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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4148148" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPtwkSjCZtgMmOSMic5luvas1hIV5QrrrqkYxlPS8Lt0WJVWZ9eLcshbw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0% -8px;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40%;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow-x: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.62);height: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.62);height: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-top: -30px;height: 30px;"><section style="height: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg width="40%" height="100%" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="box-sizing: border-box transform: rotateZ(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);" opacity="0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="100%" style="box-sizing: border-box;" x="21.1865%"><svg width="100%" height="100%" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><rect width="100%" height="100%" style="box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 1;fill: rgb(254, 254, 254);" x="0%"></rect></svg><svg style="width: 100%;height: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><text x="50%" y="50%" fill="#000000" style="stroke: rgb(0, 0, 0);stroke-width: 1;font-size: 32px;text-anchor: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"> </text></svg><animate attributename="x" style="box-sizing: border-box;" fill="freeze" dur="4" repeatcount="indefinite" begin="0s" keytimes="0;0.5;1" values="100%;0%;-100%"></animate></svg><animate attributename="opacity" style="box-sizing: border-box;" fill="freeze" begin="0s" dur="0.01" from="0" to="1"></animate></svg></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 32%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 95%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="2.0088235" data-w="340" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPODiciaBpicjDkA4fhFx3Y12ppc1fvibt3fG3NGPDtUnTiaiajBJAB8kaFB5w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 32%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 95%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.9912536" data-w="343" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPicvtmGt9zHfbpoDH790G4p1RFWAldEkkyhNl4Ks0WAyGODN0psBoKgw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 32%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 95%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.9912536" data-w="343" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZP2PMAjOmTRTwh6xjjH6VbbteHjkibTkYwHuibsic9uryom0VFwkJq8uZTQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% -5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">抗击冠状病毒肺炎特刊</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 218, 243);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">无以忧国 | 唯以读书</span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40%;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow-x: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 22px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.62);height: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.62);height: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-top: -30px;height: 30px;"><section style="height: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg width="40%" height="100%" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="box-sizing: border-box transform: rotateZ(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);" opacity="0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="100%" style="box-sizing: border-box;" x="-21.1865%"><svg width="100%" height="100%" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><rect width="100%" height="100%" style="box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 1;fill: rgb(254, 254, 254);" x="0%"></rect></svg><svg style="width: 100%;height: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><text x="50%" y="50%" fill="#000000" style="stroke: