-6px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(100, 181, 246);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;padding: 8px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(84, 169, 238);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(100, 181, 246, 0.58) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、共享出行的潜在用户</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 3px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(100, 181, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了解潜在用户的出行偏好对确保共享出行项目的成功具有重要意义。为此，ITF组织实施了一项用户偏好调查。该项调查有助于明确共享出行模式的相关特质以及影响用户偏好的社会人口学特征。对调查结果的分析使用了定性与定量相结合的方法；定量分析中使用效用函数将用户偏好对出行模式选择的影响纳入到仿真模型中。用户偏好调查的相关发现有助于识别共享出行服务的首批潜在用户，也有助于共享出行设计方更好面向潜在客户需要提供定制化服务。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">用户偏好调查</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">调查采用在线方式展开，在“里昂市城市开发与人居环境代表团”的帮助下，面向里昂市民采集数据，用以进行定性和定量分析（其中，定量分析采用离散模式选择模型的方法）。调研实施前，结合当地的具体情况对相关术语或措辞（如可供选择的公共交通方式、可替代交通方式的成本，等等）进行了适应性调整和修正。总共有63人对该调查做出了响应。此次调查包括四部分内容：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">受访者的基本情况</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本部分内容包括受访者的社会人口学特征和住所位置（包括住所距离市中心的远近）的问项。设置这些问项用以测度样本的代表性，而且可以将相关变量纳入到选择模型的效用函数中。此外，本部分内容还包括受访者对相关技术熟悉程度的问项；这些问项用以了解，如果受访者需要通过智能手机和相关应用去使用共享出行服务的话，他们的意愿水平。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">偏好场景</strong></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本部分内容是一组“选择游戏”。游戏中，受访者从给出的四种出行方式中选择其中的一种完成同一次出行。这为后续的“离散模式选择模型”提供输入数据。出行方式分为四组：A私家车；B公共交通(公共汽车、铁路、地铁或轻轨)；C非机动方式（步行或骑行）；D共享模式（共享出租车、定制公交或拼车）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">每个受访者要进行9个选择游戏。在前5个（第一组）游戏中，受访者必须从4组出行方式中的每组内各选择一种；在这第一组（的5个）选择游戏中，“共享模式”中的细类不做区分（比如，对“共享出租车”和“定制公交”不再明确具体是哪种形式）。在（第二组）其余的4个选择游戏中，受访者须在“共享出租车”、“定制公交”、“（作为司机）拼车”或“（作为乘客）拼车”中做出具体选择。（所有9个选择游戏中）每个选择游戏中的都有具体模式的相关属性，包括“共享模式”和“公共交通”中的都涉及的“服务获取时间”，所有涉及机动车模式的“上车时间”，所有涉及机动车模式的“花费”，“共享模式”中的“绕行时间”，“共享模式”中的“同乘人数”，“非机动车模式”中的“步行或骑行时间”和“公共交通”模式中的“换乘次数”和“等车时间”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">运用实验设计法对每一个和每一组选择游戏中各个“方式”的多个属性进行整合，以便使给定数量选择问题的估计选择模型参数的精确度实现最大化。为此，将72个场景分为8组，从而使每个受访者面向一组场景。附录A是受访者看到的调查问卷的一个样稿。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">出行背景</strong></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本部分用以了解受访者的日常出行的相关情况，包括，主要活动、出行频次、出行距离和结合出行目的的典型的出行方式。受访者须要将自己进行分类：出租车常客、公共汽车常客、铁路常客或非机动车使用者。这样分类便于受访者在随后的调研中根据自己的具体情况（自己是哪一类）继续后续相关的问项。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对共享出行的态度</strong></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本部分内容包括与受访者当前最常用的出行方式相比本研究提出的共享出行服务的主要特点和受访者对各种共享出行方式的相关属性的可接受值。对（共享出行方式的）大多数属性而言，受访者需要就“成本”、“等待时间”和“同乘人数”等，在给定的取值范围内，确定其最大可接受值。对其它属性（例如，共享出行方式为铁路提供接驳服务的能力），受访者则要对其“重要性”打分，从最低的“不相关”到最高的“极其重要”。另外，本部分内容包括受访者家庭汽车保有量、停车偏好和当有大量共享出行服务时其售出私家车的意愿。本部分内容还介绍了共享出行的设计以确保服务水平被大多数潜在用户接受。