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                        <section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section class="e7editor" data-id="32" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; " data-color="rgb(55, 74, 174)" data-custom="rgb(55, 74, 174)"><blockquote style="margin: 3px; padding: 10px 15px; border-top-width: 3px; border-right-width: 3px; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-color: rgb(55, 74, 174); border-top-left-radius: 50px; border-bottom-right-radius: 50px; box-shadow: rgb(165, 165, 165) 5px 5px 2px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7brush" data-style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(107, 77, 64); line-height: 2em; font-size: 20px; border-color: rgb(107, 77, 64);font-size: 18px;font-weight:bold;" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin-top: 15px; color: rgb(55, 74, 174); line-height: 2em; border-color: rgb(55, 74, 174); white-space: normal; "><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>你问飞答</strong></span></p></section><p style="margin-top: -10px; line-height: 2em; min-height: 1.5em; color: inherit; white-space: normal; "><span style="font-size:12px"><strong class="e7brush" data-brushtype="text" style="background-color: rgb(55, 74, 174); border-bottom-left-radius: 20px; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 13px; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; "> Q&A </strong></span></p><section class="e7brush" data-style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 14px; min-height: 1.5em; color: inherit;" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(2, 30, 170); ">Q：</span></strong><span style="font-size:14px">小飞飞，栅格图、矢量图到底是什么意思呀？感觉地图的知识好繁杂呀，你能不能帮我们系统梳理下。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="font-size:14px"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); "><strong><span style="font-size: 14px; ">A：</span></strong></span><span style="font-size:14px">你说的对呀，地图知识是很繁杂，而且，地图知识是我们学习GIS的基础，同时也是我们生活中的必备常识。本次，小飞飞就分多期系统梳理下地图知识，愿在GIS专业上能为大家提供些帮助。</span></p></section></blockquote><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p></section><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="331" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="54194" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: center; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; border: 3px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="color: inherit; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 0px; height: 0px; border-width: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199) transparent transparent rgb(198, 198, 199); z-index: 1; box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section class="135brush" data-style="line-height:1.2em;color(198,198,199);font-size:16px;text-align:left;" style="margin: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); white-space: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 198); color:inherit; font-size:16px">本期目录</span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; white-space: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 199); color:rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size:12px"><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 199); color:inherit">></span><span style="color:inherit"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); ">1、什么是地图</span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; white-space: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 199); color:rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size:12px"><span style="color:inherit"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;  border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199);">></span><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); ">2、什么是地图三要素</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; white-space: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 199); color:rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size:12px"><span style="color:inherit"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;  border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199);">>3</span><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); ">、什么是地图比例尺</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; white-space: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 199); color:rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size:12px"><span style="color:inherit"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;  border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199);">>4</span><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); ">、什么是栅格图</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; white-space: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 199); color:rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size:12px"><span style="color:inherit"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;  border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199);">>5、什么是矢量图</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; white-space: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color:rgb(198, 198, 199); color:rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size:12px"><span style="color:inherit"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 19px;  border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199);">>6、为什么将栅格地图矢量化</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); padding: 15px; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; white-space: normal; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px;">Q 1</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); " data-width="100%"><section style="border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); margin-top: 1em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -3px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -2px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 100%; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; " data-width="100%"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165);" class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">什么是地图</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">地图是按照一定的法则,有选择地以二维或多维形式与手段在平面或球面上表示地球(或其它星球)若干现象的图形或图像，它具有严格的数学基础、符号系统、文字注记，并能用地图概括原则，科学地反映出自然和社会经济现象的分布特征及其相互关系。