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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.7791667" data-w="720" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQ9EbSTmPcEbmL9LhVvWVQ8jibfreL0sdG8ib0icrwyrRonNArb2QMNJNBQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(255, 129, 36);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文需阅读 - 33分钟</p></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(95, 156, 239, 0.69);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.82) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sustainable</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cities &</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.57);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(232, 76, 32);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mobility</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(179, 179, 179);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(179, 179, 179);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 124, 6);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</span></p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">「」</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(255, 124, 6);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">|5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月25日期</span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgba(228, 105, 11, 0.82) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQ7PVcdYXaJiaibzjOxps8Liae8YiaYx2n9zEZulFiajzOwHF0Picq6KibGjWgA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/4HqZpcSrsUF1gVRiciaM4Wye1YvZDUfvFCdZDAheG745AmCB7XAzojn6vkgDDFnZ6kRpyxUJ3NUVPpzCzoqp8JGQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" 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powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78) rgb(225, 63, 78) rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 3px 0px 0px 3px;flex: 30 30 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;border-width: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;margin: -15px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(241, 233, 230);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -0.8px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 1px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 2px, rgb(181, 24, 43) 0px 3px 1px, rgb(149, 50, 45) 0px 5px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;align-self: flex-start;flex: 30 30 0%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-radius: 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src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQFu00CxXQSlDsY2rGR0FW3cavBG94W5uamb3pSgk1cVHDWbsiad4bSCQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQTIZVSic6ra5RcPhY4kbq2zeVsEOlfIdlQfl7ic8bKzxdyetqokBMlLzg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQRIzQuMa7x5sFRGGQLWKmB4wXAZu2HILOgapT4PqczACYtK28HzTZXA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9962406" data-w="266" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQ95p8uwawWaicjVvoSAgknbic0eJia4osCHM8MJgDvibLSYwx7TeF0TdH9Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9851301" data-w="269" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQDs7cVBrvyD7MhtfjsNqiaz00b14jOoCywDMrROCFkkpSnCDTJ43GRZw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQNia500z5qOt97NMv6gVBia9JeNtrHbUeibGib6swVKDgXCrxnK9NcyCVnw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px 