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以下是基于对受访者调查的主要发现，包括描述性统计分析和模式选择模型的测算结果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">受访者基本情况和出行背景</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">调查问项包括受访者的社会人口学统计资料、受访者对相关技术的熟悉程度和受访者当前的出行模式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在调查涉及区域内，受访者的地理分布呈平衡态势，有将近一半的受访者居住在距离市中心10公里的范围内。调查样本中25岁以下的受访者缺失，所以本调查中较年轻人群的样本体现不足。46-55这一年龄组所占比例最大，这可能导致样本反映的出行模型选择偏向于更为传统的方式（ITF之前的关于共享出行的相关研究表明，年轻人更有可能成为共享出行的使用者）。大多数受访者为全职工作者。处于既不工作也不学习状态的受访者在样本中的占比约为5%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">超过90%的受访者拥有且使用智能手机，大约45%的受访者使用平板电脑。超过一半的受访者频繁使用智能手机（获取即时天气信息和新闻等）。超过1/3的受访者使用手机应用获取交通服务。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">样本中，每人每周的平均出行次数为13.7次。大多数（37%）出行是上下班或上下学，平均每次出行时长为47分钟，是各种出行中时间最长的。居于第二的重要出行则是接送小孩儿，占比17%，平均每次时长20分钟。日常购物出行、社交活动（如走亲访友）和休闲活动（如运动）这三项占比相同，合计占比12%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">惯常汽车用户和惯常骑行者各占1/3。占比15%、居于第二位的是铁路使用者。35岁以下的年轻受访者更多地倾向于使用“软方式”。如果不是为休闲而出行，超过一半的受访者选择自己驾驶私家车；而对于就休闲而出行而言，选择自驾车的比例为1/3多一点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对共享出行的态度</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本调查涉及受访者对共享出行方式与当前最常用的出行方式的多个属性（维度）的态度比较。问项关于：费用、获取服务所用的时间、因为接送同乘乘客而耽误的时间、换乘、共享出行方式提供接驳服务的可能等等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第一个问项是关于价格的。受访者需要回答他们愿意为共享出行花多少钱。这里不要求受访者对价格给出一个绝对值；而是问，与驾驶私家车或搭乘公共交通相比较而言，受访者可接受的为共享出行方式支付的最大值。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对私家车用户，设定一个当前花费的基准线，也就是每趟出行的综合平均花费为20欧元（包括各种税费）。受访者在一个从1到10的区间范围中就其愿意为共享出行方式支付的花费程度进行打分。其中：1——拒绝使用共享出行方式；5——愿意支付设定基准线一半的费用（也就是10欧元）；10——愿意支付设定基准线的全额费用（也就是20欧元）。调查中，1/4的受访者表示拒绝使用共享出行方式，大约20%的受访者只愿意支付10欧元，而只有5%的受访者愿意支付20欧元。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对公交车和铁路用户，也要受访者对当前花费和共享出行方式花费进行比较。与私家车用户一样，受访者要对愿意为共享出行方式支付的费用进行从1到10的打分。其中：1——拒绝使用共享出行方式；5——愿意为共享出行支付与当前花费当量的成本；10——愿意为共享出行方式支付当前花费的两倍。大部分受访者，在支付费用等量的前提下，愿意选择共享出行方式（也就是用共享出行替代当前的公共交通方式）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">受访者还被要求回答，步行到共享出行上车点，多远的距离是他们能接受的。大约有10%的私家车用户和大多数公共交通使用者能够接受10分钟（或更多一点）的步行距离。大多数私家车用户愿意接受的步行时间约为5分钟（也就是大约400米的距离）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有一半的公共交通使用者和大约40%的私家车用户能够接受在整个出行时长内因为接送同乘乘客而耽搁10分钟。所有的受访者中，大约20%的人能够接受耽搁时间超过10分钟。没有受访者表示完全不能接受有任何时间耽搁。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">除了铁路可以直达的情形，所有受访者都要求回答，共享出行作为铁路接驳服务与自己的相关度。大约1/3的私家车用户和一半的公共交通使用者认为自己与此种接驳服务关联极大。这一点可以从“有大约一半的受访者居住在距离市中心10公里以外的地方”这个基本情况中得到解释。在本案例地，铁路是一种快速的远距离出行服务方式，对那些近站区域更是如此。大约15%私家车用户和25%的公共交通用户表明此种接驳服务与自己无关。这些受访者大概属于两种情形：要么他们宁愿选择私家车而不是共享出行方式；要么他们享受的公共交通服务体系比较完备（搭乘公共交通很便捷或者不需要转乘）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对出租车惯常用户这一特定群组专门设置了一个问项，受访者要回答，在共享出行模式中，他们愿意接受多少同乘者。对于这个问项，没有受访者表示他们不接受任何同乘者。有1/3的受访者表示他们能接受与10-15个人同乘。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最后一个问题是关于受访者家庭汽车保有量、停车偏好及（在有大规模共享出行服务时，他们的）售车意向。半数的受访者家庭汽车保有量为一辆，27%的受访者家庭保有一辆以上的汽车。超过85%的一车保有家庭拥有自己的私人车库。