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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJVoCtLnB88on1tt7CUWH7UFb8AjvlicExXXGJkY2oI2y2DWRDK4VQ9jQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(255, 129, 36);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文需阅读 - 31分钟</p></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(95, 156, 239, 0.69);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.82) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sustainable</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cities &</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mobility</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(179, 179, 179);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(179, 179, 179);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 124, 6);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</span></p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">「」</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">|5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月22日期</span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.82) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsfoSz9lMnjQfyCpxNm14cvpz8xavE2E3AExr9qDxFwBjefA1G7RLicQA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/TJKyxzpzYmEPgVDibydUoo2SMjDNfkUqHTicCg81VCVP5nG8Pdh9R4SQVZmaOgLjCyAaLGWCBjWF7yVEtlenPzQA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/1IkvXdeyKXSjibnjvtYQgQOlibrDFqX25Rm4VOWrz2aVwY7XQJL4AiacL6ng7ZGVOumVd8JtZ6zRjWEANWP431Iew/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 30px;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/sUlzkh8mwTIpYkWanQ4nkjXpbbEQthGTUe1wM5HJ4wsARdw9t78QrSdlHMX27PL68PobkmDPyR1krWLmPtl8aw/640?wx_fmt=gif");background-position: 50% -1.30435%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 92.1671%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78) rgb(225, 63, 78) rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 3px 0px 0px 3px;flex: 30 30 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;margin: -15px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(241, 233, 230);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -0.8px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 1px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 2px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 3px 1px, rgb(149, 50, 45) 0px 5px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;flex: 30 30 0%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 3px 3px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px 3px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px 1px;border-left-style: solid;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-right-style: solid;border-top-right-radius: 0px;border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsqeBVvtiaibkLb1C82nO2hudQoIwicF58MwSwlYvFyhRib9Lh9L6Z2eYayQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDs7X6eBkJI4L83aSFx0VuK9Kw4TfE6vxu5p1lfDKFicG73MpNialPptCbw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsvKPC3bFlG4YN7XicV6QkicIrLweDJ64H9fvzboe1WpFMM00XhHs3awgg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsWD0ZlV2iczvhI2C4B9eeC9iac2xjHDdlnfBPPITicLgiayXBLaKHRIA5Xw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsYWQvNGTnrLxsYHjKWiaQwiaLNpp2czXWUgoktYb1iaj5GdafoMPSp2sYA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9962406" data-w="266" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDscSmOia8tud5f9oa47MMzUYrWa2ZenqZDBBm8lH5G3WZYWRUyNAyMFrA