rgb(0, 0, 0);stroke-width: 1;font-size: 32px;text-anchor: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"> </text></svg><animate attributename="x" style="box-sizing: border-box;" fill="freeze" dur="4" repeatcount="indefinite" begin="0s" keytimes="0;0.5;1" values="-100%;0%;100%"></animate></svg><animate attributename="opacity" style="box-sizing: border-box;" fill="freeze" begin="0s" dur="0.01" from="0" to="1"></animate></svg></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(95, 156, 239, 0.69);background-color: rgba(191, 225, 238, 0.61);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgb(191, 225, 238) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(191, 225, 238, 0.61);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sustainable</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(191, 225, 238, 0.61);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cities &</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(191, 225, 238, 0.61);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mobility</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgba(191, 225, 238, 0.61);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(179, 179, 179);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(110, 115, 117);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</span></p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">「」</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2020年<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> | 1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月28日期</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgb(191, 225, 238) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9324074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPLEiaO4S8mDR3b21Kia4bL2qDLib2YCibOGyrMN6uzfeb0wcySmyWb1Tsxg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 5px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 15px 10px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/nrNVczDZJ8meTUkEHI80qwic0X5yjfbew8Ru6r5Zu0FddibOTITSF2nqytxOiar4fp85OcibLAGOMOnCiabPzW3V8sg/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 25.8037% -43.1473%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 29.7866%;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;border-right: 1px dashed rgb(127, 127, 127);border-top-right-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;">1</span></em></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 90%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPWftYF7xoia7drxLeMmCRTsL3XqmL3kFe8zx6nC0E0FAbLpyVt8GO1bg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;">2</span></em></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 90%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="160" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPK1BQVEXPaAw3ZpjK8IDboNrjNoKsstiaxF7xezx3IXUENUicKRGKvhgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(133, 134, 135);box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;border-right: 1px dashed rgb(127, 127, 127);border-top-right-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</em></span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 90%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPibbWNqrWpNxt964xFkcHWqFgnW8IHoZpa33mlYSlrp00699EXg619ww/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</em></span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 90%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="160" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPcAMqAOCkicqkriaCHjMNTG42KtKYOGLApIucoaLexK45n2CshVibgLA0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 20px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/</strong></span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">David S. HUI、Benny K. CHOW、Leo CHU、Susanna S. NG、Sik-To LAI、Tony GIN、Matthew T.V. CHAN</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ </strong></span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">冯蕾、王楚悦、赵贤华</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/</strong></span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">众山小</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">校核/</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">相欣奕</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ </strong></span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">章思予    </span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">排版/</span></strong>徐颖</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 |</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"> weibo.com/</span></span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPYay4ZdoZBicCGpO3QU7BCCnolVHK4JfkHf21icp6UMqRkO9OZjDVCkQw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 8%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPYay4ZdoZBicCGpO3QU7BCCnolVHK4JfkHf21icp6UMqRkO9OZjDVCkQw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: -55px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 15%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPYFLBpglDhrgWCrEoVPym5wppVczDU1gY6LOP97TEZT0xvqibTqYfWaQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(239, 70, 70);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(182, 182, 182);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -18px 0% 10px;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);display: inline-block;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.5em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: right;transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 22px;color: rgb(246, 246, 246);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 5px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family:Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(55, 120, 153) 0px 0px 6px;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(239, 70, 70);border-radius: 8px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px 15px 8px;box-shadow: rgb(239, 175, 17) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">流行病除了防控，曾经的临床经验和研究成果可能有助于我们对于目前新的呼吸道传染病管理的准备工作。这也是我们此次跨学科系列翻译开放给公众的一个小目标。2003年SARS在世界范围迅速蔓延的时候，很多病例表现出患者在病程第10天达到病毒载量峰值并具有高度传染性。人满为患、通风不好等是导致强传染性的主要因素。因此，文中研究团队以激光可视化技术比较了两组在两个隔离房间通过鼻插管供氧人患模拟器（HPS）的空气扩散距离，并从中展示出16次换气/小时（ACH）的较大隔离病房比12次换气/小时（ACH）的较小隔离病房，在促进空气交换，防止室内污染方面更有效。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -70px 0% 0px;font-size: 18px;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 5em;height: 5em;margin: auto;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;text-align: center;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: table;width: 100%;height: 5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;line-height: 1.2;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);font-size: 15px;padding: 10px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阅读</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">正文</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);letter-spacing: 1.2px;line-height: 1.6;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究部门及院校：</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(105, 105, 105);box-sizing: border-box;">何鸿燊防治传染病研究中心，香港中文大学内科及药物治疗学系，香港中文大学建筑及麻醉与特殊护理，中国香港玛格烈医院內科及老人科</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">方法：</strong> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">气体流动主要通过肺内气体可视化进行标记。当HPS设定在45°时，氧气的流动逐渐从1L/min增加到5L/min。泄漏的喷射羽流通过镭射光片显示，并通过高辨析度摄像进行呈像。羽流中的烟雾密度是通过烟雾颗粒折射的光的离散测量出来的。该实验房间A是在有双扇门，负压隔离房间中进行，相关房间长宽高为4.1x5.1x2.6m，气压为-7.4Pa，换气率为16ACH（16次换气/小时）的环境下进行；房间B作为比对，则在相同条件更小的独立房间中进行，相关房间长宽高为2.7x4.2x2.4m，气压为-5Pa及换气率为12ACH（12次换气/小时）。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">结果：</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">房间A：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">呼出的喷射流通过HPS鼻腔水平地扩散至床脚0.66m到1m远的地方，这两个距离分别对应的氧气流速分别增加1L/min到5L/min。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">房间B：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在向下天花板通风空气流与HPS所呼出的空气相互有影响，在氧气流速在1L/min时，会导致呼出的空气偏折到HPS的头部。当氧气流速逐渐增加到5L/min时，烟雾伴随更多的房间污染物会被检测到。