对于家庭拥有一辆以上汽车的受访者，有40%的人表明（如果有大量的共享出行服务）他们愿意售出一辆。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">偏好选择实验</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">调查的核心部分是关于“偏好问题”的9个选择游戏。相关结果用来确定受访者对共享出行的认知以及这些认知对具体出行模式选择的潜在的影响。具体的出行方式包括：步行、骑行、公共汽车、铁路、地铁、轻轨和（多种具体形式的）共享出行方式。在这9个游戏中，受访者要进行9次选择。在第一组（共5个游戏中），受访者要从现有的三大类（私家车、公共交通、非机动车）方式和共享出行（作为一个大类，内部细类不做区分）中进行选择。在第二组（共4个游戏中），受访者需要在共享出行方式内部的三个细类（共享出租车、定制公交、拼车）中进行选择。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">相关调研数据用来估计多元Logit离散选择模型。表8中给出模型系数、相关值和模型拟合度。计算中，具体方式（私家车）的常项数标准化为0。在90%的置信度中，显著区别于0的系数被保留。有些（极少量）系数虽然不符合上述标准，但由于通常强烈影响方式选择，这些系数（与出行模式的服务水平相关的常项数和系数，如出行时间和花费）也被保留。其它系数设置为0。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对包括Nested logit在内的不同标准进行了测试。Nests的引入没有显著提高模型的 拟合度，校准后的Nest量表参数也未显著区别于1。R方检验的拟合度相当低，这可能是因为在每次选择游戏中引入了大量的出行方式，结果受访者的回答过于多样。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自驾车用户和公共交通用户的时间价值和欧洲其他案例具有可比性。共享模式用户的时间价值介于私家车用户和公共交通用户。这个价值有望在某种综合了传统出租车和公共汽车特征的共享出行方式中得到实现。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">具体方式的常数项估算显示，存在一些对公共交通和共享出行方式的潜在偏好。这表明，与使用自驾车相比，铁路和共享出行方式还有一些未未被发现的优越性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">模型估算系数表明，私家车用户对共享出行方式的偏好度要高于公共交通用户；同时，定制公交是最不被看好的公共出行方式。对“拼车”这种方式的感知也比较积极，但是主要是对作为乘客的这种拼车形态。独自乘坐共享出租车这种形态的系数是正向的，表明受访者很乐意为独享（一次出行费用为4.56欧元）买单。这可能暗示着，在某种文化特性中，与经济费用相比，人们更看重个人隐私，愿意多花点儿钱以避免与别的乘客搭讪。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表8：模型系数和相关值</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsdgVfhUiadI9Dl9LApzfUTJgqIKTtDWX7KrpF7B9XZWQk9ia8vnTzrFBA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="2.2416666666666667" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">模型系数表明，对于私家车用户而言，出行花费是影响模式选择的最重要的因素。对于公共交通用户而言，最重要的影响因素是换乘次数，紧随其后的是出行花费、等车时间、上车时间、乘车时间，并且最后三个因素的权重相同。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社会人口统计学特征对选择偏好的影响分析可见，年轻（25岁以下）的女性用户比其他群组对共享出行更为青睐。居住位置只对距离市中心超过10公里的私家车出行方式具有重要意义。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究结果表明，共享出行能给一个城市带来怎样的利益取决于有多少私家车用户转换为选择共享出行。ITF之前的研究表明，这种转换的规模越大出行状况的改进（拥堵缓解、排放减少、公平度提高）就越明显。要实现这种转换，需要得到私家车用户对共享出行的认可。研究结果也表明，私家车用户对共享出行的认知相当积极或正面，有些人愿意以共享出行替代私家车出行，也愿意减少私家车保有量。研究结果也明确指出，要让居民理解共享出行对城市交通的作用需要开展活动，提高公众认识。使用户充分了解共享出行的特性和种类对于全面推广共享出行非常重要。对于实现共享出行的可持续发展而言，更是如此。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(227, 242, 253);min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 6px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(-6px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(100, 181, 246);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;padding: 8px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(84, 169, 238);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(100, 181, 246, 0.58) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五、设计共享出行场景</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 3px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(100, 181, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">调查结果显示里昂都市区的出行者对使用共享出行为私人交通方式和公共交通方式搭建桥梁有兴趣，结果还显示，尽管没有来自权威机构的额外鼓励，新的共享出行会获得相当大的乘客数。