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9851301" data-w="269" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsqkffbcTcvWuicVz3CsVQMciaFttkKicUTh6Oj6kRhfc1Ob4RHdvDh1QjQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsbmSCk7eW0k0BPIgw5vTtmGY9c3ke89miaw0jBjAU55ABHmfiauUdTuwA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsMhlkuMfT7AyZ8VTYaWktmReiaR0BNGTdaXA3WcauWrXIZ8zgiaooK3uw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsplw43tYvUJg4gficRjctpDqZYL9oa6Aia3ZhsAz8KTZkBeavvnLILZBw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/</strong></span>经合组织国际交通论坛</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ </strong></span>徐珵、顾宇忻、刘艺玺、张乐怡</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">林中朴、旦增衮布、刘志广</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">朱雪莹、高广达、张书婧</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/</span></strong> 众山小  <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">校核/</span></strong> 徐珵<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ </span></strong>臧晓琳   <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">排版/ </span></strong>周瑾</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 | weibo.com/</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: rotateX(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);padding: 3px 3px 0px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 15px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gRK5wMJYGAjwv9XibuOGP4XY4CFzqx3na3l2hQuxhlPHLyOgic2DmbgMj6BqmArObic9TmrtkWnnMZhms5KWskibUQ/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 25.8037% -43.1473%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 29.7866%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 16px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0px -1.85em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 2.3em;background-color: rgb(255, 179, 179);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;font-size: 20px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 2.3em !important;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享化的趋势下，对于城市未来交通发展的影响几何？共享出行服务的普及是否能切实改善城市拥堵、环境污染等课题？本文中，国际交通论坛（ITF）借助其多次论证的区域交通特征研究模型，通过数据采集、调查研究、焦点小组等多种形式在里昂都市区（LMR）进行仿真模拟，并深入探索了不同场景下，共享出行模式替代传统出行方式的可能性和可行性，为未来城市共享出行服务提供发展依据。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px inset;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;background-color: rgb(250, 250, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文为OECD的国际交通论坛（ITF）于2020年发布的第4篇以城市为基础的共享出行仿真模拟报告。<span style="color: rgb(0, 162, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请后台留言联系我们索取）</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bo9tNCHliagRv05HFvOCspmicWnLParGeDG2jc8xRHpCF4dLWxZic46ta9yoNgg4zDbk3ybx5EPpDfU1E8q2eQxTQ/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: 3.39425%;background-attachment: scroll;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 50%, rgb(255, 255, 255) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">六、共享出行的影响</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本节介绍了针对预设场景，基于主体的微观仿真模型的结果。包括引入共享方式后运输系统总体性能的指标以及相关的运营绩效指标。这些指标包括以下方面的综合指标：旅客里程（pkm），车辆行驶里程（Vkm），份额，车队规模，排放量，可达性和连通性措施，与出行现状拥堵基准相比的绝对值拥堵水平。运营绩效指标包括满足共享模式所需的平均车辆利用率和车队规模。突出强调了场景之间的主要差异，以进一步的进行政策见解的讨论。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本节还包括对四个场景的更详细分析，这些分析是基于对最开始五个方案的初始结果的评估。此分析中的大多数指标按网格单元级别，道路网络连接级别和一天中的不同时段分类。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本节还与其他交通研究案例中的主要指标进行了简要比较，包括里斯本大都市区（ITF，2016）；赫尔辛基大都市区（ITF，2017b）; 奥克兰大都市区（ITF，2017a）; 和都柏林地区（ITF，2018）。