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期刊导航 | Urban Studies文章精选(41-43)
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国际城市规划
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2020-01-14 11:45:46
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Compact cities and economic productivity in Mexico
墨西哥的紧凑城市和经济生产率
Paavo Monkkonen(加州大学洛杉矶分校,美国)
Jorge Montejano(库埃纳瓦卡大学,墨西哥)
Erick Guerra(宾夕法尼亚大学,美国)
Camilo Caudillo(库埃纳瓦卡大学,墨西哥)
首次出版时间:2019/11/5 |研究论文
Abstract:
This paper examines the contingent nature of agglomeration economies. Existing empirical evidence that compact cities are more productiveis mostly from countries and regions with highly productive service sectors, such as the USA or Europe. We hypothesise that this relationship will differ in countries where land-intensive manufacturing activities are more productive than services. In this paper, we test this hypothesis using data from the 100 largest cities in Mexico in 1990, 2000 and 2010. Under a number of specifications, we find that the most common measures of urban compactness are, in fact, negatively associated with economic productivity. This holds even when instrumenting urban spatial structure with the underlying geology of urban areas. The findings suggest a need for greater attention to national economic structure in the study of agglomeration economies, and that policy agendas focused on compact urbanisation take account of the needs of the manufacturing sector.
摘要:
本文考察了集聚经济的偶然性。现有的经验证据表明紧凑型城市生产率更高,这些证据大多来自拥有高生产率服务部门的国家和地区,如美国或欧洲。我们假设,在土地密集型制造业活动比服务业生产率高的国家,这种关系会有所不同。在本文中,我们使用墨西哥100个最大城市1990年、2000年和2010年的数据来检验这一假设。在一系列参数下,我们发现最常见的城市紧凑性衡量标准实际上与经济生产率负相关。即使在利用城市地区的基础地理学测量城市空间结构时也是如此。研究结果表明,在研究集聚经济时,需要更加关注国家经济结构,注重紧凑城市化的政策议程应考虑到制造业的需求。
Keywords:
agglomeration, economic processes, land use, productivity, urban spatial structures, urbanisation
关键词:
集聚, 经济过程, 土地利用, 生产率, 城市空间结构, 城市化
原文地址:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019869827
Neighbourhood-scale public spaces, inter-group attitudes and migrant integration in Beijing, China
中国北京市街区的公共空间、群体间态度与流动人口的融合
Zhilin Liu(清华大学,中国)
Yiming Tan(中山大学,中国)
Yanwei Chai(北京大学,中国)
首次出版时间:2019/11/12 |研究论文
Abstract:
Cities worldwide face the challenge of persistent social polarisation that is exacerbated by the mass migration of populations. Scholars have debated whether the planning of public spaces, which presumably fosters inter-group encounter, potentially reduces prejudice against minorities such as migrants, and eventually promotes social inclusiveness. This research uses alarge-scale questionnaire survey conducted in 36 neighbourhoods (estates) in Beijing, China, combined with field observations and interviews, to investigate whether the presence, perception and use of neighbourhood-scale spaces of encounter are relevant in predicting residents’ attitudes towards migrant social inclusion, particularly with respect to equal access to citizenship and government welfare. Qualitative and quantitative analyses found that residents’ inclusiveness attitude is less associated with the physical presence of public spaces and facilities in the neighbourhood, and more with actually using such spaces for neighbourly encounters in daily life. The findings echo recent critiques of the romanticised view of public spaces for urban encounters, and suggest that neighbourhood planning of public spaces should incorporate elements from social projects that facilitate meaningful interaction between native and migrant residents to achieve the goal of building an inclusive city.