0px 0px -30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQL5JLulY5Ibagp7NRQ3M5IYsPfncrpchKOHy0bszXHibLkkE5pasyDRA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;margin: 0px -30px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: double;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQBDKzMVd0D9syEvPiaU719QKvoZbfYssXZAts1rQLxleQ1Igyyq21YFg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/</strong></span>经合组织国际交通论坛</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ </strong></span>徐珵、顾宇忻、刘艺玺、张乐怡</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">林中朴、旦增衮布、刘志广</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">朱雪莹、高广达、张书婧</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/</span></strong> 众山小  <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">校核/</span></strong> 徐珵<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ </span></strong>徐珵   <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(121, 206, 143);box-sizing: border-box;">排版/ </span></strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">赵健婷 </span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 | weibo.com/</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: rotateX(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);padding: 3px 3px 0px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(225, 63, 78);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 15px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/5C90EjgMOUCmaibZxl2xu4GenPcIGJFRhqhujtBsNtPOZXXicEyXsfLyIzXzicoTcKFEWvNRsVVMDWOn7njibiahUSg/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 25.8037% -43.1473%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 29.7866%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 16px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0px -1.85em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 0.3em;margin-top: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(159, 163, 174);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 2.3em;background-color: rgb(255, 179, 179);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;font-size: 20px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 2.3em !important;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享化的趋势下，对于城市未来交通发展的影响几何？共享出行服务的普及是否能切实改善城市拥堵、环境污染等课题？本文中，国际交通论坛（ITF）借助其多次论证的区域交通特征研究模型，通过数据采集、调查研究、焦点小组等多种形式在里昂都市区（LMR）进行仿真模拟，并深入探索了不同场景下，共享出行模式替代传统出行方式的可能性和可行性，为未来城市共享出行服务提供发展依据。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px inset;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;background-color: rgb(250, 250, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文为OECD的国际交通论坛（ITF）于2020年发布的第4篇以城市为基础的共享出行仿真模拟报告。