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<p class="XiGuaChajian" style="display:none;" data-tools="西瓜插件，运行于电脑浏览器上的插件，可在公众号后台找优质文章素材，一键美化排版，检测文章违规，查看任意公众号粉丝阅读数" data-label="Power by：chajian.xiguaji.com"><br  /></p><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);border-right-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(32, 14, 11);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">姜俊浩</strong>　中山大学地理科学与规划学院硕士研究生</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>郑莎莉</strong>　中山大学地理科学与规划学院硕士研究生</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">指导老师：</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">李郇</strong>　中山大学中国区域协调发展与乡村建设研究院院长，中山大学地理科学与规划学院教授、博导</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">版权说明</strong>：感谢作者授权发布，如有转载等事宜，请联系原作者。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0613333" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icn8ev9IGgMQL0VYeZ3sNXiawUOSVBbEvIVNdlXicXSpvHEoyM0txXsSs6iaSAjkbuKMv91NBYYzEIUQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="750" src="" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(242, 176, 41);padding-right: 25px;padding-left: 25px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(242, 176, 41);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 26);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">CATALOGUE</p></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 26);line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">机器代人系列目录</strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(49, 49, 49);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTUxODAzOQ==&mid=2650768333&idx=1&sn=6985d647d0fed4e631dcdb1ccf29bd91&chksm=befc60f5898be9e34a42f21596a7858917acaab71ffdfb6b098119fc67e357b677218d6b324d&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="01 机器代人，珠三角替代率10%" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2"><span style="color: rgb(120, 172, 254);">01 机器代人，珠三角替代率10%</span></a><span style="color: rgb(120, 172, 254);"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTUxODAzOQ==&mid=2650768334&idx=1&sn=6a03739bc5808b5670e341e01207bd47&chksm=befc60f6898be9e070977a0aecdff4df2ddcfbf2b29d5dbc5dbbc313476d33beaba83c83c270&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="02 珠三角哪些工作会被机器替代？" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(120, 172, 254);">02 珠三角哪些工作会被机器替代？</span></a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(120, 172, 254);"></span><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">03 机器代人换来了多少效率？</span><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">04 几年回本，企业就会愿意用机器代人？</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">05 “机器代人”如何优化城镇空间品质——以顺德为例</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">06 “代人”的机器人企业，亦生亦长于珠三角</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">07 纺织服装行业能全自动化吗？</span></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(242, 176, 41);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0613333" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icn8ev9IGgMQL0VYeZ3sNXiawUOSVBbEvIVNdlXicXSpvHEoyM0txXsSs6iaSAjkbuKMv91NBYYzEIUQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="750" src="" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">科学技术的每一次进步，都会给人们的生产生活带来巨大的冲击，使整个社会产生深刻而广泛的变革。科技进步通过解放社会生产力，提高社会劳动生产效率，促进人类文明的不断向前发展。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">据前苏联科学家推算，在旧石器时代，每一万年劳动生产率才提高<span style="text-indent: 2em;color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1-2%</strong></span>，铁器时代每100年提高<span style="text-indent: 2em;color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4%</strong></span>。第一次工业革命之后，科学技术在工业生产中得到广泛的运用，使得社会劳动生产率平均提高了<span style="text-indent: 2em;color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">20倍</strong></span>。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，随着人工智能技术的快速发展和智能化设备取得重大突破，工业机器人在工业生产中得到了大规模的应用，使得人们从简单重复的任务中解放出来，引发了新一轮的社会变革和社会劳动力的变化。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“机器代人”又将换来多少效率的提升？