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<section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 3px solid rgb(219, 219, 219);display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;"><section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">姜鹏，城市和小城镇改革发展中心规划院信息室主任</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">原文刊载于《北京规划建设》2020年第1期，有删改</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0px 15px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: right;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: right;">【全文3020字】</span></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(239, 251, 255);"><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">粮食安全是构建人类命运共同体的重要基础。26年前，美国著名学者莱斯特·布朗（Lester R. Brown）在其著作中提出"谁来养活中国"的议题，一度引发全世界关注。2019年10月，国务院新闻办发布《中国的粮食安全》白皮书。这是</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">时隔23年，中国再次发表粮食安全白皮书</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">，向国际社会全面介绍了中国的粮食自给能力、粮食支持政策、粮食市场开放等问题。2018年全国标准粮食仓房仓容6.7亿吨，2015年至今的粮食总产量稳定在6.5亿吨以上，走出了一条中国特色粮食安全之路，也为解决世界粮食安全问题提供了中国方案。</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(239, 251, 255);"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -5px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;flex-flow: row;display: flex;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;justify-content: center;"><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 1px) rotateY(180deg);justify-content: center;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 45px;height: 30px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 80%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0324675" data-type="gif" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/lTxxRKoWBBGcS4RKdZibZJ8M7jXpicCC7GlN5L0of3De3Buax6xnjDVlCf76LLFeHNibick9Dn7CUJ3ib7T8ZCaTNibQ/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(30, 78, 121);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02-1  饥饿地球</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);justify-content: flex-end;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 45px;height: 30px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 80%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0324675" data-type="gif" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/lTxxRKoWBBGcS4RKdZibZJ8M7jXpicCC7GlN5L0of3De3Buax6xnjDVlCf76LLFeHNibick9Dn7CUJ3ib7T8ZCaTNibQ/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 1px;background-image: linear-gradient(88deg, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 28%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 71%, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 100%);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年9月，联合国正式通过2030可持续发展目标（Sustainable Development Goals），致力于实现一个没有贫困的世界。同年12月，世界粮食计划署在巴黎气候变化大会发布"世界饥饿地图"，显示全球气候变化会对世界粮食安全所产生的严重威胁（图1）。牛津大学、哥本哈根大学和明尼苏达大学的一项联合研究进一步加重了这种担忧，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">气候变化被观测到导致了世界十大作物发生明显的产量变化，这种影响在欧洲、南部非洲和澳大利亚正对粮食生产造成负面影响，在亚洲、北美和中美洲体现为正负混合效应。</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 50%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.5933333" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccphRgl2yXyycHRWvIHK9juia0jWz0tFc4BiaMkvpAVtzIt585oYh8e47aQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 50%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.5933333" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpT9nDbUibiaTU4SiaWNqynXVRcSspJYd4WGjQtNugwEkUZB1zYVC5MrnuA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(199, 199, 199);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图1，2050年与2080年的世界饥饿地图（图片来源：世界粮食计划署）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">研究表明，世界饥饿状况正出现恶化。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">联合国《2018年世界粮食安全和营养状况》显示，过去几十年全球挨饿人数比例持续下降，2015年以来基本保持在略低于11%的水平；但近年来绝对人数逐年增多，2018年达到8.216亿人（图2）。每年，世界粮食计划署向约80个国家的8000万人口提供援助。</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.4855825" data-type="png" data-w="867" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpfFByZC0BMTQXYZib9ribPMC436jxGOmplPZ7kWT9EUUWnAJUDUpC1wTQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图2，世界饥饿人口变化趋势（数据来源：联合国《世界粮食安全和营养状况》）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">除了战争冲突，</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">气候变异也在诱发更为严重的粮食危机。而粮食浪费也被归结为加剧温室效应和导致8亿多人挨饿的原因之一。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">全球每年在运到商店之前就被浪费掉的粮食相当于年产量的14%，其中以南北美洲和欧洲最为严重。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(239, 251, 255);"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -5px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;flex-flow: row;display: flex;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;justify-content: center;"><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 1px) rotateY(180deg);justify-content: center;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 45px;height: 30px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 80%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0324675" data-type="gif" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/lTxxRKoWBBGcS4RKdZibZJ8M7jXpicCC7GlN5L0of3De3Buax6xnjDVlCf76LLFeHNibick9Dn7CUJ3ib7T8ZCaTNibQ/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(30, 78, 121);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02-2  单产为王</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);justify-content: flex-end;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 45px;height: 30px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 80%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0324675" data-type="gif" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/lTxxRKoWBBGcS4RKdZibZJ8M7jXpicCC7GlN5L0of3De3Buax6xnjDVlCf76LLFeHNibick9Dn7CUJ3ib7T8ZCaTNibQ/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 1px;background-image: linear-gradient(88deg, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 28%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 71%, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 100%);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">1961年至2017年的56年间，世界粮食总产量从7.36亿吨增至29.80亿吨，增长305.08%；同期世界人口总量从30.73亿人增至75.11亿人，只增长144.41%。