国匠城工作台

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                        <section style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">来源：英国《卫报》极限城市（Extreme City）栏目</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">作者：Craille Maguire Gillies</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译：凌霄</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="width: 2.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/sE9WEnpAAcxRadDMo3M25jEDtOuCCM7W6rxWjIGhksNtia2EhtyiarKZ9eVqt6fA9GqtkicLXviby4IWXC766pEqbg/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.35555555555555557" data-w="45"  /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/YxMMicNkT8bOkKonj3KvVghx25o1M3NxJAt99gSrP5QEkSR9gHYrcztVgck7BvzSb8OxIyU1icv9VLJF3qYhY72w/0?wx_fmt=png); box-sizing: border-box; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 21px; box-sizing: border-box;">东京</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">你可以出租一个拥抱</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 21px; box-sizing: border-box;">曼彻斯特</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">孤独已然成为一个健康问题</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 21px; box-sizing: border-box;">深圳</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">也许没有人比外来打工仔</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">更加受到孤立</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">那么，我们是否真正懂得</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.5em; line-height: 1.2; border-top-width: 15px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); border-left-width: 15px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1em; margin: 0.5em; font-size: 21px; color: rgba(79, 79, 79, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">究竟是什么点燃了城市的寂寞?</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 20px; height: 10em; background-color: white; margin-top: -10em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="width: 2.8em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QWOCZVeIf6OSb7gyeiaUwZ4Df75gQPrCpv1eLABxT8rPRzDfdWiaUSD8L3zPicTn4ao8Q83z6m7HhQjNiavmich4Hug/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.35555555555555557" data-w="45"  /> <section class="" style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); margin-top: -0.2em; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/YxMMicNkT8bOkKonj3KvVghx25o1M3NxJAt99gSrP5QEkSR9gHYrcztVgck7BvzSb8OxIyU1icv9VLJF3qYhY72w/0?wx_fmt=png); box-sizing: border-box; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 5px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9JzgATG2SJGcSThs4qBT19OFoFzbOibdF5uzib3RII7QCXvQLEABSD8JB7ItSicicCEh8GduC7jIz5O1Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5992779783393501" data-w="554"  /> <section style="width: 100%; height: 1em; margin-top: -0.95em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left-width: 0.8em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: white; border-right-width: 0.8em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: white; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; margin-left: 80%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.6em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">类似伦敦这样充斥着租户的城市</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">是<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">最孤独城市吗？</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 12.000002px; box-sizing: border-box;">摄影：Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 36px; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">“ 如</span></strong>果你的内心不够平静，纽约的强大生命力将令你躁动不安以至于癫狂，” 旅居巴黎十年后，Henry Miller回到了这座城市。可以料想的是这位出生于布鲁克林的小说家对此次回归深表愉快，然而事实并不容乐观：“在纽约，我总是感到孤独，这种如困兽般的孤独带来的是犯罪、性、酗酒和其它疯狂的行为。” 他并未曾因友情或缺乏魅力而受过伤害——他有过五段婚姻，但将自己视为局外者，“永远是一个荒唐的男人，孤独的灵魂，”而正是他的故乡带来了这狂热的孤独。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Miller的话可以证明纽约——一座令无数人趋之若鹜，前来寻求名望、工作、爱，甚至自我的城市——是全世界最孤独的城市吗？或者，引起Miller郁闷的原因是否有可能是城市中的人，而非场所? 倘若如此，最孤独的城市又是什么呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">相较于田园生活，城市生活相对紧张，然而它是否更加孤独则是社会学者们讨论的一个议题。《时代英国2016年度报告》（<span style="color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">2016 report by Age UK</span>）指出城市中的孤独发生率是偏高的，然而造成它的确切原因却令人大跌眼镜。报告发现，性别与教育程度和孤独发生率几乎无关——除了那些教育程度最高的人群，他们通常是最孤独的——家庭收入与养宠物对孤独也几乎毫无影响。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 5px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9JzgATG2SJGcSThs4qBT19OiaKzicqibl7Yicr2BG40gd2WNv9DHIkKbY8tL0ibERHCOD67tbPAyiaQicSXw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5992779783393501" data-w="554"  /> <section style="width: 100%; height: 1em; margin-top: -0.95em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left-width: 0.8em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: white; border-right-width: 0.8em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: white; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; margin-left: 80%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.6em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">孤独是温哥华居民所面临的最大问题之一</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 12.000002px; box-sizing: border-box;">摄影：Ben Nelms/Reuters</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-image: -webkit-repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, transparent, transparent 4px, white 4px, white 12px); padding: 32px 16px 16px; white-space: normal; display: block; background-color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 32px; margin: -40px auto; font-size: 64px; line-height: 1; background-color: white; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">“</section><section class="" style="margin-top: 0px; padding: 8px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(79, 79, 79, 0.980392); font-size: 19px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">重要的不是我们是否独居，</strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(79, 79, 79, 0.980392); font-size: 19px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">而是我们是否感到孤独。</strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(79, 79, 79, 0.980392); font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Eric Klinenberg</strong></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">那么究竟是什么对孤独造成了影响？它是如何影响城市的呢？家的大小与您的直觉感受正好相反：家越小越倾向于孤独。租住或拥有住房的人们较之那些付按揭贷款的人们更加孤独，也许是因为那些有着大量租户的城市，例如伦敦（预计在2025年前将有60%的居民租房住），会有更多的短期居住需求，从而其社区参与程度也可能会更低。纽约、洛杉矶与旧金山拥有整个50年代中期的租房数据。租房者也占据了德国的城市——这是一个由低廉的房租与住宅政策带来的长期趋势，该趋势也许最终会影响邻里参与。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">有一件事是确定的：那些独居者的百分占比增幅巨大。在美国有27%的人为独居人士，较1920年上升了5个百分点，而这个数字在纽约大约是三分之一。在加拿大，该趋势也很明显，甚至在欧洲也是如此，58%的斯德哥尔摩人是独居的，这一数字被认为是欧洲最高。该趋势在许多城市都扎了根。澳大利亚统计局预测在2025年将会有130万独居家庭，百分占比跃升至大约60%，该状况将令大城市人满为患并影响经济适用房的使用权。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding: 2px 3px; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/O6ovtqUz9FNfCb5a6QLT765upqzQkxzAWedB3icIVbNtWBoiaPcnHenibNxL8LlBSnWQENh1RZTaCQHrkN2ca5icaQ/0?wx_fmt=gif); background-size: 100.7329%; background-attachment: scroll; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 1px 0%; -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a class="" title="link" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><a class="" title="link" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a class="" title="link" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 19px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(140, 164, 2, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">‘我的邻居疏远我 ... 我很难过’: </span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 19px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(140, 164, 2, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">你的城市孤独物语</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(140, 164, 2, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(140, 164, 2, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;">http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/24/my-neighbour-avoids-me-i-was-very-unhappy-your-tales-of-urban-loneliness</span></section></section></a></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">虽然数据含混，然而我们得到了一个假设，即独居导致孤独——《独居》（Going Solo）的作者Eric Klinenberg所说的这两种事物通常是混淆的。“实际上，并没有证据证明独居状况的增加应该为我们的孤独感负责，” 他在2012年写道。“研究显示社会交往的质量，而非数量，对孤独作出了最好的预测。重要的不是我们是否独居，而是我们是否感到孤独。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">人口统计中关于感到孤单最多的报告来自老年人，且他们的确通常是独居状态。在斯德哥尔摩，75岁以上的老人中有35%正经历孤独，而这一数字在布里斯托尔仅有10-15%。（因而有个口号“布里斯托尔：养老的好地方）老年人在城市中倾向于感到更加孤独，尤其当他们更加贫穷，有生理和心理上问题，或是居住在贫民区时。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“终结孤独运动”（Campaign to End Loneliness）显示，有7%的英国老年人是孤独的，年龄研究者Thomas Scharf发现，英国城市贫困社区中有16%的老年人处于“严重孤独”的状态。曼彻斯特的状况比利物浦或伦敦更糟，这也许可以解释为何这座城市会将孤独作为一项城市健康问题来应对：它于2003年创立了“评估老年人”计划（Valuing Old People program）在众多议题中提出了孤独与隔离问题。在其它城市的类似项目也不断涌现，并意识到孤独通常伴随着其它问题，例如发生在老年人或其他城市弱势群体中的隔离、住房、健康、以及孤立问题。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 5px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9JzgATG2SJGcSThs4qBT19O9LJuQ249P5y4MM6dibIyyRc0N6Ahe0WqeYKlChgfUdCbqtZyYWenLQg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5992779783393501" data-w="554"  /> <section style="width: 100%; height: 1em; margin-top: -0.95em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left-width: 0.8em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: white; border-right-width: 0.8em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: white; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; margin-left: 80%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.6em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 19.2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14.147366400000001px; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">中国的农民工网络也许能够帮助农民工们免受孤立，然而居住与工作条件可能是不同的</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12.1263168px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;">摄影: Andy Wong/AP</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-image: -webkit-repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, transparent, transparent 4px, white 4px, white 12px); padding: 32px 16px 16px; white-space: normal; display: block; background-color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 32px; margin: -40px auto; font-size: 64px; line-height: 1; background-color: white; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">“</section><section class="" style="margin-top: 0px; padding: 8px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(79, 79, 79, 0.980392); font-size: 19px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(79, 79, 79, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们能够看到其它人比我们生活得更加富裕，人口更加稠密。