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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 15%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.91" data-w="100" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGbMbqTemRLWcMkMdVtFibhCpXPwibDzicP3SeCp9qoJVlgScKcEoPNTXkw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 70%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(153, 166, 171);line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;">欢迎点击以上蓝色字体</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关注</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 15%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.91" data-w="100" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGbMbqTemRLWcMkMdVtFibhCpXPwibDzicP3SeCp9qoJVlgScKcEoPNTXkw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 50%;border-width: 3px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(254, 193, 192);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="padding: 5px 4px;clear: both;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者重庆大学建筑城规学院、山地城镇建设与新技术教育部重点实验室教授、博士生导师杨培峰，重庆大学建筑城规学院博士研究生龙香在《规划师》2020年第2期撰文，易地搬迁是我国一项行之有效的扶贫举措，也是城乡空间变革下的特殊迁建模式，极大地改善了受地域贫瘠所困的人口物质环境，但同时也面临着人口关系、资本再嵌入的社会空间重组，因此急需探讨与移民发展高度契合的空间、资源布局模式。文章以人本理念为导向，基于可持续生计视角，以湖北省宣恩县的易地扶贫搬迁案例为切入点，在其规划建设层面进行生计资本的空间特征解析。研究表明，分散嵌入的易地搬迁社区呈现空间集约、区域功能关联的整体特征，但资本弱质性的搬迁移民生计资本累积受限，与空间呈现低弥合性，长期积累的农业生产技能“无地放矢”；针对不同功能属性空间及其生计资本特征，文章提出“总体规划纳入—绩效评估反馈—社区环境优化—其他专项协调”的融合发展策略。</p></section><section style="width: 50%;border-width: 3px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(42, 118, 162);float: right;margin-top: -6px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 12px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 关键词 ] 易地扶贫搬迁；社区空间；可持续发展；生计资本</p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(56, 30, 5);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文章编号 ]1006-0022(2020)02-0034-07　</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 中图分类号 ]TU984　</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文献标识码 ]B </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 引文格式 ]杨培峰，龙香．易地扶贫搬迁社区的空间特征与规划对策[J]．规划师，2020(2)：34-40．</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">易地扶贫搬迁情况</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“十二五”时期，国家加大了对易</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地扶贫搬迁工程的投入力度，累计安排</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中央预算内投资231亿元。截至2017</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年末，全国农村贫困人口从2012年末</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的9899万减少至3046万，累计减少</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">6853万，其中易地扶贫搬迁人口为830</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">万，减贫成效显著，但搬迁任务更为繁重。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">根据2016年9月22日发布的《全国</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“十三五”易地扶贫搬迁规划》，搬迁</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的建档立卡贫困人口约981万，迁出区</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">域范围涉及22个省的约1400个县。从</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地区分布看，西部12省( 区、市) 的建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">档立卡搬迁人口约664万，占67.7％；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">中部6 省的建档立卡搬迁人口约296万，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">占30.2％；东部河北、吉林、山东和福</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">建4 省的建档立卡搬迁人口约21 万，占</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">2.1％。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">易地扶贫搬迁是一种特殊的城乡空<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">间建设模式，其社会影响深远。对于山</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">多人少、相对贫困的中、西部地区，可</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">用于就地安置的土地资源远远不能满足</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">当前规模的搬迁需求。另外，城镇区域</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">或城乡结合区域中的安置点，获取教育、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">医疗等公共服务设施资源的机会更大，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此易地扶贫搬迁点的选择往往向“镇、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">产、旅”靠近集中，以为搬迁移民提供</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">新的生存空间。我国的易地扶贫搬迁采</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">取集中安置(76.4％)与分散安置(23.6％)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">相结合的方式，本文将以集中安置为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">主要研究对象(图1)。集中安置的形式</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">包括行政村内就近安置(占集中安置的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">39％ )、建设移民新村安置(占15％)、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇或工业园区安置(占37％)、乡村</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">旅游区安置(占5％) 和纳入供养机构等</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">其他安置方式(占4％) 。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4109948" data-w="764" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGe7SRElpnSRK2yUfJ29XxOPaicuLv9ydM0oC11VC9o33P68iacysynEOg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">可持续生计的理论引入</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人口的流动可以摆脱物质的匮乏，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">但要彻底摆脱贫困，在新环境中构建起</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">稳定的生存空间，接受供给及拓展资源</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">获取的途径十分重要，这就取决于移民</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本身的发展能力及资本基础。因此，由</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生活所需要的能力、资产(包括物资资源</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">和社会资源) 及行动组成的“生计”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">即成为谋求稳定发展的关键内容。