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">粮食增长速度快于人口增长，世界人均粮食呈增长趋势</span></strong>（图3）。56年间，世界人均粮食从239.36公斤增加至396.71公斤，增长了65.74%。</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 50%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0831409" data-type="png" data-w="433" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpfl105Q42XbVDqcdwjDKKYgicCLerjvkbslTkRgnIUibVZHW2hzyE5d9w/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 50%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0831409" data-type="png" data-w="433" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpxnshTwwnRG1PxtnuGA7ALTx0NmKPndPJP4Whqr8dzz2ekP8mlOj1cQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图3，世界粮食产量与人口和耕种面积的变化趋势比较（数据来源：世界银行网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">同期，世界粮食耕种面积（有些国家为播种面积、耕作面积或收获面积）从5.14亿公顷增至7.31亿公顷，只扩大了42.33%。换算一下可知，地均粮食产量从1961年的1431.53公斤/公顷，增至2017年的4074.18公斤/公顷，增长了184.60%，是耕种面积增速的好几倍。可见，</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">粮食地均产量（粮食单产）的快速提高是助推改善世界粮食安全的显著因素</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">（图4）。</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.497669" data-type="png" data-w="858" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpxvsUxdgtfaLN9whfhPMhNTpfmM516M6MUoU9nzcZEV8hsZpiaxB9tYw/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图4，世界人均粮食增长与地均产量变化的趋势比较（数据来源：世界银行网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">粮食总产量的提高，主要取决于耕种面积增加与单产提高两个因素，而</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">过去60年世界粮食产量的增长主要是靠单产增加取得的。推手是二战后世界农业生产率的不断提高，先进农业技术和管理方法的不断应用</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">，包括综合农业生产体系的构建，以及种子的不断改良等。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">我国粮食产量在播种面积基本稳定的情况下仍然保持了高速增长，单产与总量的增速都明显高于世界平均水平，袁隆平等农业科技人员功不可没。</span></strong>中国2018年的粮食产量约为全球粮食产量的24%，用占世界7%多的耕地，养活世界20%左右的人口，对保障全球粮食安全贡献巨大。中国毕竟人口多、耕地少，要更好保障粮食安全，必须不断通过科技进步来提高单产，让国人从"吃饱"走向"吃好"。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">比照农业发达国家，中国粮食单产还有较大提升空间</span></strong>（图5）。</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.4521338" data-type="png" data-w="867" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpL6m27Yh7OY7lzO8sMD4nX8P4QuX9baRd4pqQTibictAwursSnibic72s9g/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图5，中美日与世界粮食平均单产对比（千克/公顷）（数据来源：世界银行网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">既然世界粮食单产和总产都增长很快，为什么还有那么多人挨饿呢？因为不同国家和地区的农业生产率存在较大差异，全球粮食地区分布不均。当前，中国及南亚地区的农业生产率增速较快，北美、欧洲和拉美等国家和地区的农业生产率增速正在放缓。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">美国弗吉尼亚理工大学《2019年全球农业生产率报告》指出，全球农业生产率年均增速为1.63%，而低收入国家仅为1%，这些国家面临粮食生产不安全、营养不良和农村贫困人口比例较高等问题。</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">就当前全球农业生产率变化趋势及提高农业生产率等问题到2050年，全球农业生产年均增长率需维持在1.73%以上</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">，才能满足全球近100亿人口的需要。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(239, 251, 255);"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -5px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;flex-flow: row;display: flex;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;justify-content: center;"><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 1px) rotateY(180deg);justify-content: center;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 45px;height: 30px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 80%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0324675" data-type="gif" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/lTxxRKoWBBGcS4RKdZibZJ8M7jXpicCC7GlN5L0of3De3Buax6xnjDVlCf76LLFeHNibick9Dn7CUJ3ib7T8ZCaTNibQ/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(30, 78, 121);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02-3  三大主粮</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;width: auto;height: auto;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;align-self: center;"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);justify-content: flex-end;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 45px;height: 30px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 80%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img width="100%" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0324675" data-type="gif" data-w="154" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/lTxxRKoWBBGcS4RKdZibZJ8M7jXpicCC7GlN5L0of3De3Buax6xnjDVlCf76LLFeHNibick9Dn7CUJ3ib7T8ZCaTNibQ/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 1px;background-image: linear-gradient(88deg, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 28%, rgb(156, 230, 253) 71%, rgba(156, 230, 253, 0) 100%);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">电影《星际穿越》中，末日地球上唯一还能存活的农作物是玉米。