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 1 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 9px;height: 9px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 100px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">主要的出行结果</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用于评估研究区域交通运输系统总体性能的指标为二氧化碳排放量，拥堵度和车辆行驶里程。表10显示了这些指标与基准现状相比的变化。相对值显示了每个有共享出行的场景，可以带给运输系统的巨大好处。拥堵的计算比是用平均交通流量除以容量。二氧化碳排放量是每种方式排放量的总和。应该注意的是，在所有情况下的拥堵变化，是指替换部分公交车的结果而不包括由于公交车较少而缓解的交通拥堵。但是这种减少是微不足道的，因为在交通量方面，公交车份额相对较小。最后，表十显示了共享出行可以如何减少车辆的数量。在全部车辆替换方案中，共享交通方式可以在里昂都市区中保证相同的服务，而车辆数量只有当前的13%。该值比以前的报告高得多，因为建模的拼车系统需要保留部分现有的私家车车队。如果没有拼车算法模型提供解决方案，其只能满足当前车队不到5%的需求。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结果表明场景1在所有四个指标上表现的最好，此方案中共享出行完全替代了所有的私家车和公交车出行。其次是另外第二和第三个场景，汽车替换率均为20％，发现保留高频次的公交路线看起来会产生良好的效果。而第四个拼车走廊场景，结果比较有限，特别是在减少车队数量方面。但是，通过在一个走廊中采取有针对性的措施可以减少2％的二氧化碳排放量，表明这种解决方案在一些明显的通勤模式而分散的走廊上是有吸引力的。场景5中的低排放区域限制是所有场景中表现是最差的，与基准现状相比，车辆行驶里程，拥堵情况和二氧化碳排放量仅略有降低。原因是P+R可能会增加该区域边较小街道上的机动车辆密集度，因为寻找拼车机会的司机会在边界寻找停车位。该场景的唯一好处是减少了私家车的使用，进而减少了对市中心路边停车的压力，从而可以重新分配了街道的自由空间。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其中最值得注意的在场景2和3中，里昂都市区中20％的车辆出行被替换的情况下，车辆行驶里程和二氧化碳排放的减少效果好于场景4。即，在场景2中更关注于加大区域间拼车的可能性，当实现相同水平的环境效益时，可以同时减少当前的私家车用户数量。尽管场景4中具有相同的交通拥堵缓解程度，但并不能减少二氧化碳排放量。这表明环境目标和拥堵目标两者是需要平衡的。在其余场景中仿真结果还表明，私家车用户对于交通拥堵的缓解是至关重要的（请参见表10和图二十二）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表10、与基准相比的行驶里程、二氧化碳排放量、拥堵和车辆数量的变化（%）。</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2858796" data-w="864" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJYRibicVpkibxsc47nA83Vd8icU6s4NWI25swZ3fia500tkExbxgzUpsuE3w/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF</span></em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">注意：通过以下加权系数可以将其他车辆等效为私家车：传统出租车：1倍；共享出租车：1.1倍；定制公交（8座）：1.3倍；定制公交（16座）：1.5倍；定制公交（大巴）：3倍。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">表11按交通方式来看旅客里程，表12是按照交通方式来看行驶里程。根据对场景中汽车出行减少的分析结果，减少20%的汽车出行对旅客里程影响基本相似，有证据表明目前到处都在减少汽车的使用，并且旅行长度与先前的平均汽车活动相比也同样有所减少。私家车和公交的完全替代也影响了轻轨的载客量，这表明该地区的公交和轻轨之间有很强的联运性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">铁路和地铁的乘客量也有所增加，但主要增长的是城市中的短途出行以及共享交通服务的点对点直接抵达。可以看出旅客里程略微增加了12％，但用户数量却惊人地增加了83％。可见客流量如此大的变化将会给P+R站点和边界造成压力，因而我们必须对P+R站进行有效设计，以确保实现非机动交通方式的吞吐量需求与用户的安全。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景1的结果表明，在研究区域中，共享出租车对交通不便的人士来说是非常重要的，而巴士因为有规定的最低载客量阈值而使用较少。场景2和场景3将20％的私家车出行替换为共享出行，促进了共享出租车和巴士之间的平衡。场景5主要在低排放区域的停车场和入口点，以及公共交通中转站提供巴士服务。</p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表11、与基准场景相比乘客里程的变化。</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.34375" data-w="864" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJwibibZ4WH4OMqPPEic25ZVUMPLdibibGPsfWAvKT6P1vtCj6wuibD3AibOrog/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF</span></em></strong><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">（</span></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">*包括拼车旅客里程）</span></em></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在汽车替换率较高的情况下，机动车的总旅客里程也较高，即私家车，公交车和共享模式的旅客里程之和。由于共享车辆出行，也可以预料到会产生一定程度的绕行。对于100％的汽车和公交车替换的第一场景，机动车的总旅客里程增长约10％，而对于20％的汽车替换场景（场景2和3），机动车的总旅客里程增长约5％。第四，拼车场景是唯一减少旅客里程的（约5％）。如表10所示，尽管共享交通造成旅客里程数有所增加，但是由于这些场景的车辆占有率变得更高，其对城市的总车辆行驶里程和二氧化碳排放量有所减少，以及拥堵有所缓解。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过分析旅客里程结果以及每种方式的出行次数，可以更好地了解共享出行对每种场景带来的影响。例如，表11和表12的显示轻轨旅客里程降低了大约四分之一，而轻轨出行次数增加了83％。这意味想要与铁路有相似的客流量的话，轻轨要减少平均出行里程并减少换乘。