然而，政策制定者、投资人和用户都需要知道共享模式在不同交通系统形态下的表现，因为这会影响到他们帮忙创造的新交通系统的吸引用户和财政活力的成功。交通系统形态也许会随新的共享出行方式和保留的“传统”方式的存在和特性、在时空上对私家车的使用限制和用户的方式分担而变化。本章节展示了不同交通系统形态和不同新的共享服务市场渗透率的多种场景，这些场景用于测试里昂都市区交通系统从现状到完全采用共享出行方案变革中的表现。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">之前在共享出行上的ITF研究（ITF,2017c）表明，以边际转换率替换私家车出行对二氧化碳的减少并没有显著影响，因此，在所有场景中考虑的最小私家车替代率都是20%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">表9展示了选择的场景。场景1假设在里昂都市区中机动化出行方式全部被共享出行代替，并与在奥克兰、赫尔辛基、里斯本和都柏林的类似ITF共享出行研究（ITF 2017a, 2017b, 2017c和2018）中的共同指标进行对比。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景2和场景3假设了一个更小的从私家车到共享方式的转换程度，取值为20%。场景2中，公共交通运营完全被灵活的共享服务所代替，而在场景3中保留了区域中的高频率公交线路（车头时距小于或等于五分钟）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景4是专门为里昂案例研究开发的，它把拼车作为沿城市西中心和南中心入口走廊的唯一的共享出行选择。如果没有拼车服务可用（考虑到对称出行的需求），这些乘客会继续使用他们现有的方式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最后一个测试场景是场景5，它包含一个限制私家车使用的低排放区域。低排放区域边界的设计旨在最大化研究区域内停车换乘的潜能。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通常，这些场景包括三种共享方式-共享出租车、定制公交和拼车（以司机或者乘客的身份）-以及在“具体共享方式”章节描述的支线列车服务。现存公共交通方式和私家车的使用，根据完全或部分保留一定的出行方式和连接，在不同场景下亦不同。所有场景都依赖于一系列方式选择的通用准则：骑行者继续使用自行车；出行距离小于三公里的步行者继续采用步行方式，大于三公里的则改为共享方式中的一种；传统出租车方式从交通系统中删除，所有该方式的乘客也转移到共享方式上。铁路和轻轨方式保留它们现有的特征，起终点车站都在可接受的步行距离内、且无需换乘的铁路用户继续使用铁路，否则，用户会全程直接使用共享出行，或选择支线交通系统到达铁路车站。轻轨会继续保留，但仅有有限的共享方式提供支线服务，因为假设是大部分现有轻轨车站没有能力支持大量乘客下车。距离铁路车站200米以内的轻轨车站，作为给铁路和轻轨提供支线服务的共享方式的落客点和上车点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过支线到达铁路交通车站、还是利用共享方式的直达服务，这一选择基于计算的选择概率和支线服务的规则。与花费在火车上的时间对比，将不同的权重分配给步行（三倍多）和定制公交时间（1.5倍多）。满足下列条件之一的用户会被分配到支线服务：1）连接铁路交通车站和出行端点（起点或终点）的步行距离小于等于十分钟；2）铁路交通没有换乘；3）整个出行（步行和共享方式）的支线部分的总距离小于出行起终点的距离。这保证了支线服务不会导致比最有效路径多很长的绕行。支线服务只允许在出行的一端使用，所以整个出行涉及的换乘不会超过一次。如果这些条件都不满足，这些用户会被分配给一种共享出行的直接服务。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表9. 选用测试的场景</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsHibicCBZF4tY76H8d6lazyPdEODlpb8jOFNaX999MHkq9lJLWGUNIxRQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.7787037037037037" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">私家车用户根据各场景中选项的可用性决定转换到哪个共享方式。方式选择模型（参见“意向调查选择实验”部分）计算得到的概率帮助决定在部分采用场景中哪些私家车用户会转换到共享方式。每个用户和出行的选择概率是基于各竞争方式的效用计算的，这取决于该用户的社会经济属性和各方式在该出行上的特性。私家车出行按照选择共享方式的概率与选择私家车概率的比值升序排列；较早的使用者是从该排序列表的顶部选择的。上述的“早”不是指一个具体的时间元素，而是指这些具有较大的转换到新方式概率的用户。选择的早期使用者的数量根据场景中的私家车替换份额决定，其余的居民继续使用私家车。里斯本大都市区的共享出行研究（ITF, 2017c）表明，以边际替换率替代私家车出行不能获得显著的效果。因此，所有场景中的最小私家车替换率都是20%。这也与集中组意向调查发现的一致，这些发现认为20%替换率似乎是有道理的。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果一个用户选择共享方式，在定制公交、共享出租车和拼车中的具体选择是基于估计的选择概率和场景设置的“服务可用性“，该设置将用户期望的出行数据和请求时可用的服务选项相匹配。如果请求的出行方式不可用，该用户会被转换到一种不同但类似的方式，且通常是免费升级。