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.62);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87);letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 2px;line-height: 1.9;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 177, 0);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">概论：</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该篇研究证明了在换气率为16ACH较大的隔离房间比换气率为12ACH的小房间空气混合及稀释性通风表现比较好，有利于排出病人呼出的空气，同时能够在供氧治疗的同时防止房间被污染。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 177, 0);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关键词：</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">呼出空气扩散，拐点控制，流感，鼻插管，严重急性呼吸道综合症</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.62);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87);letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 2px;line-height: 1.9;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;text-decoration: underline;background-color: rgb(255, 177, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">详细介绍</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">呼吸衰竭是严重呼吸道感染的主要并发症，例如严重急性呼吸道综合症（SARS），禽流感H5N1，以及2009年大流行性感冒H1N1。向呼吸衰竭重症患者进行及时快速且有效地供氧是临床治疗非常重要的步骤。但是通过无创正压通气式（NPPV）的物理性通气或者是气管插管术通常使用于更为严重的病例当中，通过鼻插管进行供氧的方式被经常适用于早期的治疗阶段。然而该方式的相关步骤会导致呼吸滴液，这通常是传染性病原体的重要来源。在SARS爆发的关键时期，气管内茶馆，供氧治疗以及NPPV都是对于影响医院爆发时期的很多医护人员的独立危险因素。也有相关证据可能存在气溶胶传播在流感季节医院中，主要由于在室内气流不平衡的急性住院医疗病房对于索引病人使用NPPV所导致。基于此，独立病房应安装相较于走廊处于负压的通风系统以来更好的管理高度传染的情况。然而，对于在呼吸疗法所排出受污染的空气是否会扩散在这些通风系统下，以及不同的尺寸及换气效率的隔离房间针对病人排出的空气和污染物是否有不同的效果仍然未知。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基于该研发团队所获得的HPS呼出标记气体的高辨析度摄像镭射图片，团队主要基于呼出空气的扩散距离和使用鼻插管氧气疗法所产生的房间污染物研究相关有效的建筑尺寸设计和空气流通表现。除此之外，该团队也针对热浮力效应对于呼出空气在负压房间流通的方向和扩散进行了研究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">方式：</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在此项研究当中，该团队的实验主要在香港主要的公共医院中进行，主要考虑还原真实的医疗环境。房间A是比较宽阔的，其尺寸为4.1x5.1x2.6m，通风系统设置为-7.4Pa以及换气效率为16ACH；房间B尺寸为2.7x4.2x2.4m，气压为-5Pa及换气率为12ACH。尽管这两个房间的尺寸和气压有所不同，两个房间都拥有相同的空气流通速率（图二）</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼻插管氧气疗法的肺部模型</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该实验通过在高仿真HPS（HPS6.1, 由Medical Education Technologies Inc, Sarasota, 佛罗里达，美国，提供）来进行在进行鼻插管氧气疗法的空气扩散距离的测试。这个HPS因为之前实验需求所以有仿真的气管以及肺部模型来模拟人类呼吸。这个HPS代表一个70公斤重的男性以45°倾斜的姿势卧床。HPS被调整成为有微小肺部损伤自然地呼吸。肺部指标被设定为35ml/cm H2O消耗每分钟300ml的氧气。潮气量及呼吸频率通过调整以达到呼吸置换率在测试中维持在0.8水平。这样的水平典型的情况就是达到300ml的潮气量及呼吸率达到25次每分钟。氧气流量供给达到1 L/min，3 L/min及5L/min。呼出的空气扩散距离在不同的氧气速率通过镭射烟雾呈像方式测得。热温度影响在进行通过鼻插管供氧呼出空气的方向和距离通过在60watts电热毯加热房间B的HPS 30分钟的进行评估。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">流量呈像</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在HPS周围空气流的呈像是通过M-6000烟雾制造机（N19, DS Electrics 悉尼，澳大利亚）制造的烟雾颗粒进行周围空气的标记，正如该团队之前的研究描述。这样以直径小于1μm油基粒子将会遵循气流的模式伴随可忽略不计的滑移。这样的烟雾被导流到HPS右支气管。它主要会与肺泡气混合，然后通过气管排出。通过泄漏喷射羽流的部分将会暴露于薄镭射光板（Green, 532nm 波长，连续波长模式），由二极管泵浦固态激光器所制造（OEM UGH-800mW, Lambdapro Technologies, 北京，中国）,拥有定制的圆柱光学。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这张光片期初放置于HPS的正中矢状断面，接着转换到准中平面。这样的操作能够让研究团队直接观察到HPS正上方和侧面周围的区域。所有泄露的羽流图像将会被高辨析度摄像（Sony High-Definition digital video camcorder, HDR-SR8E ClearVid 金属氧化物半导体传感器，Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T*Lens, Jena, 德国）捕捉至光板上，光学分辨率达到1440x1080像素每视频图像（图二）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图像分析</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该研究团队通过被粒子分散光测量呼出气体统一化烟雾浓度。这项分析的依据是，在激光照射强度和烟雾颗粒大小和形状不变的条件下（分散的），散射光的强度与颗粒浓度成正比。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图像捕捉及帧提取</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">捕获每个氧流量设置至少20个呼吸周期的运动视频，并提取单个帧作为灰度位图进行强度分析。从每个吸气的开始提取帧，以生成呼吸周期相应时刻的集合平均值。当统一化烟雾浓度从HPS鼻插管轮廓开始扩散到更广的范围的时刻，被选择成为整体扩散范围的最远距离。这样的发现通常会处于呼吸循环的中间阶段。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">强度平均化和浓度统一化</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">将所有灰度帧都与专门为该研究开发的程序（MathCad 8.0，剑桥，马萨诸塞州，美国）一起阅读，并将其背景强度图像在关闭激光的情况下读取。从每个帧中逐个像素减去不同隔离室背景强度图像中的呼出空气，以去除任何杂散的背景光，并对所有帧的像素强度值求平均值，以确定集合平均强度。所得图像是烟雾颗粒垂直于光片散射光的总强度，并且在上述条件下与烟雾浓度成正比。针对在泄漏射流羽流中发现的最高强度对图像进行统一化，以生成统一化的粒子浓度轮廓。