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文引入的“可持续生计”概念，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">最早是在20世纪80年代末世界环境和</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">发展委员会的报告中提出的。1992年，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">联合国环境和发展大会将此概念正式引</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">入行动议程，主张把稳定的生计作为消</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">除贫困的主要目标。随后便有越来越</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">多的学者、组织对其进行研究，提出了</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">用于解决生计可持续问题的分析框架。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">可持续生计以“资产—可获得性—活动”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为主线，综合了对贫困、脆弱性、风险</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">处理、农村个体和农户对变化的环境与</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">打击的适应等方面的内容。可持续生</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">计并不是发展的路径，而是目标、价值</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">观的导向，要使易地扶贫搬迁的后续发</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">展获得更高的治理效益，则需要充分了</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">解贫困人群的贫困背景、自身能力条件，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此便有了用于解释、辅助的可持续生</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">计分析框架。其中，英国国际发展署(DFID)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">于2000 年建立的可持续生计分析框架</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(SLA)、美国援外合作组织(CARE) 提出的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">农户生计安全框架和联合国开发计划署</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(UNDP) 提出的可持续生计途径得到了最</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为广泛的应用，本文主要采纳了DFID框</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">架内容。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在可持续生计发展框架中，每个贫<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">困个体只有获取了足够的自然资本、金</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">融资本、物质资本、人力资本和社会资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本等生计资本，才能获得充足的生存发</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">展空间。可持续生计的研究涉及多个</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">学科领域，包括政策、经济及村落等方</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">面。可持续生计研究的关注焦点在于人</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">们如何生存与维持生计，不同视角研究</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的重点也不同：①政策制度视角，研究</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">搬迁补偿等政策对居民可持续生计能力</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的直接影响效应和间接影响效应，对其</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中的内在关系与特点进行了分析。②城</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">镇化视角，研究集中在生计资本分析、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生计策略和生计结果，以及三者之间的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">相互关系上，并从土地征收、就业扶持、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会保障和融资渠道等方面提出了相应</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对策。③城乡统筹与规划视角，该方</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">面的研究尚不足，但生计对区域的依赖</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">性较大，与空间规划的结合是必要途径。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有学者针对目前城市扩张征地过程中因</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">土地、资源分配不合理等而导致的问题，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在规划案例中进行了挖掘发展动力的实</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">验性摸索。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">截至目前，在易地扶贫搬迁中“人—<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">事—地”的弥合，以及扶贫后可持续生</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">计发展规律、空间规划作用机制等方面</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">所进行的定量研究尚不充分，亟待做更</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进一步的深入研究。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">易地扶贫搬迁移民的空间特征及</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">生计资本——以湖北省宣恩县为例</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">宣恩县地处湖北省西南边陲，隶属<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">恩施土家族苗族自治州，是国务院确定</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的湖北省25个特困县之一，位于国家武</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">陵山片区扶贫攻坚和湖北省四大连片特</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">困地区核心范围。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">截至2015年末，宣恩县总人口为<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">36万，精准扶贫对象共27552户87489</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人，其中易地扶贫搬迁共10840户34623</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人，占总人口的10％、精准扶贫人口的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">40％，远超全国的搬迁、扶贫人口比重</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(12％ )，是全国具有代表性的易地扶贫</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">搬迁县城。宣恩县易地扶贫搬迁工程在</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2016年安置完成3000户9919人，在</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2017年安置完成7840 户24704人，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">安置后的搬迁社区依旧需要寻求进一步</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的融合发展治理路径。从资本的视角来</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">看，贫困群体原有的生存与发展环境呈</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">现出资本的稀缺匮乏性和不可塑造性的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">双重特点。