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">拼车服务也有类似的派遣程序：如果没有拼车可以满足用户的请求数据，服务会被转换到定制公交，如果没有别的可用的共享出行选项，期望拼车的乘客会用回他们之前的出行方式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDs0wo9PMTwID8Kyko4XLEsu0m5sDxXNhia40aEBvliaP0K79AibibEg3Pw3g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="1.0919540229885059" data-w="783"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十六、道路、公共交通和可能的共享出行网络。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享出租车费用设为现有私家车费用的75%，且不少于3欧元。定制公交费用设为现有私家车费用的50%，且不低于1.50欧元。私家车费用按10欧元计。这考虑了私家车购置费的日价值、保险、道路使用费和维护费与每天三次出行的比值，加上每公里的燃油费。拼车费用源于司机和其他乘车者的费用划分，在遇到拼车者的市外专用停车设施的停车费为零。定制公交的车上出行时间（包括绕行时间）不能超过以15km/h的速度穿过出行起点和终点的欧式距离所用的时间。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当一辆共享出租车为空车且没有被派遣给一个新的出行时，它会移动到最近的为空车设置的停车场。图十六展示了潜在的定制公交和共享出租车的停靠站和停车场的位置，这些位置是通过最大化覆盖率得到的，且满足下面的约束：道路网络上的每个点距最近的定制公交停靠站都在400米以内；每个网格质心距最近的停车场在两公里以内；道路网络网格上的每个点距最近的停车场不超过十分钟，这也是对共享出租车的最大可接受等待时间（如表1所示）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享出行场景可以分为四组：考虑不同的公交和私家车替换率的场景（场景1和2）;保留频繁公交出行的场景（场景3）;致力于拼车选择评估的场景（场景4）;以及一个在城市区域限制私家车使用的场景（限制使用私家车的低排放区，场景5）。下面介绍每个组的场景的具体特征。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公交和私家车不同出行替换率的场景</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景中的第一组测试了私家车的不同替代率、是否具有公交网络，这两点是如何影响交通系统表现指标的。场景1中的私家车出行替换率为100%，场景2为20%；场景1、二、五中的公交出行全部被其他方式替代，场景3中仅保留了高频率的公交出行，而场景4中的公交出行没有变化。不需要换乘的地铁和铁路出行进行了保留，否则，这些出行会被直接使用共享方式替换，或者被在上一节描述了规则的连接铁路的共享方式所替换。不被公交出行链包含的、且出行的到达车站时间和等待时间之和不超过30分钟的轻轨出行进行了保留，不满足该条件的轻轨出行会被直接使用共享方式替换，仅在个别情况下，会被上一节描述的连接轻轨的共享方式替换。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">保留高频公交出行的场景</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景3分析了在引入共享方式的同时、保留“核心”公交网络是如何影响交通系统的表现和效率的。本研究中的“核心”公交网络指运行车头时距小于等于五分钟的公交服务，图十七展示了保留的公交服务的起点。频率大于五分钟的公交出行被共享方式替代，小于等于五分钟的进行了保留。结果表明市中心、一些具体走廊沿线、直达市郊服务的早晚高峰有较大的强度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDstibqsjggePdbML0Nxn4Pg1NEZI5k9ZKronQ4dH3xHaPOX8T3BEvaHZg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.9874715261958997" data-w="878"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十七、保留的公交出行起点和核心公交网络。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">铁路和轻轨出行按照场景中的第一组的相同规则被保留或替换，被替换的出行选择按照本章导言部分描述的方式选择概率决定。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">拼车走廊</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">里昂周围的A6公路的入口走廊产生的出行占区域总出行的近13%、但代表了里昂都市区早高峰总出行的35%。量如此大，以至于它们代表了会导致进出城交通拥堵的流量非常大的通勤模式，尤其当与国家和地区的过境交通相结合时更是如此。更有甚者，通往市区的公共交通大部分由公交服务和一些区域铁路提供，这导致了在这些走廊私家车方式份额比区域平均水平高大概20%。这些因素表明了在这些区域使用共享汽车的潜在优势。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景4仿真了A6公路沿线区域采用优化和中心匹配的通往里昂市的拼车服务。该场景定义了两个走廊：城市西中心和城市南中心，目的是鼓励私家车司机进行合乘以减少高峰小时来去市中心的交通拥堵（参考图十八）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该场景允许两种方式使用拼车。其一是通过私家车到达公路入口附近的停车站，并在那里停放自己的车辆，然后与拼车司机汇合；乘客也可以步行到区域内提前约好的上车地点，该模型的定制公交停靠站可用于此目的。图十八还展示了乘客考虑的汇合区域和A6公路入口处的停靠站。