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0314815" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZP9j4OumP50wn8ZJTWSic1sqfAfp2vrfLM5wMfuQxjnBH5x3yq73CiabZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.2px;padding: 0px 2px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(222, 217, 217);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(221, 217, 217);letter-spacing: 1.2px;box-sizing: border-box;">图一、房间A更为宽敞，其房间尺寸为4.1x5.1x2.6m，压力为-7Pa，16ACH，而房间B的尺寸为2.7x4.2x2.4m，压力约为-5Pa和12ACH。</span></strong></em></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2022117" data-w="633" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPAjk6VKCKhbJzSttsSZjIUHlamDiaCIfr1KrppFbAyRmOgibpLNV3iaAfw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.2px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(222, 217, 217);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、房间通风设计和实验装置。房间（仅显示房间B）装有向下的通风系统。设计的目的是从天花板扩散器提供经过调节的清洁空气，以清除污染物，然后通过地板上的出口将其清除。鼻导管已安装到人患模拟器HPS上。呼出的烟鱼带有肺内烟雾，并通过激光光片显示出来。图像由位于模拟器左侧的高清摄像机捕获。烟羽中的烟雾浓度是根据烟雾颗粒散射的光线估算的。</strong></em></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87);letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 2px;line-height: 1.9;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于烟雾颗粒标记了从HPS呼吸道流出的空气，然后从面罩泄漏，因此浓度轮廓有效地代表了从面罩和/或患者的呼吸系统内部进入患者周围的空气的可能性。统一化的浓度轮廓由至少20次呼吸收集的数据组成。轮廓值1表示一个完全由患者呼出的空气组成的区域，在该区域极有可能暴露于呼出的空气中。接近0的值表示该区域没有可测量的空气泄漏，并且暴露于呼出空气的可能性很小。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于该研究不涉及人类受试者，因此无需患者同意，也无需内部审查委员会的批准。该研究获得了香港中文大学的非电离辐射和生物/化学安全性的批准。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);letter-spacing: 1.2px;padding: 0px 2px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;text-decoration: underline;background-color: rgb(255, 177, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;box-sizing: border-box;">结论</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">观测结果以中位矢状面为参考。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">A室与B室的比较</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;box-sizing: border-box;">A室：</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;box-sizing: border-box;">氧气流量为1L/min时，呼出射流几乎从HPS的鼻孔向床端水平扩散，扩散距离为0.66m（图三）。当氧气流量增加到3L/min和5L/min时，标准化烟雾浓度低的水平羽流分别扩展到大约0.7m和1m（图三，从顶部看的第二和第三幅图像）。隔离室中的空气交换非常有效，因此，呼出的烟雾（由背景中的蓝色轮廓所反映）没有显著的房间污染。当氧气流量从1L/min增加到5L/min时，沿中位矢状面接触呼出的高浓度漏气羽流（红色轮廓，由60％的烟雾颗粒组成）之前的距离为0.36-0.60 m 。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.9196217" data-w="423" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZP9mdSRia3ia2feaq4A6fKo2JbJmCK1JCz1ycpvF0vpQERtklw5yM6dFSg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.2px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(222, 217, 217);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;box-sizing: border-box;">图三、在A室中，对轻度肺部损伤的人患模拟器（HPS）分别以1L/min（上图），3L/min（中图）和5L/min（下图），输送氧气。对比期间AB室内呼出空气的扩散距离，空气交换效率更高。</span></strong></em></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87);letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 2px;line-height: 1.9;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">B室：</strong>小型隔离室中向下的天花板通风流与HPS呼出的空气相互作用。这导致烟雾向HPS偏转，从而呼出的烟雾在HPS头部周围积聚。即使在氧气流量为1L/min的情况下，烟雾仍会明显污染房间。当氧气流量从1、3和5L/min增加时，呼出空气的距离分别为0.3、0.4和0.45m（图四，前三个图像）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">热浮力对呼气距离和方向的影响</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在通过鼻插管以1L/min的速度输送氧气期间，在B室的HPS上以60瓦的功率消耗电热毯30分钟时，热浮力使呼出的烟流向上偏转，因此呼出的空气扩散距离为 在没有电热毯的情况下从20.7°C的表面温度降低了0.3m（图四，底部图像）在没有电热毯的情况下从33.4°C的表面温度降低了0.25m（图四，底部图像）。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="2.5609756" data-w="328" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZP5kyZ2XWxiazsLbAoXGONMU37jYjkHHenf83mfMTWVBVxIVzCH7VDOcA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.2px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、在B室中，对轻度肺部损伤的人患模拟器（HPS）分别以1L/ min（上图），3L/min（上图第二秒），5L/min（下图第二秒）和1 L / min（底部）输送氧气时。对比期间AB室内呼出空气的扩散距离，空气交换效率相对较低。</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87);letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 2px;line-height: 1.9;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 18px;background-color: rgb(255, 177, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">讨论</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这项研究基于激光可视化技术的烟雾颗粒观测，在不同的隔离室环境中通过鼻导管输送氧气期间，呼出空气的最大驱散范围。