因此，首先应从区域层面出发，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">从易地搬迁的外部发展环境入手，探析</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">大环境下居民所能获取资源类型的主要</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">构成；其次在微观层面进一步解析各类</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">型环境下易地搬迁社区内人群的生计资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本特征，从而深入认识易地扶贫搬迁内</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">外发展现状与能力基础(图2，图3)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0890585" data-w="393" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXG03IliaJx4v6zCwnaAcUBII1Z8e0YWmIsPPZYfgGRPGfjFarn4I2qmSg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.045" data-w="400" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGiaX3VvgiaicyegicDBIOCibKngA0NBle89eTSYLGXC5WCt9mahH1EQicIpdw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）整体空间特征：集中分散的嵌入型模式</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.镇乡整合集约式搬迁选址</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文将宣恩县易地扶贫搬迁实施过<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">程分为搬迁、安置和融合三个依次推进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的阶段。在搬迁阶段，按照“政府主导，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">群众自愿”的原则，对居住在生存环境</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">恶劣、基础设施极差地区的贫困人口实</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">施移民选址搬迁。其中，搬迁通常有四</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">种情形( 除纳入供养机构等其他安置方</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">式)：①行政村内就近安置。针对有一个</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">规模较大村庄、多个周边零散小规模村</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">庄或连片整合村庄的情形，依托靠近交</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">通要道的中心村或交通条件较好的行政</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">村，引导搬迁对象就近集中安置。②建</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">设移民新村安置。针对搬迁量大、周边</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有可开垦或调整使用的耕地的情形，在</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">周边县、乡镇或行政村规划建设移民新</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">村进行集中安置。③小城镇或工业园区</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">安置。针对位于城区或镇区附近的情形，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">按照城镇建设用地布局，依托新型城镇</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">化建设，在县城、小城镇或工业园区附</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">近建设安置区进行集中安置。④乡村旅</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游区安置。针对临近旅游区用地的情形，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">则依托当地旅游、民俗文化等特色资源，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">因地制宜打造乡村旅游重点村镇或旅游</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">景区，引导搬迁对象适度集中安置(图4)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2537037" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXG7g3qA6bQ5BnFiaU5diadosIDqrVsWZcaiaJGhmX5FsldTERI0PmT69e5w/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">据数据统计，宣恩县沙道沟镇、主<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城区和李家河镇的安置点数量较多，整</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">体上南部多于北部，其中以行政村内就</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">近安置和小城镇或工业园区安置为主。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">宣恩县的易地扶贫搬迁社区采用了“1+6”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">模式，即小区有社区服务中心、就业创</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">业空间、标准卫生室、文化广场和便民</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">超市，以及一户一块菜地。各社区根据</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">搬迁户籍人口数量分配相应的户型住房，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">保证人均住房面积为25m2。住房户型</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">通常为1 人户，一室一厅一厨卫，面积</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为40m2；2人或3人户，两室两厅一厨卫，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">面积为75m2；4 人户，三室两厅一厨卫，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">面积为100m2；5 人户，四室两厅一厨两</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">卫，面积为125m2。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.以区域功能结构划分安置类型</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在区域层面，安置社区体现出突破<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地域限制、集中资源发展和根据功能服务</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">需求选择的特点。因此，本文根据区域用</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地功能性质，进一步将宣恩县易地扶贫安</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">置点划分为临近教育公共服务设施、临近</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">近郊景点、临近自然景区和临近产业园区</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">四类，并构建出各项资源便捷度矩阵图</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(图5)。通过分析对比调研数据及规划资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">料后发现，在中心城区，临近教育公共</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">服务设施、产业园区的安置点，就业资源、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生活性服务资源相对较充足；临近近郊</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">景区、自然景区的安置点，自然生态资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">源丰富，但就业资源、生活性服务资源</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">匮乏。而周边城镇的安置点略有不同，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">除临近教育公共服务设施、产业园区的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">安置点外，临近近郊景区的安置点由于</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">用地资源相对宽裕，也成了企业入驻的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">场所，拥有相对充足的就业资源。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4194444" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGXQTXXO0nEvxgPMWMa8ucZIILHYmWmic16xcVUcJwmb60u8BGwQuCribg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）各空间类型下的生计资本转变：非农生计社会转型，资本存在弱质性，与空间弥合度低</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.