</span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><img id="ledtxt.com" src="file:///c:/users/ADMINI~1/appdata/roaming/360se6/USERDA~1/Temp/136902~1.JPG" data-ratio="NaN" data-w="0"  /><img id="ledtxt.com" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/jYicjbq67iaQknAiaTOOSFU52ovSzDDJtRkUf8qLicrxA0TRYBGqHLKcH4efYaqicq07mxImvFWOGsPva67aQEStUlg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7140287769784173" data-w=""  /><br  /></span></span></p><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); padding: 15px; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; white-space: normal; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px;">Q 2</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); " data-width="100%"><section style="border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); margin-top: 1em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -3px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -2px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 100%; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; " data-width="100%"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="white-space: normal; font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px;"><span style="color:#a5a5a5">什么是地图三要素</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">数学要素、地理要素、整饰要素。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">1、数学要素：</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">指构成地图的数学基础.例如<span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">地图投影、比例尺、控制点、坐标网、高程系、地图分幅</span>等.这些内容是决定地图图幅范围、位置,以及控制其它内容的基础.它保证地图的精确性,作为在图上量取点位、高程、长度、面积的可靠依据,在大范围内保证多幅图的拼接使用.数学要素,对军事和经济建设都是不可缺少的内容.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">2、地理要素：</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">指地图上表示的具有地理位置、分布特点的自然现象和社会现象.因此,又可分为自然要素(如水文、地貌、土质、植被)和社会经济要素(如居民地、交通线、行政境界等).</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">3、<span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">整饰要素：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">指便于读图和用图的某些内容.例如：<span style="color: rgb(2, 30, 170); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">图名、图号、图例</span>和地图资料说明,以及图内各种文字、数字注记等.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "></span></p><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); padding: 15px; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; white-space: normal; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px;">Q 3</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); " data-width="100%"><section style="border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); margin-top: 1em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -3px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -2px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 100%; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; " data-width="100%"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="white-space: normal; font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px;"><span style="color:#a5a5a5">什么是地图比例尺</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">地图比例尺——</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">地图上某线段的长度与实地相应线段的水平长度之比。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">其表现形式有数字比例尺</span></strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">（如1∶100000）、文字比例尺（如图上1厘米等于实地1000米）和图解比例尺（分为直线比例尺、斜分比例尺和复式比例尺）。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">根据比例尺的地图分类：大比例尺地图、中比例尺地图、小比例尺地图。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">大比例尺地图：比例尺大于和等于1：10万的地图，如1：10万、1：5万、1：2.5万、1：1万、1：5千等的地图。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">中比例尺地图：比例尺小于1：10万并大于1：100万的地图，如1：25万、1：50万等的地图。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">小比例尺地图：比例尺小于和等于1：100万的地图，如1：100万、1：250万、1：600万、1：2000万等的地图。</span><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">我国的国家</span></strong><a target="_blank" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-indent: 28px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-indent: 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">基本比例尺地图</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; ">的比例尺有11类：1∶500、1∶1000、1∶2000、1∶5000、1∶10000、1∶25000、1∶50000、1∶100000、1∶250000、1∶500000、1∶1000000。</span></strong></p><h2 class="rich_media_title" style="margin-bottom: 14px; padding-bottom: 10px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.4; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(231, 231, 235); white-space: normal; "><span style="text-decoration: none; "><strong><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-indent: 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">有关比例尺的详细内容请见前期文章《年终巨献——非常专业的地形图比例知识大放送》</span></strong></span></h2></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; "></span><br  /></p><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); padding: 15px; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; white-space: normal; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px;">Q 4</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); " data-width="100%"><section style="border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); margin-top: 1em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -3px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -2px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 100%; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; " data-width="100%"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="white-space: normal; font-size: 20px; line-height: 32px;"><span style="color:#a5a5a5">什么是栅格图</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">栅格图是基于一套行列组成的方格数据模型，使用一组方格描述地理要素，每一个方格的值代表一个现实的地理要素。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">        栅格图像，也称光栅图像，是指在空间和亮度上都已经离散化了的图像。我们可以把一幅栅格图像考虑为一个矩阵，矩阵中的任一元素对应于图像中的一个点，而相应的值对应于该点的灰度级，数字矩阵中的元素叫做像素。数字图像与马赛克拼图相似，是由一系列像素组成的矩形图案，如果所有的像素有且仅有两个灰度级(黑或白)，则称其为二值图像，也即位图;否者称其为灰度图像或彩色图像。什么是矢量图形? 在介绍矢量图形之前，我们首先阐述矢量对象的概念。