<span style="color: rgb(0, 162, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请后台留言联系我们索取）</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/0Ho9MLwhqEM06kMlKtEUUTR4ibVsRwOuibdlX0s0t2cwyD1AfTHtu41zKJ7ia7lhSibgGR5d4AJXNDzSk8tOXKhLYw/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: 3.39425%;background-attachment: scroll;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 50%, rgb(255, 255, 255) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 0px 0% -20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">服务质量<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(208, 199, 240);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对各个场景的详细分析表明：即使在包含等候和绕行时间的条件下，共享出行也可以为用户提供高质量的服务。表19为不同距离下每个测试场景中不同共享出行方式的等待时间分布。在所有的测试场景中，共享出租车在所有距离区间的等待时间均很短，仅有不到25%的出行等待时间的多于5分钟。定制公交的等待时间较长，对于所有的场景，出行平均等待时间的三分位数为10-17分钟。然而，定制公交的等待时间并不是指乘客在车站的等待时间，而是指与预定上车时间的偏差。即使车辆到达时间比预定时间晚了10-15分钟，乘客也会收到通知并晚一些步行前往定制公交车站。拼车的等待时间相对稳定，75%的乘客等待时间不到10分钟。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">表19、不同距离下每个测试场景的（最小）等待时间分布统计。</strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1802198" data-w="910" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQgNn9MDf2iaHJcQWF8KnPfCEI5TPicmvwramreuZLo6d7S6bpcZaU6YNA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享出行的另外一个关键指标是总绕行时间，即沿途接送其他乘客的平均时间，如表20所示。其计算方法是每一站的等待时间和与能够直达的私家车相比的额外出行时间之和。在共享出行服务的调度算法中，设置了总绕行时间的约束，该约束随行驶距离的变化而变化。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在共享出租车的案例中，10公里以上的出行与私家车的出行时间偏差可能超过10分钟。在低排放的场景（场景5）中，由于市中心的出行密度相对较高，且更容易匹配到车辆，因此绕行时间较小。20%机动车更换率的场景（场景3）会导致最长的平均绕行时间，因为匹配到车辆的概率较小。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定制公交的绕行时间明显高于其他出行方式，但是符合限制要求，即每次出行均保持15公里/小时的行业标准速度。在四个场景中，与直达的私家车相比，25%的长距离出行的绕行延误超过35分钟。在某些情况下，这意味着将目前的私家车出行时间增加一倍，但在非常偏远的地区，对于长距离出行而言，定制公交出行仍然大大优于目前的公共交通方式。75%出行的绕行时间平均值在23-25分钟之间，具体取决于场景的类型。结果表明，在25%的定制公交出行与私家车相比，客户出行时间可能会延误23分钟或更长时间。与等待时间类似，拼车的出行方式在所有场景下都相当稳定。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">表20、不同距离下每个测试场景的（最小）绕行时间分布统计。</strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1866081" data-w="911" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQ9eRQMEVfuBWLGM7lxRXDlicIydkbJp1R2yRIyjkl8lcVGIdE9wKKbCg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">表21展示了在不同的场景下，共享出行服务的空间绕行比例。空间绕行比是指共享出行方式的在车距离与相同行程下私家车沿最短路径行驶的距离之比。定制公交的在车距离短于相应的私家车在车距离，因为其不包括前往车站的距离；然而，由于绕行的情况，在车距离也可能更长。如果这两个差值近似相等，则可以相互抵消，空间绕行比等于1。在乘坐共享出租车出行时，当行驶路径与私家车的路径相同时，空间绕行比等于1，并且会随着绕行距离的增加而增加。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在所有场景下，共享出租车的空间绕行比都非常低，这是服务设计需求和高标准的模型约束设置共同作用的结果。对不同距离区间的统计结果表明，在小于2公里的距离范围内，空间绕行比较大。这是因为根据模型设计原则，会将达到最大允许绕行时间的长距离出行派到直达服务中，以满足模型约束，从而将绕行时间减少到零。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">表21、不同距离下每个测试场景的空间绕行比例分布统计。</strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1673307" data-w="1004" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQB9WhpTFZvYCGQShIsFpP4iauv43jicdsMN94eH54NM80T242nxiaAcUNg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定制公交的空间绕行比较低，在所有的场景中都比较稳定。根据统计结果可以看出，与直达的最短路径相比，行程距离增加了10%-30%。拼车在短距离出行中空间绕行比很高，但在整体数量上比较显著。平均而言，75%的出行的空间绕行小于30%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对于共享出行采用率较高的场景，本小节中所述的等待时间和绕行时间的值较小。这强调了市场规模对在可负担的价格下提供高质量服务的重要性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 1 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 9px;height: 9px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 100px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">交通拥堵</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本小节分析了各个路网连接处的拥堵程度。