生计资本调查及量化</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">据宣恩县统计年鉴显示，2015年全</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">县青少年有(<18 岁)73984人，占比为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">20.53％，老年人(>60 岁) 占17.79％，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">劳动力人口占61.68％。而从调研统计的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">搬迁人口构成看，老年人占比(30.03％ )</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">远超其他年龄人口占比。由调研结果可</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">知，贫困搬迁人口往往来自自然资源贫</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">瘠、生活基础服务配套薄弱的“边缘”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">之地，受教育水平普遍偏低，多集中在</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">小学、初中阶段甚至以下。通常来说，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在人口集中区域，人们受教育程度的高</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">低直接影响其所从事工作的性质与就业</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的机会。因此，转移至新居的搬迁人口，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">若其就业空间处于受挤压的状态，那么</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">他们的生存发展压力极大。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过对搬迁移民的生计资本进行分<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">析发现，最大的变化在于其生计模式从</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">长期农业生产向非农生产或农户兼业化</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">转变，这意味着搬迁移民长期累积的农</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">业生产技能将“无地放矢”，移民搬离</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">原住地后，回迁及生存困难等现象频繁</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">出现，“稳不住”成为搬迁后面临的首</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">要问题。易地扶贫搬迁带给搬迁移民的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">影响不仅仅是居住空间的转移，还有可</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">能是生存来源的暂时丧失与生活成本的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">提高，而搬迁初期带来的家庭可支配收</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">入大幅下降，会使原本生计就十分“脆弱”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的搬迁移民的生活更加难以为继。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结合实地情况，研究对宣恩县易地<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">扶贫搬迁人口生计资本进行量化分析，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">构建了适用于宣恩县易地扶贫搬迁移民</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生计测量指标。通过可持续生计分析框</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">架，对人力、自然、物质、金融和社会</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">五大生计资本进行测度；同时，基于前</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">文提出的四类搬迁社区，对各项生计资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本进行对比，得出与空间相关的生计资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本特征( 表1)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="556" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="669" data-ratio="1.2872340425531914" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGUZKf1u7jMeK4GrzGiba9pHXxnX2zvxQelUFg9N8uNc9sia6XJTqlZAJA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="564" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 556px;height: 716px;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文的调查数据来源于宣恩县易<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地扶贫搬迁社区实地调研，调研实施于</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2018年6月26～28日。根据宣恩县的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区域特征、移民安置入住情况，选择了4</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个安置点，然后由县干部带领调查人员</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进行入户访谈及问卷填写，主要调查移</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">民生计的变化状况。调研共发放100份</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">问卷，其中有效问卷96份( 表2，图6)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.431338" data-w="568" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGQWHib3J3X0VLVIwBlloXTbkC9KE38yq3ibDswl1TToC1I6fTHibEYShDg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2490741" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGFVO1DqyVzoGrAHHM2OPgvn7KTJkfYdFTNUeYzUHibqGIXWb59yMNiaYg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.四类安置空间生计资本分析</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文分别选取了椒园镇椒园村( 临<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">近教育公共服务设施)、椒园镇水田坝(临</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">近自然景区)、珠山镇甘溪村( 临近产业</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">园区) 和高罗镇黄家河( 临近近郊景点)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">易地扶贫搬迁安置点( 图7)，作为四类</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">安置点的典型案例进行分析。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5055556" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGR9wpO2WSOoEF2wbv8KX8z47kEsAchzgdqQXia7RE2kqaOpeDA3glppw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 临近教育公共服务设施的安置点<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">物质资源充裕，但人力资本依然受限，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会资本存在隔离性。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过对椒园镇椒园村易地扶贫搬迁<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">安置点的调研发现，临近城镇的易地扶</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">贫搬迁安置点居民以中年人为主，从居</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">民生计资本情况看，他们的受教育程度</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">很低，尽管社区周边教育、医疗等基础</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共服务设施配置较为完善，但仍然存</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在“小孩读书跟不上、身体健康治不好”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的问题，制约着其生存发展，因此其人</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">力资本一般。