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表12、以千为单位的每种出行方式的出行</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2719907" data-w="864" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJPeZGNIRic5EDbIiaFjfGHd3GcsNT1PngAicbh8oGANKUtbDhzeRoDABAw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年，里昂都市区的工作日平均行程约为320万次。早高峰时段07:00至10:00大约80万次（占全天的26％），晚高峰期间16:00到19:00约100万次（占全天的27％）。如表12所示，大部分出行都是乘坐私家车（42％），紧随其后的是步行（38％）和公共交通（18％）。里昂市内的交通方式份额略有不同，汽车的份额为会低17％，非机动化的份额约占61％。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">之前估计私家车的份额为41.5％是考虑到所有交通方式，包括步行和骑行。如果仅考虑机动化，则私家车占行程的69％以上（见图二十）。对于共享出行率较高的场景，其铁路，地铁和轻轨的份额与基准相比都有所增加，但总公里数不完全符合这个规律。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">表13列出了交通运输系统中新方式份额和平均行程比例，具体取决于他们当前方案中使用了哪种交通方式。尽管每种场景下的行程总数保持不变，但表13中结果再次说明对不同交通方式的占比不同。在低排放区域场景出行总数最多，因为许多当前的汽车用户会一直开车到边界处，然后再换另一种出行方式。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5583982" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJ1H20PIpHaWKf7qqCCeWwngxINHCrtEgvy4qxss7ZzFoPsqRgPdoIhA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十、不同场景的机动化份额</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5305895" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJUmpR8dcNvoawMQApBBZIUCI609aYUbkLXM9XUVFXSC5ML6TrGz9yTA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十一、巴士和共享出租车在不同场景的份额</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">图二十二显示了随着共享模式的出现，出行百分比变化发生了变化，也影响着整个交通系统的出行效率。定制公交（8座）出行的份额更大，这意味着使用它的出行次数增加，这需要保证车辆占用率超过40％。所有的场景中共享出租车使用者会比定制公交（8座）要多，无论是替换场景（汽车替换率在空间上无差异）还是拼车场景。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">最后，计算交通路网不同时段的拥挤程度。如图二十二，该计算方法为里昂都市区中所有活动链路上的平均交通流与容量之比（一小时内有50多次车辆出行）。根据表十，与基准场景相比，发现所有场景的交通拥堵都有所缓解，其中全部车辆替换的第一场景拥挤程度改善的最大。如基准线所示，高峰时段的差异最大，尤其是在早高峰。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6140156" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJLbXrzyiclz16jMicDJhNnYQyxZOzVyFUiaq0v2E2MpHzaf4jBpLzyic5rQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十二、一天中的拥挤变化</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 1 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 9px;height: 9px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 100px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">可达性和连通性的变化</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">可达性和连通性是衡量各种场景和研究运输系统有效性的重要指标。可达性是借助公共设施到达某地完成一系列活动的便利程度。连通性是评价交通运输系统的指标，可依据平均的出行时间、平均速度和平均换乘次数等等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对比完全替代方案（第一场景）和基准方案，里昂都市区的有效可达性因共享出行的出现而显著提高，并促使了整个研究区域内更均匀的可达性（图二十三）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在基准场景下，里昂都市区中心的地铁和轻轨的可达性更高，较偏远地区相比。在完全替换场景下，里昂都市区中心和较远地区的用户数量都有所增加。在大约1900个居民网格单元里，有效可达性低的网格单元从303个减少到77个，有效可达性超过60％，而之前仅限于市中心的四个单元。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与中心相比，偏远地区由于共享出行的出现而更容易到达。图二十四显示了基准与全部替换场景的有效可达的比率（第一场景）。可达性的变化与距市中心的距离约成正比。在所有网格单元中，基准场景的平均有效可达率为40％，完全替换方案的平均有效可达率为91％，这意味着替换方案可方便两倍人口的出行。也有一些区域的可达反而减弱（70个单元）。当与图二十三进行比较时，发现减弱的这些区域也是基准场景中可达级别较低的地方。因此，观察到的绝对负值可以忽略不计。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9481398" data-w="887" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJ93kS2gjBHuW6TmBg2vibib9W2w0qfamLHcib7ibMcBS2SQYfTQAWlicknPA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9692833" data-w="879" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJexs6BAJoNShzsNwZoE6WjYnHJIDGSyFqricbgWaCramvfx3L0iaZxwjA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">图二十三、有效乘坐公共交通的人口情况的对比（基准和全部替换场景）。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</span></em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9264214" data-w="897" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJkeISVAZ0zNeymodGoAJKoEY9qZhPLfPNKh8netia5G91fHjZfWVvS6A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十四、有效乘坐公共交通的人口情况变化对比。