比较四种场景和基准组（图三十至图三十四）的交通拥堵水平，结果表明在四种场景下大多数路网连接处的拥堵程度都会降低。在完全替换方案（场景1）和低排放的方案（场景5）中，里昂都市区中心部分的拥塞程度明显降低。进入市中心的主要干道的一些拥堵路段可能会因低排放区边界的的停车换乘车站的新增交通量而拥堵更加严重。一些进入共享交通小站或停车换乘车站（有或没有大容量公共交通站点）的少数路段的交通量会增加。应通过为车站附近区域制定合适的的局部环流规划，或在车站和道网之间提供多个接入点来缓解这种交通容量限制。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0904762" data-w="630" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQ4H3oovKlNFjAav4tONyh2PKx0H26L9C4An4VUiaM0kWDJIbz9aRAtDg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十、各路网连接处的拥堵情况（晚高峰）——基准组图片。</strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供。</strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注：图三十与图十四相同。为了便于与图31-34进行比较，将其重新放在这里。</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.108453" data-w="627" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQyPhlKOWmrrr7btuaQ3CjwmDg63L8vM8Jlv0UMEtOVg9Rvia0YOHogqQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十一、各路网连接处的拥堵情况（晚高峰）—场景1。</strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0911528" data-w="746" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQUJejgjhicJNQNEicgwppC5WV5tPLGcrQP5o8tzHJw6RNNYBM8P9ysib5A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十二、各路网连接处的拥堵情况（晚高峰）—场景3。</strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0911528" data-w="746" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQaxL5N4V7NTMsRl9KEXTSgaHnr3l9EZuL02qSVx69Au03cxicBk80iaicw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十三、各路网连接处的拥堵情况（晚高峰）—场景4。</strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0969044" data-w="743" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQzsZb7pSMG3OAWBzDF1pxPP1SCHfZGfAHib2dSTDIBW0ib36ZicdjMbiaOQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十四、各路网连接处的拥堵情况（晚高峰）—场景5。</strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">停车需求</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大规模引入共享出行需要用于等待分配空车和拼车乘客车辆的停车区。例如，在低排放区中（场景5），车辆停靠导致区域边界的拥堵，边界周围对停车位的需求增加。本小节阐明了共享出行和车站的停车场容量需求。事实上，采用较多共享模式的方案对停车场容量要求也越高（图三十五）。 场景5中的容量需求最低，大型停车场也主要集中在低排放区边界。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3740741" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQg2FqKAGJMDqxOj1qG4h1zVUY2ldicQGib5giboTP6SC7wNmrzQ4pk9pSA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三十五、里昂都市区停车场分布研究。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">表22列出了每个停车场的进出站次数以及相应的停车位要求。 图36显示了低排放区边界和停车场的位置。大多数的停车场和乘车区都与繁忙的公共交通体系相连，从而减少了对共享出行接驳服务的需求。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">表22、场景5中停车场的流量和容量需求</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5166667" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQibTdhvHK6P4UI4YSFsXevuPqic49OxHbVuOoVZNPvExK6kWWIpA48PCg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：ITF。</strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注：符号*表示，该站为与铁路，地铁或轻轨站连通的停车场站</strong></em></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据场景5，城市低排放区入口处的交通流量将很大，并且从私家车到公共交通或共享出行方式的换乘将在停车场附近造成拥堵。一些车站将接待超过10,000名乘客，并可能需要大约2500个停车位以容纳从驾驶员到市中心的车辆。这些乘客然后将继续换乘公共交通工具或共享出行。