在社区搬迁后，其自然资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本变化较大，原有土地由政府补偿收回</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">或者保留。在物质资本方面，资本提升</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">较多，根据户籍人口，按25平方米/人</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">分配房屋，居民的生活物质、住宅条件</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">得到了极大改善。在金融资本方面，社</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区家庭收入平均每月有3000元左右，基</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本无金融借贷情况。在社会资本方面，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社区居民基本保持着较好的社会人际关</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">系；虽然社区内有较为充足的公共空间，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是空间利用率不高；社区中心常组织</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">就业培训、健康安全讲座及节日活动等。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 临近自然景区的安置点自然生态<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">环境良好，周边有一定旅游市场基础，但</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生计资本并未与其关联，人力资本外流。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">通过对椒园镇水田坝易地扶贫搬迁</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">安置点的调研发现，临近自然景区的安</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">置点老年人较多，青年人基本上都外出</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">务工。从居民生计资本情况看，他们的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">受教育程度整体较城镇安置社区居民稍</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">高，但家庭可劳动人数较少，故人力资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本不高。安置点周边自然资本充足，有</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">较好的茶叶产业基础，同时也有企业入</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">驻，支撑起该区域的旅游发展，但并没</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有与该安置点搬迁居民产生“对接口”，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">居民没有融入区域发展中，因此居民的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">金融资本也不高。由于所在区域呈带状</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">发展，许多公共区域的集聚性较弱，安</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">置点内公共基础设施较为匮乏，物质资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本相对也弱。此外，搬迁居民获得了较</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">多基层组织的帮助，且亲朋好友间的来</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">往较多，因此其社会资本相对较多。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 临近产业园区的安置点有企业提<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">供就业扶助，人力、金融资本相对充足。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">珠山镇甘溪村易地扶贫搬迁安置点<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有电子、车间零件、服饰及鞋业等类型的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“产业微工厂”入驻，采用了楼上居住、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">楼下就业，与企业联姻合办“扶贫微工厂”</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的模式。其生计资本相对较好，这是因为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社区预留出了小微工厂生产车间，对愿意</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">入驻的企业免前三年的房屋出租费，以带</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">动贫困户就业。入驻企业均为劳动密集型</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">企业，工人工资为3000～6000元/ 月，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">具体根据工作时长及职位来定。由此可</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">见，该安置点的人力、金融资本较充足。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">此外，随着与当地发展的融合，居民的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会资本也相对充足。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(4) 临近近郊景点的安置点人力资本<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">集中，自然、金融资本相对良好。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">高罗镇黄家河易地扶贫搬迁安置点依<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">山而居，邻水而建，生态环境宜人。其紧</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">临209国道和乡村道，距集镇约5km，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">交通出行方便。社区中有微电园，既为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">搬迁居民提供了就业机会，也为周边居</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">民提供了生计来源，成为了枢纽型的社</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区安置集合点。在生计资本上，临近近</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">郊景点的安置点与临近产业园区的安置</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">点相似，但其自然资本相较更高。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">总体来看，易地扶贫搬迁安置点内<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">移民的物质资本有较大改善，但人力资</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本存在弱质性。一是移民原有思想意识</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的被动性和教育的弱质性；二是受家庭</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">成员个人健康或者儿童教育问题的限制，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">增加了就业的难度，使移民的金融资本</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">难以累积。社会资本在不同类型的安置</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">点中表现不同，如靠近城镇中心的安置</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">点，其移民能享受更多参与公共活动的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">机会，但其资本发挥效益较低。通过分</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">析发现，宣恩县易地扶贫搬迁安置点的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">选址较为合理，但其发展效益有待提升，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">需纳入规划中统筹协调(表3)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8166287" data-w="878" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGdEUiaU6Cnn7QJR9icftdIClp7PwEd1ViaWhNS7dHuuqEbO9yricQoMy2zw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）生计资本与空间的关联性：区域功能属性、资源获取与生计资本紧密相关</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间的功能属性与生计有着密切的<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">内在关联，只有以生计为基础，遵从空</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">间的主要布局，及时做出反馈与调节，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">方能产生良好的效益，从而使生计资本</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">得以累积。