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsz4ZEDYjz22w9IDSnCoMfsV9R4Trj5705XHfpiaKsyqJKSsSL1ll0m7w/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="1.0192513368983958" data-w="935"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十八、A6公路沿线的拼车走廊元素地图。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该方式的潜在吸引力受限于一定条件下问卷回答者的意向方式调查。估计得到的从私家车到拼车转换的意愿占14%，算法尝试匹配了这些出行以便拼车出行。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">仅在该走廊测试的拼车服务分为了两种可能的型态，如果来去市中心的可用的拼车服务不能匹配用户期望的出行参数，那么这些出行不能得到服务，或者服务被定制公交或共享出租车替代。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该测试旨在测试当拼车不能形成时，得到安全拼车网的可能性，该尝试研究了当前正在世界扩大并多样化的Maas的概念，这具有一些在减少私家车拥有量和使用的成功的最初案例（<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 162, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">Duand et al., 2018</span></strong>）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">低排放区域场景</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景5测试了在低排放区域内一整天禁止私家车、而在低排放区域外提供不同程度私家车替代的影响。低排放区域边界的设置基于最大化私家车司机和乘客转换到停车换乘车站的公共交通的可能性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">模型用一个带有15个可以供乘客从私家车换到公共交通或者共享方式的停车换乘站台限制的地理界线进行了测试（如图十九）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDs1h37m0FNztmqlh8g3iarhSAdlbWNzbiaicjw79bIvZSJia1jkzCb6Bws5A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" data-ratio="1.090997095837367" data-w="1033"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十九、测试的低排放区域。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在研究期间内低排放区域内的所有公交和私家车出行都被替代。铁路和轻轨出行根据给定的每个用户和出行的估计偏好决定被保留还是被替代。另外，被低排放区域影响的私家车用户中的20%转移到他们起点、而非低排放区域边界的停车场的共享方式。有些没有穿越低排放区域的私家车用户也转换到了共享方式（20%）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">所有场景都对共享方式服务进行了普通指标和表现测试的计算。普通指标包括主要出行成果，例如各方式的车公里和乘客公里，环境表现（二氧化碳排放）和拥堵水平。方式份额、公交客运量、可达性和连接性的改变，也进行了测量。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">运营表现指标包含适用于整个交通系统的指标和针对具体共享方式的指标。针对共享方式的运营表现指标在所有场景中都进行了计算，并且包括车辆平均占用和服务需求所需要的车辆数。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">另外，对四个挑选出的场景进行了深度分析。这包括一些更细节的指标，以及展示每个路段拥挤水平的地图，高峰小时内不同方式的乘客公里。在挑选的场景中，也进行了其他运营表现指标的估计，这些包括等车时间分布、时间损失分布、车均日公里、日车占用时间、每日升级乘客比例、共享方式站台的动态变化、在大流量公共交通车站共享车辆上下客的动态变化，以及共享方式空车的行驶里程。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-start;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 130px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 2px 0% 0px;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0382166" data-w="314" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/ibAAJHSNkqfsK1hickkpUqubGxyErySJlKYmwUtpoEhJxO1860VTarohS3llmpIVap2xrib2jPNUSbeNEIUhXoP0g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 15px;height: 14px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8627451" data-w="51" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bEiciawQLq5sbeB6bG3Tzq1NzUDwFLiahuO9bjKiaAaDiakicPRrRTQfpSz85fiaBOnS48rHD4icdeCic7m4ticw6pulRXOg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 130px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: 