在大多数车站，定制公交将是此类接驳服务的主要提供者。最繁忙的车站可能需要64个停车位供中转，并需要26个共享出租车站或上下车停靠点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这些庞大的数字表明，此类操作措施可能会对减少二氧化碳排放产生巨大影响。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1115385" data-w="780" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQh7KEiaBnyWuCEy3GibEV5gI7GjYTcRFniaibFbo8FibQAPsMDXQ3g4SJjeA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十六、场景5的停车场分布。图片来源：ITF, 地图信息由QGIS提供</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">全天运营绩效</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大规模引入共享出行需要用于等待分配空车和拼车乘客车辆的停车区。例如，在低排放区中（场景5），车辆停靠导致区域边界的拥堵，边界周围对停车位的需求增加。本小节阐明了共享出行和车站的停车场容量需求。事实上，采用较多共享模式的方案对停车场容量要求也越高（图三十五）。 场景5中的容量需求最低，大型停车场也主要集中在低排放区边界。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对于运营商来说，在共享出行使用率较高的情况下调动车队可能是一项挑战。对四种场景中的每一种方案的车队需求、动态变化和效率进行分析，以确定提供足够的机动性给共享出行车队。此外，由于拼车的独特性，我们将其与其他共享模式分开分析。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据仿真设计（图三十七至图三十九），这些场景均会产生稳定的车辆驻车率和使用率。驻车率仅在夜间下降，而车辆使用率在高峰时段增加，特别是在下午17:00之后。夜间定制公交流量大幅度下降，是因为当时定制公交服务无法满足需求，乘客改用共享出行服务所致。场景5中所需的车辆数量即使在市中心的低排放区也是最低，，但与场景3中20%的汽车出行更换率相似。这些场景中，共享出行服务使用较少，会导致非高峰车辆使用量下降，白天车辆驻车率波动更大，系统效率略低于完全使用场景。在不包括低排放区的场景3中，由于需求更为分散，共享出租车所需的车队规模大于定制公交。相反，场景5在低排放区域边界内的共享出行密度更高，导致用户被分流到定制公交的可能性更大。定制公交营运的结果可能显示，该系统可由一辆定制公交（16座）承载，出现频率较低的客运路线则由共享出行服务，该类车辆将沿定制公交站营运，而非提供门到门的服务。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3546296" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQn7m9kBCQT6pyib4eHKwkqkQkX7a4uGpkvtaz89HGIBXFDsTIvxBjwCA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十七、场景1的平均驻车率及分时段流量</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.35" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQibUN7BT8pUyg1Th1aC9ibEkJISoOHTKcx6swlG4ta7A3h2yA7IvaFXHA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三十八、场景3的平均驻车率及分时段流量</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图三十九显示了场景1、3、4和5的拼车业务的运营表现。结果表明，在所有情况下，拼车的主要使用场景为高峰出行期间往返市中心，最活跃的时段是早高峰。场景1、3和5的设置如果无法确保实现拼车，允许在返回行程中使用其他各类共享模式。这种灵活的设置提高了交通系统效率，并提高了系统在一段时间内的稳定性。数据上来看，拼车的业务规模并在2.3左右呈现基本稳定，在一些场景中在高峰期会上升到2.6。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不同场景下的停车容量动态相当稳定，在早高峰时段停车，在14:00到15:00之间达到停车场的最大使用率。夜间停车使用量明显下降。计算结果表明，停车容量峰值约为每15分钟为拼车司机最大数量的10倍。停车场在完全方案下可停放约20000辆车，到没有其他共享模式的本地化专用拼车走廊方案（场景4）和低排放区域方案（场景5）中的不足3000辆车。两种情况都需要大约3000个停车位。这些车位位于场景4模型输入的设计停车场，以及场景5中的停车场则位于驻车换乘位置的低排放区域边界入口。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7064815" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQv0fx3Xib9TvAibPDSibUdwBClQL7ia0dXTTKe0S0mhqBYqTBXIJbzOky9w/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三十九、场景1、3、4、5拼车业务的运营表现</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">该模型还预估了一天中各个时刻空闲的车辆数量（图四十）。一般而言，城市的公共交通网络和出租车服务的车辆公里数有所增加，是因为为寻找新客户的车辆所行驶的大量空载里程对二氧化碳排放和拥堵问题产生负面影响。ITF模式不希望出现这样的情况。车辆在空闲时应该被转移，从而将空载里程数和对道路、停车容量的需求降到最低。驾驶员的空载里程仅在夜间显著增加，并随着共享出租车模式份额提高而减少。在低排放区域场景中，平均每天产生更多的空载里程书（场景5）。