对比不同空间属性下的生计</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">资本结构，可以得出易地扶贫搬迁移民</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生计资本与空间的耦合关系。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 人力资本在临近教育公共服务设<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">施、产业园区和近郊景点的区域更具优</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">势。在这些类型的易地扶贫搬迁安置点</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中，人力资本相对较高，其人口构成以</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中年人为主，有一定的学习能力。同时，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">“政府+微企业”在该类区域集聚程度高，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">具有很强的吸纳能力，在一定程度上提</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">供了充足的就业岗位，进而衍生出更多</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">融合平台。而临近景区的易地扶贫搬迁</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">安置点需要提高人力资本，合理布局教</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">育、医疗等基础服务设施。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 自然资本依然依靠生态资源。位<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">于自然风景区、城镇近郊区域的易地扶</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">贫搬迁安置点，自然资源丰富，可以为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社区居民提供用地，适合发展乡村旅游</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">及相关产业。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 物质资本与人力资本相似，在临<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">近教育公共服务设施、产业园区的区域</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">更容易集聚。随着安置点周边基础设施</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">和配套设施的逐步完善，搬迁移民的住</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">房价值明显提高，因此可以进一步增强</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区域公共设施的共享性和有效性。临近</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">景区的易地扶贫搬迁安置点可借助自然</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生态资源，在公共空间的塑造上与自然</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">景观融合，提升住区环境。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(4) 金融资本主要通过搬迁移民自身<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">就业所获得，银行借贷等市场金融对其</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">影响不大。对于临近教育公共服务设施、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">产业园区和近郊景点的易地扶贫搬迁安</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">置点来说，该资本的累积较为明显；而</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">临近景区的易地扶贫搬迁安置点由于周</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">边就业岗位较少，搬迁移民基本保持原</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有生计，因此可适当引导相关旅游企业</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">提供一定就业岗位。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(5) 社会资本可能更易于在产业环境<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中增加。楼上居住、楼下工作的空间布</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">局模式为人们提供了更多交流的机会，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">促进了社会网络融合。此外，应加强易</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地扶贫搬迁安置点公共空间社会互动属</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">性平台的构建。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">基于可持续生计视角的规划对策</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过分析发现，生计资本与空间功<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">能属性、资源都有着密不可分的关系，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">它们的弥合度越高，生计资本的累积越</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">多。因此，本文提出了“总体规划纳入—</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">绩效评估反馈—社区环境优化—其他专项</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">协调”的空间建设发展建议。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 总体规划纳入：统筹纳入城乡结<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">构，集中安置社区，促进资源向资本的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">集聚转化。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在土地集约发展格局下，有针对性<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的收缩集聚可以有效发挥资源的功能性</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">和经济性，提升空间价值，进而反馈给人，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">提供更多的就业拓展机会，将资源转化</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为资本，并促进其积累。因此，应将易</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地扶贫搬迁规划纳入城市总体规划中，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">积极探索安置点的规划建设，如依托中</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇、工业园区集中安置，依托新型</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城镇化建设，在交通条件优越、商贸活</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">跃的县城、小城镇或工业园区附近建设</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城镇或工业( 产业) 园区集中安置社区；</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">依托旅游资源开发潜力大、能够提供旅</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游服务就业岗位的服务区建设旅游服务</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区安置社区；依托交通便利、资源富集</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">及发展条件好的中心村就近集中安置，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">形成中心村安置社区。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 绩效评估反馈：综合测评资源效<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">益，有序把控设施配置，推进物质资本</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">品质化提升。