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1）、由于呼出的空气与天花板向下通风之间的相互作用，呼出的烟雾颗粒在较小的房间B（-5 Pa、12ACH）中对比更宽敞的房间A（-7.4 Pa， 16 ACH）中，更容易在HPS头部周围积聚。该相互作用位于HPS上方较近的位置，</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2）、房间B中统一化呼气浓度的驱散距离为0.3-0.45m也小于房间A的0.66-0.1m的距离；且房间B中的呼出烟雾颗粒还污染了更多的房间。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3）、由于电热浮力的影响，发烧（如电热毯的作用所模仿）可能会改变呼出空气的驱散方向和距离。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其他技术策略包括通风稀释，流层和其他室内流动状态、不同病房压差，个性化通风，资源捕获通风，过滤（中央或单一）以及紫外线杀菌（房间上层、室内和空气流）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 177, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">隔离病房的设计理念是由室内的高通风率进行稀释和清除气溶胶污染物。</span>首选的设计方法强调空气混合的有效性和通风稀释。一些国家，他们只能依靠自然通风医疗设施才能管控空气传播感染，对此世卫组织建议采用每小时最低平均通气率，而总体气流应将来自代理源的空气引导到有足够稀释度的区域，最好是至室外：新医疗设施或大翻修过的空气传染隔离病房（至少80L/s/病患）为160L/s/病患（每小时平均通风率）；普通病房和门诊部为60L/s/病患，走廊及其他没有固定病人数量的临时空间为2.5L/s/m3。当仅自然通风不能满足建议的通风要求时，应考虑其他通风系统，例如混合（混合模式）自然通风，如果仍然不足，应使用机械通风。当医院建立隔离系统时，行政控制（例：对病人适当分诊、及早发现感染、将感染病人与其他病人分开）、环境和工程控制（例：环境清洁、空间分离和空间通风）以及个人保护（例：适当的个人防护设备，如口罩，呼吸器，长袍，手套、防护镜）需给与适当的关注，以便系统有效工作，也便于各个层面互相支援。一项涉及广州和香港26家医院，124个病房的病例控制研究，已确认需要进行氧疗和NPPV（无创正压通气）的SARS病患是SARS疫情超级扩散的独立危险因素。在一间拥挤病房给输入病例使用喷射雾化器进行沙丁胺醇雾化的治疗很可能加剧SARS的传播，导致2003年本院院内一次重大疫情爆发。在病房B，我们先前已展示通过喷射式雾化器（由6L/min空气驱动）侧通风口的呼出气体最大散布范围，在HPS外侧约为0.8m。我们还证明，在HPS轻度损伤肺模型中，患者通过哈德森口罩吸氧和在NPPV（无创正压通气）通过ResMed mirage面罩吸氧所呼出气体最大距离分别为0.4m和0.5m。然而NPPV呼吸装置需要连接静音阀，这将会导致室内扩散更多的呼出气体，特别是在吸气压更高的隔离室B。最新的季节性流感气溶胶在院内传播暴发的证据暂时与在综合医院病房使用NPPV有关，且病房有不平衡的室内气流，特别是当应用于疾病状态，以及需要改进病房通风设计时，评估产生气溶胶的操作或器械所带来的感染风险尤为重要，以防止医院疫情暴发。我们的研究受限于使用烟雾颗粒作为呼出空气的标记。因为惯性和阻力的增加，较大飞沫在两相流中的惯性和重量一定会比在连续气载相位中使它们产生低水平分散。然而，在接受高流氧疗时，咳嗽或打喷嚏所产生的飞沫水分蒸发可能产生悬浮在空气中的飞沫核，而较大的飞沫则会沿轨迹落到地面。因为在这项研究中的烟雾颗粒标记了持续的气载相位，我们的数据轮廓指向呼出气体。我们的结果展示了飞沫散布的“上限”评估，由于重力影响，预计的飞沫轨迹比空气射流短，但不能反应飞沫传播的风险。同样，因为飞沫的轨迹较短，我们预计接近地面的飞沫会比我们等高线预估的浓度更高。最后，虽然我们在真实的隔离室环境下进行了实验，我们仍然无法根据主要卫生组织推荐的标准来改变工程师预设的空气交换率 ，因此我们没有对其他组合进行测试。如果在较大房间中应用较低的ACH（换气次数/小时），因为空气混合和通风稀释的效果降低，人们会看到更多的病房被呼出的烟雾颗粒污染。另一方面，如果在较小房间采用较高的ACH（换气次数/小时），则房间污染会减少，但高ACH会在流态中产生更多的湍流，且单向气流不易建立。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 177, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">综上，患者在空间更宽，空气交流更有效的负压隔离室通过鼻导管接受氧疗，其呼出空气的大量暴露发生在床距小于1米的范围内。即使空气传播预警室满足了12次换气/小时，也控制了气流方向，扩散室污染仍发生在较小的隔离室。在给有潜在空气传播疾病患者及病因不明的肺炎病人提供呼吸支持时，医护人员需要采取适当的传染控制预防措施。传染源和工程控制，例如避免产生气溶胶和改进医院病房通风设计，考虑预防院内暴发。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">致谢</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们想感谢玛嘉烈医院的Dr CB Chow和Dr Danny Tong及玛嘉烈医院和威尔斯亲王医院的工作人员对本项研究的行政支持。这项研究由香港特别行政区食物及卫生局控制传染病研究基金(# CU-09-01-05, PHE18)支持。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">请注意：</strong>Wiley-Blackwell不对任何作者提供的内容或任何支援器械的功能负责。任何问题（除了缺少的材料外）都应该指向文章的通信作者。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 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0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载一览众山小提供的原文资料：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">微信公众号 后台留言<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮 Daizongliu@qq.com </p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(125, 146, 160);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(128, 178, 188);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">01</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《氧气呼出空气的扩散和排出会被隔离空间的大小及供氧鼻插管的供氧设置影响》</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.44" data-w="650" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8CY32rGxwRTiczwWr7SOSZPB3uZ8jMYNaFicj9oRLZ0GywySPlqCAGibKWVicyODpx0v1uPvw0DSlVVA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section 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0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为独立的专业志愿者团体，秉承专业理想与价值观，不依托任何机构，信守非盈利原则，帮助中国城市可持续发展。我们关注的领域包括但不限于：城市规划与发展战略、城市交通、公共交通与非机动化出行、活力街区、街道与城市设计、量化城市与大数据。至今我们已经拥有遍布全球近430名志愿者网络，并推送2000篇专业微文。作为微信公众号平台最大的线上专业志愿者团体，我们感谢您对我们的关注和支持，并欢迎加入我们！</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(93, 91, 91);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, 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