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top;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-shadow: rgb(214, 208, 191) 0px 0px 15px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bnruT4pS8l8ticJaQvffAWBUgZuGjblMWqe9RuxuANcedqfOY8MtuHuRU0KqQYicqheA6WzFtAwwnrfDk6ibHQ1oQ/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(213, 178, 122, 0.49);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(213, 178, 122);font-size: 24px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">未完待续</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: -20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5967016" data-w="667" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/PSNcZQ6eVb2GXoPXEDECopG3tHSTsc4Zzibp7hQNIzJN77Ryr1jhYoPfyTwsD9vNkmhbRNqbkcCicuRDwEBcICkA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(149, 218, 243);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 5px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(232, 76, 32);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(149, 218, 243);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.79;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: 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style="margin: 10px 0% -20px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);opacity: 0.85;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载</strong></span><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载一览众山小提供的原文资料：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">微信公众号 后台留言<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮 Daizongliu@qq.com </p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(122, 215, 248);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(149, 218, 243);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong>里昂市共享出行仿真模拟（2020）<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3333333" data-w="711" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDs9iaNs8U8mJqUuQRIcCz1pZIrrdTlOFU3WdwTNLtGqV0X49N8uEN46Kw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsT0CzKlqojDCpnDmloTembjwJXeksaYU9PJy32YgjPWquclbibwicmQQw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1.4276422764227643" data-w="615"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsKfJNZdnRtZjMAZ0cNwOj0sH7MGMmxI11jkAAaaqIogN75znn8lQpLQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1.3799342105263157" data-w="608"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDs50ZMT0giclCWsqS8HmsZa1NYYAxhGdyaLiamkMqZT19nBIEjriaV8EHmA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1.4702970297029703" data-w="606"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsbTuOfrZbFauTQoIZ2YDgvhRTjI7UP1ztpMFqahicGxoTvIbKVkFTsYg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="1.396875" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(149, 218, 