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">易地扶贫搬迁安置点应加大对社区<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">及周边道路、公交、供水、供电、通讯、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">污水处理和垃圾处理设施的建设投入，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">实现基础设施共建共享。考虑到公共服</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">务设施、基础配套设施的投入庞大，需</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">要有时序性地逐步建设，实时监测和调</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">节社会服务设施供给效益。基于调研结</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">果可知，除就业需求外，孩子教育、个</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人健康是影响搬迁移民生计发展、资本</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">积累的主要因素，因此应在完善安置点</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">道路交通等基础配套设施的基础上，重</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">点考虑教育设施、医疗卫生设施等公共</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">服务设施的建设。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 社区环境优化：重构社区共享空<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">间，塑造文化认同，促进社会资本互联</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">共建。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">针对易地扶贫搬迁移民的“老弱化、<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">妇女化”问题，可以结合公共服务设施</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的配置，为老弱人口提供就业扶持，让</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">他们参与简单的手工业，并有机会参与</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">更多的活动，从而加强创造本地居民对</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">居住地的共同记忆。同时，还要共建社</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区共享空间，形成具有一定社会文化氛</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">围的生活圈，加大社区凝聚力，提升居</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">民对社区的归属感，增强居民的参与性</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">和组织性。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(4)其他专项协调：与专项规划融合，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">充分发挥特色，助力本地人力资本积累。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">易地扶贫搬迁规划可结合绿道专项</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划，联合一级、二级旅游驿站和节点，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">融入“滨水生活、近郊休闲、都市人文、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">自然颐养、山林野趣”等主题绿道网系统，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">共享服务配套设施，实现与景区共同建</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">设。通过各类专项规划，在完善产业格</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">局的基础上，安置点可以提供一定的产</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">业就业岗位，并制定福利制度，促进人</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">口返乡就业，形成一定的劳动力基础。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-bottom: -10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 6px;margin-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;margin: auto;height: 16px;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;margin: auto;height: 16px;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);margin-bottom: -5px;width: 5px;height: 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 222, 3);border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 222, 3);border-top-color: rgb(255, 222, 3);border-right-color: rgb(255, 222, 3);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(214, 240, 252);padding: 10px 10px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结论与展望</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-left: auto;margin-top: -5px;width: 5px;height: 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(226, 226, 226);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(226, 226, 226) 0px 16px 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">易地扶贫对于我国实现全面脱贫起<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">到了至关重要的作用。在易地扶贫搬迁</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">移民迈入脱贫行列不久的情况下，政策</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">扶持一旦撤离，仅靠物质资本的提升，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">而没有人力资本、社会资本等的“互动</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">回应”，将难以保障安置社区的可持续</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">发展。尽管搬迁安置点依附于不同功能</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的产业聚集地，属于嵌入型居住模式，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">但其社会空间弥合度不高。即使安置点</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">所在区域享有较为丰富的资源，但介于</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">搬迁前后社会空间结构变化极大，移民</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">原有的生计模式、资本能力、生活方式</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">及文化习惯等均难以完全适应新的环境，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">尤其是其生计条件仍受到挤压和限制。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此，安置点的后续发展应重点关注其</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">系统型政策构建、自身发展能力培育、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会管理与公共服务优化、社会力量支</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">持组织等路径。同时，激发和调动搬迁</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">移民内生的发展能动性，构建多元、公</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">平的生计发展策略体系，使移民真正融</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">入新居地的生活环境、社会环境中，促</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进区域的全面发展。