</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">珠江三角洲作为“世界工厂”，是中国制造业发展最成熟的地区之一，“机器代人”在这片区域上正如火如荼的展开。珠三角某大型服装制造商引入自动生产线后，原来需要几十人搬上搬下的仓库现在只需要1个人通过电脑操作。快速进步的自动化技术为制造业企业提供了产业升级的阶梯。它减少了企业劳动力成本，提高了企业生产效率和产品质量，为企业的生产方式、行业产业组织方式的升级创新提供了基础。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过企业调研访谈，我们分行业估计了“机器代人”对生产效率的提升倍数。<span style="color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">总体而言，实行“机器代人”后，其行业的生产效率是原来的3倍</strong></span>，极大地提升了企业生产效率，且对于不同行业的生产效率提升强度有所差异。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">具体来说，“机器代人”对于<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(16, 15, 15);box-sizing: border-box;">包装印刷业</span></strong>的效率提升是极其显著的，高达<span style="color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">7.22</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">倍</strong></span>；而对于<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">电器机械及设备制造业、家具制造业和纺织服装鞋帽制造业</strong>的效率提升倍数在<span style="color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.25到4.20之间</strong></span>；但其对于玩具及文体用品制造业、造纸和纸制品业等行业的生产效率的提升则相对不那么明显。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">不同行业生产效率提升倍数</span></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 90%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6203704" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icn8ev9IGgMQL0VYeZ3sNXia6jKGJwhbb1YJSicfLewGOicUn2XdXTomfpIXn3MoJtdzVwXmbssxTmyA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1080" src="" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">东莞某电热机械厂是一家台资企业，1992年乘着中国大陆改革开放的春风在东莞投资办厂。从2014年开始，该厂开始实行“机器代人”项目，引进先进数控激光切割机，利用数控管筋设备进行加工。2014年投入512.59万元，其中莞产设备74万，总共新增35台设备、仪器，三分之二是进口机器。整个项目的销售收入2400万元，净利润350万。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">引入机器人之后，整个生产线的用工人数<span style="color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;">从原来的98人减少至49人</span>，减少了一半的劳动力，而劳动生产率却由原来的<span style="color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;">一个小时8.15件/人提升至13件/人</span>，生产率提高了近60%，同时产品的<span style="color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;">合格率也从原来的</span><span style="color: rgb(179, 17, 17);box-sizing: border-box;">95%提高至98%</span>。通过“机器代人”，该厂的产品产量和生产效率均得到明显的提升，获得了新的市场竞争力和企业发展的新动能。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 90%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5375" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icn8ev9IGgMQL0VYeZ3sNXiaj3OSmvzLgjzDkS1BhQY4iaIImKcyRNohr8NibBcias2cssV8QwXjXVY6g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="960" src="" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 10px;color: rgb(122, 114, 129);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源于百度</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">自动化技术通过过程升级、产品升级、功能升级和链条升级，成为驱动企业实现产业升级的关键因素。</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当面对来自成本、效率和市场的驱动作用时，企业主要通过引入机器人、数控机床等自动化设备和智能化设备，对生产体系和组织方式进行重组，从而实现更高效率的生产，这是一种典型的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">过程升级</strong>。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">东莞虎门某大型制衣厂的一个梭织生产车间在2014年通过“机器代人”项目，车间的生产效率提升了20%。在毛衣织缝环节，原来每人只能操作一台机器，引入全自动针织机器使用后，每个人可以管理10台机器。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">智能制造技术的应用一方面使得产品拥有更高的技术含量和附加值，同时缩短产品更新换代的周期时间；另一方面智能制造、人工智能等技术本身也会<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">衍生</strong>出新的产品，比如机器人、可穿戴设备等，从而实现<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产品升级</strong>。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">随着智能制造技术的发展和应用，企业更加关注<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">技术创新和研发</strong>，一方面布局智能制造设备的生产环节，实现产业链向上游延伸成为设备供应商；另一方面依托自身技术研发能力提供技术服务，实现<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能升级</strong>和<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">链条升级</strong>。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于不同行业属性各异，不同企业在面对来自成本、效率和市场等不同驱动力时，其对智能制造技术的选择反应略有差异，所表现出的产业<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">升级路径</strong>也存在不同。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 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