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">大多数场景显示，当前汽车用户的平均出行时间有所增加，而当前公共交通用户的平均出行时间有所减少（表十三）。汽车用户的出行时间增加是由于系统设计原因导致的，具体说该系统设计除了原始的汽车出行时间外，还允许最大15分钟绕路时间，所以平均增加了7分钟。这也想说明，私家车用户在填写出行偏好行为调查时要了解共享服务带来的额外的好处，这样会使共享服务的出行成本更具有吸引力。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表13、交通系统中新模式占比和新行程特征，具体取决于他们当前在方案中使用的交通模式</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3426029" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJGcZwl1py8juX5akjpuCV4bcR1zkTpiat89uh8qQGYBEvNgmEAPa54KA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF</em></strong></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通用户的总旅行时间有所减少，也包括可达时间和等待时间的减少，这通常比用户的上车时间更具价值（Balcombe等，2004）。因而共享出行的出现减少了不同交通方式之间出行特征的差异，使分布更加均匀。这些特征可以用作评定交通服务质量连续性的考量指标。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">表13的最后两列显示了汽车和公共交通的当前份额，可以看到会有多少用户受到影响。只有场景3和五可以减少当前汽车用户的平均旅行时间。这两种场景可能得益于减少了拥堵程度，从而使其余80％的汽车可以更快地出行。值得注意的是，在这两种情况下，所有公共交通用户的平均旅行时间也有所减少。场景1公共交通的平均路程时间最短，但同时当前汽车出行时间最长。这是由于当前所有的汽车用户都去使用共享出行，而所有公共交通用户的出行时间也缩短短了，因为使用了共享铁路。场景2的结果可以看到，当前公共交通的平均出行时间有类似的改善，因为当前的所有公交出行都被定制公交（8座）服务所取代。但是，上面提到的场景中更换所有公交车并不能改善二氧化碳的排放问题。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;opacity: 0.25;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0503356" data-w="1192" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/uQbfHZ6QR3MpOVBXaUE08r5yHMXkJtAfclDhoBteqxdoPVm5ltLQmZfyd8zU2Sb4tZ1qMN0tsZFfO0fVXx2YtQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">运营绩效</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">运营绩效指标从运营者的角度来表征共享交通系统的效率。表14列出了共享模式的平均上座率以及所需车队规模（按车辆类型）。车辆类型包括共享出租车，具有8座和16座的定制公交和拼车。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在各个场景中，平均上座率相对稳定，除完全采纳场景外，共享出租车的负载率较小。调度程序不仅将共享出租车分配给请求该模式的用户，也分配给预约定制公交但由于不能满足40％的最低上座率条件而预约失败的用户。因此，对当前机动出行替换水平较低的场景，共享出租车上座率水平较低。在低排放区场景中，出租车的平均上座率略高，因为在密度较高的区域更容易实现用户出行需求撮合。关于拼车，在所有情况下，车均乘客数量都相当稳定。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不出所料，私家车替换率更高的场景需要更大的车队规模来满足共享出行的需求。完全替换场景（场景1）将需要超过53000辆车（共享机动车队为12000辆），这是最大的车队规模。接下来是场景2，场景2保留了所有巴士服务，并假设有20％的私家车替代率，这将需要12000辆车（共享机动车队为4200辆）。低排放区的场景5所需车队规模最少（少于9000辆）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在里昂都市区提供新的共享服务将需要较少的车辆类型。出行意向调查显示，与16个座位车辆相比，8座的定制公交将更常用。这为共享出租车服务和定制公交服务使用相同的车辆提供了可能性。服务的属性-所需的到站的距离，是否需要预先预订以及更灵活的绕道和客户等待时间-将使是共享出租车与定制公交的主要区别。因此，车辆资源的优化配置将成为可能。</p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表14、车辆数量和上座率的估计数</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3685185" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJr7UGAk6w3djHR4libkJA5ZYyFhoSYode0TEMUxQtJbDqKUxzWUOKgaA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其他ITF共享出行案例比较研究</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">里昂都市区观察到的结果与包括里斯本大都市区（LMA）在内的（ITF，2017c）ITF进行的其他案例研究（ITF，2017a;ITF，2017b;ITF，2018）结论相似。表15列出了这些研究的完全替代私家车场景之间的简要比较。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表15、与以前的共享出行研究结果的比较</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4944444" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJuFicGvx5CBhJrQO3BvfkahiboXiayDg6tP7oIjAu8Ds4hDDujoB6TMY4g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF</em></strong></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不同研究结果之间的差异是由各种因素导致的：包括研究区域的大小和人口密度，空间配置，用户偏好，交通基础设施和土地使用。与其他案例研究相比，里昂都市区的高密度和良好的公共交通覆盖范围对该地区产生了非常有趣的结果。里昂都市区中的人口密度决定了共享出租车的车辆上座水平以及定制公交可以服务的人口比例。这个事实，加上初始方式份额的差异，解释了Vkm相对于私家车方式份额变化较低的弹性（与里斯本大都市区一样，里昂都市区均高于1）。如表16所示，在里斯本大都市区中，定制公交的份额比共享出租车高得多，而在里昂都市区中，定制公交的份额更接近共享出租车，尽管共享出租车份额更高。