现实世界中，玉米的产量增长确实很快，明显超过小麦和稻谷，但却并非产量最大和增长最快的农作物。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">按照联合国粮农组织公布的2017年世界农作物产量数据，第一名是甘蔗，1961-2017年的产量差不多翻了两番，逼近20亿吨</span></strong>（图6）。</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.5028835" data-type="png" data-w="867" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpz74bpc70XLrMIkUazVFY5aIVE8BRHUJicrU3Bvuc0Pib1YkA9bduFajw/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图6，世界甘蔗种植面积及其产量变化趋势（数据来源：联合国粮农组织网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">甘蔗毕竟不能当饭吃，其产量也是毛重，世界粮食生产统计主要以谷物为主。其中，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">水稻、小麦和玉米养活了世界上大部分人口，</span></strong>直接提供了全人类消耗卡路里的42%，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">是世界三大主粮</span></strong>。据联合国粮农组织（FAO）调查，世界上大部分国家的主食都包括玉米、小麦和稻谷这三种谷物（图7）。</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.4722864" data-type="png" data-w="866" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpKSrm9DVHl1oOxHCgLCTp1hSzAghjgVc6QVXHiaFNiaaGRicdKAxXxJlAA/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图7，全球三大主粮的产量变化趋势（亿吨）（数据来源：联合国粮农组织网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">从全球粮食生产发展来看，三大主粮的产量增加很快，比重不断提高。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">56年间，玉米产量增加了4倍，稻谷和小麦的产量也增加2.5倍，</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">小麦更是在近三十年实现了面积缩减而产量增加。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">三大主粮在世界粮食生产的比重从87.42%提高到89.81%，</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">世界粮食生产越来越集中于这三大谷物作物</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">（图8-图10）。</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.4682814" data-type="png" data-w="867" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpvOhkuNj07hMpkoGGKkcbfxz6apkUibicrWRPicIYpq8DibA6Yg4dtnugiaw/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图8，世界玉米种植面积及其产量变化趋势（数据来源：联合国粮农组织网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.4798155" data-type="png" data-w="867" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccp742MBQhIfiblkp5wc5KKCGeEMLFc7e5cFc1Lia7XricUzVhvT9hwkQmwg/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图9，世界小麦种植面积及其产量变化趋势（数据来源：联合国粮农组织网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.4855825" data-type="png" data-w="867" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpXqysINt8PLmJGYNnXM1YLf3RCp74ZsyRXKT20ia9gqdv2sbInoia8CyA/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图10，世界稻谷种植面积及其产量变化趋势（数据来源：联合国粮农组织网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">同时，三大主粮的内部结构不断调整。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">小麦和稻谷大致相当且同步下降，分别从1961年的30.23%与29.32%降至2017年的25.90%与25.83；玉米的份额则不断抬升，2017年升至38.08%（图11）。</span><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">玉米生产快速增长主要源于饲料及工业用粮消费拉动。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">人口增加是推动世界粮食消费的基础因素，据联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）调查数据，</span><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">全世界超过一半人口以稻谷碾磨后的大米为主食，以小麦为主食的人口约占35%。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而，</span><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">人均收入提高会引发对于动物性产品需求的增加从而导致饲料粮激增，已成为提高粮食消费量的主要因素。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前，世界粮食消费仍以口粮消费和饲料粮消费为主，工业用粮渐成新增长点。</span></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 50%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0839329" data-type="png" data-w="417" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpeZ9RVtFiaLPYlN2SCnAg0RKBvxz3gYp0C6pcRAFPd7u7LM2OB2oUEBA/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 50%;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.0761905" data-type="png" data-w="420" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccpCga5tkI0rwTGk1XBO00GCKVjmicSicXhZetEHmSXFgeZhuFgbJQ9ZgQQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图11，1961年与2017年的全球粮食生产结构（%）（数据来源：联合国粮农组织网站）</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.99;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 20px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">这里需要科普一项重要指标--粮食食用率。2009年，水稻总产量的78%为人类食用，小麦为64%，玉米仅有14%。有约1/6的小麦被用作动物饲料，而玉米主要作为动物饲料或转化为工业乙醇，只有少部分被人食用。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">"主粮全球化（Food Globalisation in Prehistory）"风暴在公元前5000年席卷了旧大陆。这是个双向的交织过程，大小麦向东传播；原产于中国北方的粟和黍向西进入中亚与欧洲，向南传至南亚与东南亚各地；首先驯化于中国长江中下游的水稻最终遍布东亚、南亚和东南亚；原产于北非的高粱和非洲小米等作物出现于印度河流域。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">"主粮全球化"打破了之前不同地区人群在农业系统与饮食上的独立性，让很多地区的人学会了控制"季节"。</span></strong>至公元前1500年，多季节轮种开始形成，奠定了青铜时代世界文明的基础。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">（ It will continue. ）</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;text-align: left;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 14px;font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">本文系作者观点，不代表平台机构最终观点</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;text-align: left;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 14px;font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">如涉文章侵权，请告知删除，谢谢</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.7650933" data-type="jpeg" data-w="911" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9KAPjUAOwiam2665qQfsKccp946TicxyAXKodiaQTE4bTXlVHnLTWl7WMsDa2gYMEvumEQ9JQXZuYfCQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section>
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