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(181, 180, 180);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -5px 0% 5px;transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(252, 221, 93);padding: 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(100, 100, 100);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">来源：2020年02期《规划师》杂志</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(181, 180, 180);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(100, 100, 100);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新媒体编辑：刘晓莹</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(100, 100, 100);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">审读：刘芳</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 5px;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: white;padding: 10px;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2020年02期</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《易地扶贫搬迁社区的空间特征与规划对策</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">》</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 24px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="float: left;margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);margin-left: 23px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-top: -8px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="float: right;margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"> <section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-top: -8px;margin-left: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-top: -1px;margin-left: 16px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left-color: rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 100%;margin: -12px 0px;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(227, 43, 107);box-sizing: border-box;">声明</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: left;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(132, 81, 21);box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》杂志社微信公众订阅号（ID：）为非盈利新媒体平台，所有转发的非原创图文来源于互联网及新媒体渠道，如果所转发图文作者或其他版权所有人认为违反了您的权益，请告知我们，我们会在24小时内删除。</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 100%;margin-top: 1em;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"> <section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);margin-top: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;margin-top: -8px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);margin-left: 23px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section> <section style="float: right;margin-top: -2px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;"><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-bottom: 1px;margin-left: 16px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-top: -2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-left: 8px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;margin-top: -8px;margin-right: 18px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left-color: rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom-color: rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="margin-top: -1px;margin-left: 24px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》近期文章推荐（点击蓝字可查看原文）</p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NTQ4NzAxNQ==&mid=2651356536&idx=1&sn=d5feec640103f5940a0b621a8c507139&chksm=8b424830bc35c1267a916584cbbc186a2484656cf6caa27951a0dc60ef8572be9f381555292b&scene=21#wechat_redirect" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" hasload="1" style="color: var(--weui-LINK);-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);cursor: 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pointer;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛3】城市绿色交通的内涵、特征及发展策略——基于国外实践经验的思考</a></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/MWWkbLYpqY5MuJDyd7onkzrEN7z0G4yz4NrMbtVJWGTvyibp46ibG9L8JAP6G9muxoFj51MO8BzqyJe512WwAGtA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-top: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-left: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-right-color: rgb(21, 103, 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inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.605042" data-w="357" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGAiapezh8F9X6wnLQCRw8oNsW6aoFxNDd3J1g7YspiaBmZREvsRk72zPA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 129, 36);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">识别图中二维码进入微店购买《规划师》杂志</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="850" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGH5micBVibrPHiajzYZ0GkDhAT1OufRRx9zD3zY9iaVGSu63ucYMibHxNCibQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2962963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGwg7m1HtOVKxoxfwmwH1s27LLtRxiaz6WXVTj0f4UzaUk4BS0u8z9hFw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》杂志社                                    </p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 0px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(117, 114, 114);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 2px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地址：广西南宁市青秀区月湾路1号南国弈园6楼</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮编：530029</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮箱：planner@21cn.net</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">网址：www.planners.com.cn</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">电话：0771-2438012</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">传真：0771-2436269</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8518519" data-w="837" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgj4eaUdZXJiafMQ93uhlQXGFaUvD7JWiatAJkNv1ADcicT6TAsyF7B8FA4D7vlBoL0NyqLiaPyYt29Tg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  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