此外，在完全替代的场景假设中，里昂都市区中大运量公交的方式份额显著更高。就二氧化碳排放而言，由于里斯本的车辆更加老旧，二氧化碳的减少量比Vkm的减少量更加显著；而里昂由于车辆平均年龄更低，呈现相反的结果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">表16、共享出行研究中各模式份额</span></em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3925926" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJOqoRDLTgfWBlodOfk5F0vaCsfjx0lXAxEWLwiaiaDDx6laxhtHZqWUJg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">具体场景的详细分析</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">筛选一些场景进行更详细的分析。对具体指标进行进一步分解（精确到网格和路径尺度），估算停车位和仓库的需求，以及针对共享出行模式增加额外运营绩效指标。场景的选择基于本地情况下实施的可能性，并且也可以更好地理解推行共享出行的不同阶段的影响。选定的场景包括：</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">● 场景1–完全替代汽车和公共汽车</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">● 场景3–替代20％私家车，保留核心公交网络</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">● 场景4–沿A6高速公路走廊集中调度拼车</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">● 场景5–引入低排放区，假设从低排放区外部开始并在低排放区内部结束的私家车行程20％替代率。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">场景1为与其他共享出行案例研究进行比较提供了基准。它还显示了全面实施共享出行系统的潜在影响和系统性能。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">场景3代表了一种更现实的场景，其中只有一部分私家车用户被共享交通服务所吸引。在这种情况下，保留高性能公交服务，并替换20％的私家车旅行，可显着降低Vkm和二氧化碳排放量。意向调查的结果表明，假设系统运行的质量与调查中向受访者提出的服务水平相同，则减少20％的出行是一个可行的场景。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">场景4探索了沿A6高速公路走廊和专用停车场的集中式拼车调度模型。这种情况可以很好地说明这种措施对通勤走廊的影响程度。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">场景5估计了限制私家车使用政策的情况下交通系统的性能。对这种情况的详细分析包含了其他指标，这些指标可洞悉补充停车场和P+R基础设施的需求。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">没有对场景2进行详细分析，因为它提出了20％的汽车替换率，其详细指标将与场景3的指标非常相似，并且得出结论重复。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">各模式占比和公共交通客流评估</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">在研究区域的每个网格中人公里生成的空间分布（图25-28，在所有场景中，共享模式均匀地覆盖全域，而公共交通人公里大部分在里昂都市区的核心区域内生成。由于低排放区的存在，不同场景汽车产生的人公里的差异很大。可以将四种场景下产生的人公里与基准的人公里进行比较，见图十二）</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0626667" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJSc2nXibZyWPacnL5gO3dHickfpBiahGZjhj9nX84Jic1VbxwSAmVwGoiaiaw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">图二十五、具体场景（按始发地分区）的共享出行乘客每日公里数。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在完全替代私家车的场景1中，仅提供共享出行，轻轨，地铁和铁路服务，私家车和公共汽车服务已被完全取代，大多数乘客公里都自市中心或通过高速公路系统与市中心联通的郊区产生。共享出行的人公里的空间分布与在基准场景下汽车出行的人公里的空间分布非常相似。在共享出行的情况下，产生更多人公里的网格单元的数量略有增加。由于场景1中没有常规公交。如图所示，所有产生公共交通人公里数的网格单元都位于铁路，地铁和轻轨沿线。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景5沿A6走廊利用拼车取代了每天往市中心通勤的一小部分私家车（里昂市为1.3％，整个都市区为8％），（见图25和26）。与其他场景相比，共享出行交通量很小。但是，结果表明，在A6高速公路上的交通拥堵明显减少，二氧化碳排放减少了4％。图26显示，某些网格每天可能会产生高达1,000人公里的拼车交通量。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1302211" data-w="814" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJyZv9V3F3GkwqKiaeTCxzGy5EruicucR42LIB29iaEZibPUwsllNlvFPfpg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十六、拼车乘客人均公里数（按始发地分区）。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1167964" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJO6r2lT5MEKWYvy9K7bxcbkyGA0NCjKqIrrHJNwe4sbNTpMocQdZFxw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十七、具体场景下私家车人均每日公里数（按始发地分区）。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1646274" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJGiahtDxAsujZGYicNLkTPULmXffu49PRKTLba1K6xsdvOnt3a69m4Luw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二十八、具体场景下公共交通人均每日公里数（按始发地分区）。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2229885" data-w="870" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJXKm01bBuawDPia6Dpq9glibfR0mnp8Xf2RXdqKQXLjeicS6Re0PNtIJLw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">图二十九、具体场景下各车站上下客数（按人数）。