同时，我们能够感到自己暴露无遗。</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(79, 79, 79, 0.980392); line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;">Olivia Laing</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">然而遭受孤独折磨的并非仅仅是老年人。在澳大利亚，城市居民拥有朋友的数量也比二十年前有所减少。在美国，每五个人中就有一个招人烦的家伙说他们只有一个亲密伙伴。或者想想在太平洋岸边充满田园风景的温哥华吧，它不仅在支付能力（最近被冠以“北美最贵城市”）方面苦苦挣扎，而且伴随着亲密关系的疏离。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“温哥华基金”智库询问社区领袖与慈善机构来确认温哥华人所面对的最大问题，答案并非是无家可归或贫困，而是孤立。参与调查的80多个族裔中的4000人中，有三分之一的人发现难以交到朋友——在温哥华灰色多雨的冬季中工作了一整个冬天，当我在周末时牵着狗在史丹利公园闲逛，独自坐进拥挤的咖啡厅时，我第一次发现了这个问题。在这个年轻而丰富多彩的城市中，初来乍到的人挣扎得最厉害：在那些来到加拿大五年及以下时间的人之中，差不多有一半人（42%）仅有两位亲密伙伴。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">友情的稀缺不仅折磨着新近移民，许多东京人是如此地渴望交朋友以至于希望能够出租他们。日本“情感出租”产业例如“拥抱咖啡厅”和“猫咪租赁”成功引起了美国作者Chris Colin的兴趣，他曾参与一项提供短时友谊的服务。这里客户类型多样，他写道：有鳏寡人士、羞涩的单身狗，“那个纨绔子弟只想要一个能在打折期间在耐克鞋专卖店外面等他七小时的朋友，以便他在店里买到新的运动鞋。” 最大的“朋友出租”机构——客户伙伴（Client Partners）仅在东京就有八家分店。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 5px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QX2ynuhBL9JzgATG2SJGcSThs4qBT19OLWiae6qUR95yKkQD02Z6MeoNTyMuW0CiaMeZxHHn6NUT9MW1zPUto6jQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5992779783393501" data-w="554"  /> <section style="width: 100%; height: 1em; margin-top: -0.95em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left-width: 0.8em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: white; border-right-width: 0.8em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: white; border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; margin-left: 80%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.6em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 19.2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14.147366400000001px; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;">日本猫在城市居民中日渐人气，因为它有了“情感出租”的理念</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14.147366400000001px; color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 12.1263168px; box-sizing: border-box;">摄影: Junko Kimura/Getty Images</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在日本海另一边的中国则存在着不同的问题：大范围的移民。中国的农村人口迁移到例如上海和北京这样的大城市，他们遭遇到严重的孤立。在2012年，共有2.3亿农村人口迁移到城市（如今超过一半的中国人口居住在城市中，而这个数字在1990年仅为三分之一）。作为“流动人口”，他们居住在低质量高密度的住房中，遭受歧视，并很可能成为社会参与性较低的人群，尤其是当他们经常迁移的时候。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究者们调查了中国关于社区的社会网络（social networks）、邻里依恋（neighbourhood attachements）与边缘性（marginality）的报告并确认：移民的邻里友善度更高——这也许能够帮助他们减少孤立——但面临歧视，且在一些情况下糟糕的居住条件：位于工业城市深圳的一个公司为其20万雇员提供宿舍居住，引起了自杀的流行。报告指出：“他们的‘邻里’有可能是工厂。”然而在北京，移民们的“邻里密度”更高——换句话说，他们更擅长与其社区相连接——这表明移民也许会为孤独的城市丛林带来需求甚高的乡村价值观。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding: 2px 3px; background-image: url(http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/ibhfUvia5yjl0wZpZDE7JfnVSC9Et5s8UHj1XmuWgsUXAfibwVNcgbj8keEOKLQUfpibOKKZ36dC7nuQonlsFkQK2A/0?wx_fmt=gif); background-size: auto; background-attachment: scroll; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 1px 0%; -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><a class="" title="link" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(82, 164, 51, 0.980392); font-size: 19px; box-sizing: border-box;">世界上最遥远的城市在哪里？</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;">http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/aug/19/where-worlds-most-remote-city</span></section></section></a></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果中国的特大城市说明了任何问题，那也许是孤独通常与环境有关。这对于Olivia Laing来说并不奇怪，他的新书《孤独的城市》记录了一段在纽约分手后的时光。“城市之事就是我们完全被人所包围。” 他最近告诉《环球邮报》的记者。“我们能够看到其它人比我们自己生活得更加富裕，人口更加稠密。同时，我们能够感到自己暴露无遗……每个人都被众多目光所关注。那就是为什么城市孤独是如此特别的存在。”然而孤独通常就像是坏天气，“它总会经过我们的生活。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">那么上海或者柏林的人们是否比斯德哥尔摩或温哥华的人们更加孤独呢？就这个问题我请教了芝加哥大学的John Cacioppo先生，他撰写了以此为主题的著作——《孤独》。他的研究探讨了城市生活比乡村生活更孤独的固有性，同时拒绝厚此薄彼，仅选择了一个城市。“你提出了一个有趣的问题，” 他说，“可惜我们没有任何数据可以证明它。”也许Liang是对的，城市孤独是暂时性的。或者也许我们能够从Henry Miller与纽约的斗争中学习：1944年，他打起背包搬到了阳光海岸，加州的大苏尔。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dotted rgb(192, 200, 209); padding: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 0.7em; border-top-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.7em; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.7em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">本文编号：TWO_001</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">如需索取文中资料：</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">《时代英国2016年度报告》（2016 report by Age UK），请回复微信号PICCUD。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.8em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; border: 2px solid rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-color: rgba(199, 113, 91, 0.980392); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a class="" title="link" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><a class="" title="link" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a class="" title="link" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left; 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