摘要:
世界各地的城市都面临着持续的社会两极分化的挑战,人口的大规模迁移加剧了这一挑战。学者们就公共空间的规划是否有可能减少对移民等少数群体的偏见并最终促进社会包容展开了辩论,因为公共空间似乎可能会促进群体间的交往。本研究采用在中国北京36个街区(小区)进行的大规模问卷调查,结合实地观察和访谈,研究街区交往空间的存在、感知和使用是否与预测的居民对移民社会包容的态度相关,特别是在平等获得公民身份和政府福利方面。定性和定量分析发现,居民的包容态度与街区公共空间和设施的实际存在关系不大,更多的是与日常生活中实际使用这些空间进行邻里交往相关。这些发现呼应了最近对城市交往中公共空间浪漫化观点的批评,并建议街区的公共空间规划应纳入社会项目的要素,以促进本地居民和移民居民之间有意义的互动,从而实现建设包容性城市的目标。
Keywords:
activity diary, migration, neighbourhood, public space, social integration, social justice
关键词:
活动日记, 移民, 街区, 公共空间, 社会融合, 社会正义
原文地址:
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019879376
Cohabiting commerce in a transport hub: Peoples as infrastructure in Lagos, Nigeria
交通枢纽中的共栖商业:
作为基础设施的人在尼日利亚拉各斯
Allen Hai Xiao(威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校,美国)
Kudus Oluwatoy(阿德巴约伊巴丹大学,尼日尼亚)
首次出版时间:
2019/11/13 |研究论文
Abstract:
Based on a case study of Iyana Ipaja, one of the largest transport hubs with a spacious motor park and the most vibrant markets in North Lagos, we elaborate on the nuances of interactions between commercial actors and various forms of infrastructure in the spatial and temporal senses. In terms of materiality and mobility of their businesses, commercial actors are categorised into three types, shopkeepers, stallholders and hawkers. They have extensive interactions with the objects with which they are attached (shops, stalls and goods), the physical infrastructures (vehicles, roads, bus stations and motorparks), and ‘people as infrastructure’ – a term coined by Simone – including drivers, passengers, passers-by and government agencies. We suggest that amodification to the concept of ‘peoples as infrastructure’ should help toarticulate interactions among differently positioned actors. We argue that the localities and mobilities of commercial practices manifest spatial conviviality among peoples as infrastructure. The temporality of their commercial practicesis embedded in the urban rhythm of Lagos and remediate
s the flows of people and vehicles through the spaces
of Iyana Ipaja. The focus of commercial actors provides a new perspective to rethink grassroots spatial politics of motorparks in Nigeria. Moreover, this case study critically engages the theory of relationality of ‘people as infrastructure’ in urban Africa.
摘要:
Iyana Ipaja是北拉各斯最大的交通枢纽之一,拥有宽敞的停车场和最活跃的市场,我们通过对它的案例研究,详细阐述了商业行为者和各种形式的基础设施在空间和时间意义上的相互作用的微妙之处。
根据生意的重要性和流动性,商业行为者分为三类:
店主、摊贩和小贩。
它们与自己所依附的对象(商店、货摊和货物)、有形基础设施(车辆、道路、汽车站和停车场)以及“作为基础设施的人”之间有广泛的互动。
“作为基础设施的人”是西蒙尼(Simone)发明的一个术语,包括司机、乘客、路人和政府机构。
我们建议对“作为基础设施的人”的概念进行修改,这将应有助于阐明不同定位的行为者之间的互动。
我们认为,商业实践的地点和流动性体现了作为基础设施的人之间的空间友好性。
他们商业行为的临时性根植于拉各斯的城市节奏,并通过Iyana Ipaja的空间来补救人员和车辆的流动。
商业行为者的关注为重新思考尼日利亚停车场的基层空间政治提供了一个新的视角。
此外,该案例研究在非洲城市批判性地运用了“作为基础设施的人”的关系理论。
Keywords:
Lagos, materiality, people(s) as infrastructure, spatiality
关键词:
拉各斯, 重要性, 作为基础设施的人, 空间性
原文地址:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019879810
Socioeconomic status and long-term exposure to disadvantaged neighbourhoods in France
法国的社会经济状况和长期居住贫穷社区情况
Haley McAvay(法国人口研究所)
首次出版时间:2019/11/20 |研究论文
Abstract:
This paper uses a large-scale longitudinal data set from France over a 23-year period (1990–2013) to investigate the links between socioeconomic status and long-term exposure to disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The findings show that while local environments tend to be durable over the life course, higher income substantially reduces the risk of staying in spaces with high unemployment over time. The negative effect of income on the transmission of disadvantage is found regardless of immigrant background. However, a specific form of socio-spatial disadvantage is observed for low-income children of non-European immigrant(s), who experience a greater degree of exposure to high unemployment areas from childhood to adulthood than any other group. These findings make a new contribution to emerging research on intergenerational contextual mobility by documenting the moderating effect of income and immigrant origin on the transmission of spatial disadvantage.
摘要:
本文使用法国23年间(1990-2013年)的大规模纵向数据集,研究社会经济地位与长期生活于贫困街区之间的联系。
研究结果表明,虽然当地环境在整个生命周期中往往是持久的,但随着时间的推移,更高的收入大大降低了居住在高失业率地区的风险。
无论移民背景
如何,收入都会对贫困的传递产生负相影响。
然而,对于非欧洲移民的低收入儿童,我们观察到一种特殊形式的社会空间劣势,从童年到成年,他们比任何其他群体都更容易受到高失业率地区的影响。
这些发现通过论证收入和移民来源对空间劣势传递的调节作用,为方兴未艾的代际环境流动性研究做出了新的贡献。
Keywords:
children of immigrants, France, intergenerational contextual mobility, neighbourhood effects, spatial disadvantage
关键词:
移民子女, 法国, 代际环境流动性, 邻里效应, 空间劣势
原文地址:
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019882338
以上内容源自
Urban Studies
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