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6666667" data-w="720" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQTXAiauiaSOeMx2KfgclMYltKaPLibbibuSBaw7cA5fgicLbJ2ekDoZVvqqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四十、场景1、3和5中共享出行服务的空载里程占比</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 4px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(141, 113, 229);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgba(141, 113, 229, 0.5) 2.3px 2.3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">场景分析：基本原则小结</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(182, 162, 246);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享出行可以极大程度减少里昂市的拥堵问题和二氧化碳排放。完全从私家车向共享模式和公共交通的模式转换可能会导致交通拥堵的急剧减少，而二氧化碳排放量的减少则取决于替换出行的空间分布。完全替换汽车出行的场景显示了两者的最佳结果，而拼车则表现出了另一种潜力。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场景3保留了传统的核心公交网络，取代了20%的汽车出行，在减少二氧化碳排放和拥堵方面表现良好，优于整个公交网络的全面更换。这一事实证明了里昂市现有公交网络的效率能在该模拟场景中提供高频率的服务。从二氧化碳排放角度来看，大型车辆和公共汽车车队的规模经济性强于额外的路线灵活性。然而，这种情况也会为用户带来更好的连接。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共享出行服务可能会增加铁路服务的客流量，特别是乘客数量。然而，所有的情况都显示出铁路使用率的潜在减少，因为某些线路中支线服务取代了长途的铁路干线。也就是说，使用共享出行作为支线可能需要对基础设施进行投资，以增加现有铁路、地铁和轻轨系统及其车站的容量。车站布局可能需要调整，以提供更方便的通道，并确保有足够的空间供车辆接驳乘客，这对于通常集成在城市组织上的轻轨和地铁站来说可能更为棘手。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">运营表现分析的结果表明，所需8座定制公交数量远低于16座定制公交客车数量。这表明，在里昂都市区中提供共享服务所需的车辆类型可能较少，这可能导致车辆的优化配置。在非高峰时期，特别是在夜间，有许多闲置车辆，这些车辆可能用于需要大型车队的其他目的，例如城市物流和运输。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为共享出行解决方案引入一个小的操作区域，例如低排放区域的试验，减少了交通系统在二氧化碳排放和拥堵方面的影响，并导致不同区域居民之间的服务分布不均匀。正如在小型低排放区场景中观察到的那样，短途旅行和少量用户的匹配概率较低，这降低了所提出解决方案的效率。此外，它还意味着用户需要支付更高的出租车费用。然而，就通行性指标而言，这种情况非常有益。平均而言，由于该地区中心的交通拥堵减少，目前的公共交通用户的交通状况明显改善，而目前的私家车用户的交通状况则略有下降。这一发现与奥克兰和都柏林的发现一致，在这两个城市，空间集中的莱兹地区有时会在边界产生非常集中的拥堵效应。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在里昂，拼车服务作为传统汽车使用的替代在试验中显示出潜力。无论是在公路沿线的局部试验，还是一般情况下的试验，都产生了有价值的结果，显著减少了二氧化碳排放。尽管结果令人鼓舞，但私人车辆仍然保留在这一体系中。虽然其他城市提供了类似的出行，但不到现有车队的5%，在共享出行系统中增加拼车服务，车队规模约为13%。这个数字是先前其他共享出行案例研究中估计的两倍多。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从结果中可以提取出一个有趣的事实，那就是将拼车服务整合到替代方案中，即MaaS，可以从中所获得巨大收益。报告中的拼车和共享的主要问题之一是所有用户的长期稳定性（目的地和时间），这会随着时间的推移增加系统的下车率（Correia和Viegas，2011）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;opacity: 0.99;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 1px) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0324675" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/56QODKAooicPRfF8tPpQmK6jwby23TJwNAcvdWF1C4vMtQG0KgPRhXxSxzLRtTUUD5EkmZa4gPnz7oRKEQZTjvA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;flex: 0 0 auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(116, 223, 255);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">主要发现和研究方向探索</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;align-self: center;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0324675" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/56QODKAooicPRfF8tPpQmK6jwby23TJwNAcvdWF1C4vMtQG0KgPRhXxSxzLRtTUUD5EkmZa4gPnz7oRKEQZTjvA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(88deg, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 28%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 71%, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 100%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4142661" data-w="729" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8PFYvtd9DVfzrekUOeDeVQpVuuIEmuiagSFpn83duJRybaGxHDXyUl96zib2a0sibVO9TqRNtMayXXA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">里昂的特点是密集的城市发展，具备良好的公共交通体系，此外步行和自行车出行约占40%。