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">在所有情况下，即使是那些汽车替换率较低的情况，共享交通接驳服务也会导致地铁，铁路和轻轨的份额增加。图十五和图二十九显示了在基准和所选场景下，研究区域中每个公共交通站点或车站的公共交通乘坐人数。在场景1和3中，市中心站点的客流量与基准相似，但在外围站则增加。在场景5中，外围地区和市中心边界的乘降数量进一步增加。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">停车换乘和公共交通乘车人数的增长可能会导致某些位置的现有停车设施和车站出现容量问题。表17列出了基准场景和选定场景在铁路，地铁，公交和轻轨上的客流量空间分布。在城市中心，在场景1、3和5中，地铁和轻轨的载客量显着增加。引入低排放区将大大减少市中心的公共交通载客量，减少地铁和轻轨之间的换乘次数。在所有场景中，铁路运输都将大大减少。它可能需要更好的可达性和更少的换乘才能成为更有竞争力的选择。来自北部，东部和南部地区的公交乘客已经很少，他们更喜欢共享出行服务，而且偏爱定制公交。在保持高频巴士服务的场景2中，只占原来五分之一公交服务承担了之前近三分之一的客运量，（车辆利用效率提高66％）。这些结果表明，如果引入共享交通，应评估并可能增加沿相应线路的地铁和轻轨容量以及为这些线路服务的车站的容量，并为乘客提供高效的服务，以确保它们能够适应预计的增长。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">对停车需求增长的分析揭示了类似的问题。表18列出了按区域划分的对公共交通的接驳方式份额。目前，步行接驳占比接近100％。里昂都市区地区，P+R的比例约为3％。随着用户选择共享出行方式接驳地铁和轻轨站，步行换乘所占份额将减少。场景1有超过50％的公共交通乘降是共享出行与大运量公交换乘。但是，在场景3中，乘降的10％来自共享出行方式。在场景5的情况下，前往市中心的大部分出行链包含了私家车和公共交通两者。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">表17、铁路、地铁、巴士和轻轨乘客人数（按区域、基准组和与基准组比较的场景划分）。</span></em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2314815" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJIbuvyUSwBAVTpRye3HFxC7rDQfSXK9ib7XVcO6CJ6GkdhQoqcL7SRiag/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表18、公共交通接驳方式（按区域、基准组和选定场景划分）。</em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2277778" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJwEHAyadoN5BBwmBu7SicKL5ibicdffbgrjRPsIiaICycc0MjuwqGba3PoQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9cvhfbfpkakxOmG5PzKUcJVoCtLnB88on1tt7CUWH7UFb8AjvlicExXXGJkY2oI2y2DWRDK4VQ9jQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-shadow: rgb(214, 208, 191) 0px 0px 15px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/ZIYsx8UibiashsibswAhib8sNyRafDYhD4hF9nCAvFbtpCjZVHrHsd0t6ECcg9eqZwF6qibLOvktfTQn8n5ByYy60wg/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(213, 178, 122, 0.49);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(213, 178, 122);font-size: 20px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">未完待续</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: -20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5967016" data-w="667" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/l00pJvjEwiaKPGNhk4JZh4pLqo3pdxKxy5ukOeLfwZKP2UqWv8qF9KDkiaEm1azQIibia94MCBwiavxWsEELoqezamw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(228, 11, 66, 0.12);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -30px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 35%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9324074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDs34d09NIic02ibQN6t7BFl00Nyic5Kvt2JRYUZNcNJfY5pic9KkQZgMicibjg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: -30px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 5px solid rgba(228, 11, 66, 0.12);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(17px, 0px, 0px);margin: -122px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(228, 11, 66, 0.12);box-sizing: border-box;"><section 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powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 85%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="600" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaib1ic46hI7kJrAA9ich58eBDsMseed1vALk7Hyuj8qjcSsh79STupg7agMd2UXMRo1iaB38D4Jmub8tQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: 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