243);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong>奥克兰共享出行仿真模拟（2017a）<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3338235" data-w="680" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDs0p4HYI5VO8tuRUaOvt0ZRH4Ax7Gz3c3FaPz3ynjsgh3NQ88ibPrB0FA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4432" data-w="625" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsEB9hBOsecR9edskyIUTdZkGrsf59OMniaTibN1ZC0XSk6ibX6p6QicuWow/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4717608" data-w="602" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDscv74MamibFDwsUpHrLrmptZNBSqypGP0n5zvYQnWXkFcmCs9gYAxwdA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4832776" data-w="598" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsTAwtTYbDHDXFAib3CJI8AapYFvUzKDnxgYqMdOee1dsr7rKXb9EkKug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4873096" data-w="591" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsja3BIibZskXR92CTc5IshblWC9RaM1MaTYmfTiabiaP0FjLUzEzQ884sQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4438944" data-w="606" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDscHgpTSnxeDsRHuGia7cZIia0YlQ3vu0pde3RM8fpbJClRkeiaEmTg4Bpg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4227642" data-w="615" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsBlv8QykD6CbiaLHqia32ztq49v5eeKh3TFX7A7Vw6Yoiak9sXOCH4zM7Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(149, 218, 243);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong>赫尔辛基共享出行仿真模拟（2017b）<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3469985" data-w="683" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsIo2rLfCS26bluQaMphibx5xF4vnCUJVrw8B0BpMibKf9O9TQ4WnrRNug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3765432" data-w="648" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDskKs3WEqX4EBf5qE86kVwXxSW3ZSjY1tBFhIicThjQ4c8KpEdZ0dHcZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.399684" data-w="633" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsleUt0baRBWq4lEOtSniaaJ8adDw3KOWXmjiadCUibKXaJibr1vUgwdsXWw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4271845" data-w="618" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsVIhfog1mo1LicfZISUkExS87e6dia47aezwO0bYJv18rfDthwzKCK61w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2742947" data-w="638" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsZmN4iciaewUGGLehjmISsWmSicibc12v71VY00mPMWd0LtmwtTiaicm3FOrg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(149, 218, 243);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong>都柏林共享出行仿真模拟（2018）<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3313783" data-w="682" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDss1yGlwJbDUBnhJvXicnSTnUxq5iasbOF9SBrW4R8eVtPCnEhugr578SQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 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