这项研究的结果表明，以前的研究中确定的成功因素——非机动交通份额、城市密度和公共交通供应——在共享出行对交通系统和居民出行的影响中是至关重要的。所有经过测试的方案都能大幅减少二氧化碳排放，并将拥堵程度降低50%。尤其把里昂都市区(LMR)作为研究区域实施情景时，即使汽车替换率较低，收益也会变得更加显著。实际上，在汽车用户替换率较低的情况下，可以实现更好的平均通达性指标，因为一方面可以减少拥堵，另一方面私家车出行的比例仍然较高。对于所有场景，模型还显示了覆盖率的提升，覆盖率指标在整个区域的分布更加均匀。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在该地区完全取代私家车出行将会导致保有量减少94%以上。与以往的ITF共享出行研究不同，本报告将拼车作为一种模式，由中心统一调度组织，并不由监测器操作或管理。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">私家车、拼车或顺风车的概念已经存在了几十年，并取得了一定程度的成功，特别是城际交通(如BlaBlaCar)。然而，文献表明，系统匹配拼车作为一个稳定的通勤解决方案是非常复杂的场景。在这项研究中，一个集中的调度程序被纳入共享出行选项的工具包。其目的是为用户扩大解决方案的范围，并更好地解决私家车和共享出行之间的差距。在“出行即服务”(Mobility as a Service, MaaS)模式下，拼车被纳入了出行工具包，并得到其他公共交通选择和共享出行服务的支持，如果不能满足拼车的要求，这些服务可以作为替代服务。在包括拼车的完整方案中，13%的车量需要在更好的公平性能下提供相同的机动性。用共享模式取代20%的私家车出行，仍可使车辆行驶里程减少11%，排放减少12%，而对交通拥堵的影响将更大(减少16%)，因为拼车所需的空车里程或无效率的乘客公里更少。随着时间的推移，拼车已被证明是一种稳定的共享出行方式，这证明了它的持久性，以及司机和共享车辆的乘客之间形成的信任(Correia和Viegas, 2011)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在推行新的公共服务时，应考虑地区的空间特色、行程的分布，以及新的公共交通基建计划。在制订政策时应考虑将轨道和公路网纳入区域和国家系统。研究区内的定制公交运作结果显示，可由能承载8名乘客的定制公交车队提供服务，这样一来，乘客较少的线路就可以由共享出租车提供服务，并在定制公交站点之间运营。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系统运营和设计应对地方当局与第三方合作采购、维护和业务管理提供机会，这可能为最终用户提供更具竞争力的价格。这些合作伙伴可能包括新的出行服务提供商、汽车制造商，甚至其他公共交通运营商。此外，规模庞大的车队可以确保大规模采用电动汽车和无人驾驶汽车等新兴技术所需的规模经济。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究表明，共享模式可以很好地集成到现有的公共交通网络中。保留核心公交网络，这涵盖了公交需求的一个重要部分，在减少二氧化碳排放和减少交通拥堵方面取得积极成果，同时维持或改善服务水平。因此，定制公交应该与现有的公共汽车系统合作，而不是取代它。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为里昂都市区（LMR）的铁路支线服务考虑了与基于铁路的服务(铁路、地铁和轻轨)共享出行的潜在作用。这一结果与里斯本和赫尔辛基的情况一致，这两个城市的公共交通设施都很好，在这两个城市测试了同样的模式。这背后的主要原因是网络的空间覆盖，服务的多样性和现有服务的良好进展(沉重的公共交通供应)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在不影响现有服务质素的情况下，一些车站可能需要增加系统容量，以应付日益增加的客运量。一些车站的布局可能需要重新设计，以便为非机动模式的用户提供足够的通道，并为共享车辆提供停靠区域，以便高效、安全地接送旅客。识别和重新设计具有共享出行集成潜力的轻轨站，可以显著降低整个里昂都市区（LMR）的Vkm和二氧化碳排放量。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">上述偏好调查的结果表明，人们对使用共享出行服务的兴趣相当高，只要服务质量足够高，就有可能实现20%的转换，而不使用私家车。尽管如此，许多用户仍需要有自己的私家车，至少在一开始是这样。观察到的对数字技术的熟悉程度表明，基于应用程序的系统不会对共享出行的实现和使用构成障碍。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在该区域取得积极影响的可能性取决于吸引汽车用户使用新的运输解决办法的能力。政策措施、奖励措施、新服务和宣传活动应有针对性，以确保吸引潜在的早期用户和长途旅行的用户使用这些服务。陈述偏好调查显示，共享服务的成本是影响用户模式选择的最重要因素。调查还显示，通勤和其他常见出行，如购物和社交活动，平均持续时间在15分钟到半小时之间。这与在综合人口中观察到的机动模式的平均出行时间相一致(本研究使用2014年家庭出行调查和2015年人口普查数据生成)，后者略多于20分钟。这些发现，结合成本分析的结果，表明对大多数用户来说，使用共享出租车的成本将低于拥有和运营一辆汽车。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">所有经过测试的场景都显示了共享出行服务在减少停车需求方面的巨大潜力，尤其是在街道上。这可能会改变在城市中人们对路缘的看法，路缘从一个停车点演变成一个上落客区。里昂的宜居性将随着路边停车和交通拥堵的减少而显著提高。然而，向共享出行服务的大规模转变，将需要把一些释放出来的空间转化为闲置车辆的仓库。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在本报告所研究的范围内引入共享出行意味着出行行为和整体交通系统的变化，这是任何单一模型或研究都难以把握的。此外，交通以外的领域也将受到影响。模拟提供了对几个场景的非常详细的分析，但它没有考虑到出行行为的变化或由于广泛采用这些服务而导致的其他中断。例如，共享可达性性的引入会影响土地使用和房地产价值。目前偏远地区可达性的增加可以提高它们的商业吸引力，甚至促进城市的蔓延。可能需要估计这些影响并设计旨在减少蔓延的政策。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最后，问题是谁将以何种方式提供新服务。这些服务需要的资金水平和前所未有的规模需求，可能需要公共交通运营商、服务提供商和出租车、整车制造商和其他机构的多方合作来实现。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" 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