矢量对象是以矢量的形式，即用方向和大小来综合表示目标的形式描述的对象。例如画面上的一段直线，一个矩形，一个点，一个圆，一个填充的封闭区域……等等。矢量图形文件就是由这些矢量对象组合而成的描述性文件。矢量图形则是计算机软件通过一定算法，将矢量对象的描述信息在显示终端上重绘的结果。</span></em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word; "  /><strong><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><strong>栅格数据适合于做空间分析和图象数据格式的存储，不适合做不连续的数据处理。</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><strong><img id="ledtxt.com" data-type="gif" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/jYicjbq67iaQknAiaTOOSFU52ovSzDDJtRkxGnkqbKCHMWNe21piaJSQJF4icdSrTKKHIrjW7mQRYtbVlHmsicFvSpGw/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.29856115107913667" data-w=""  /><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><strong><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "></span></p><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); padding: 15px; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; white-space: normal; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px;">Q 5</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); " data-width="100%"><section style="border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); margin-top: 1em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -3px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -2px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 100%; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; " data-width="100%"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165);" class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">什么是矢量图</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><strong>矢量图是基于直角坐标系统，用点、线、多边形描述地理要素的数据模型或数据结构。每一个地理要素由一系列有顺序的的x、y坐标描述，这些要素与属性相结合。</strong></span></p></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p><section class="articlee7" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="98" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="85830" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="text-align: center; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 130px; height: 130px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); padding: 15px; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: -50px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="width: 100px; height: 100px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; line-height: 6.5em; white-space: normal; "><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 28px;">Q 6</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -50px 20px 60px; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px; color: rgb(70, 70, 72); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); " data-width="100%"><section style="border: 0px none rgb(198, 198, 199); margin-top: 1em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; "><section style="float: right; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -3px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="text-align: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); width: 6px; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; margin-bottom: -2px; height: 6px !important; background-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; width: 100%; float: left; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; " data-width="100%"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 30px auto; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165);" class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">为什么将栅格地图矢量化</span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; "></section></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">纸质地图经扫描仪扫描后，初步保存为栅格图像(常见的格式有TIFF、BMP、PCX、JPEG等)。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">栅格图像在地理应用领域有着这样的<strong>缺陷（注意，是“缺陷”）</strong></span></strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">：</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">1、栅格图像文件对图像的每一像素点(不管前景或背景像素)都要保存，所以其存储开销特别大。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">2、我们不能对图像上的任一对象(曲线、文字或符号)进行属性修改、拷贝、移动及删除等图形编辑操作，更不能进行拓扑求解，只能对某个矩形区域内的所有像素同时进行图像编辑操作。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">3、当图像进行放大或缩小显示时，图像信息会发生失真，特别是放大时图像目标的边界会发生阶梯效应，正如点阵汉字放大显示发生阶梯效应的原理一样。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">而矢量图形则不同。</span></strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">在矢量图形中每个目标均为单个矢量单位(点、线、面)或多个矢量单位的结合体。基于这样的数据结构，我们便可以很方便地在地图上编辑各个地物，将地物归类，以及求解各地物之间的空间关系。并有利于地图的浏览、输出。矢量化则是利用数字图像处理算法，将源图上的各种栅格阵列识别为矢量对象，最后以一定格式保存的过程。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; "><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: pre-wrap; ">矢量图形在工业、制图业、土地利用部门等行业都有广泛的应用。在这些领域的许多成功软件都基于矢量图形，或离不开矢量图形的参与，如AutoCAD、ARC/INFO、Corel Draw、GeoStar等等。</span></p></section><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; "><br  /></p></section><section class="articlee7" style="white-space: normal; font-family: 微软雅黑; "><section data-id="331" class="e7editor" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="e7wei" data-id="54194" style="box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: center; border: 3px solid rgb(198, 198, 199); color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; "><section style="margin-bottom: 8px; color: inherit; width: 0px; height: 0px; border-width: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199) transparent transparent rgb(198, 198, 199); z-index: 1; box-sizing: border-box; "></section><section class="135brush" data-style="line-height:1.2em;color(198,198,199);font-size:16px;text-align:left;" style="margin: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; font-size: 16px; ">下期目录</span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: inherit; ">></span><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); ">1、地图制图的基本原理</span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">></span><span style="color: inherit; ">2、什么是大地坐标系</span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>3</span><span style="color: inherit; ">、北京54坐标系和西安80坐标系、</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>4</span><span style="color: inherit; ">、地心坐标系与WGS-84坐标系</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>5、地理坐标网与直角坐标网</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); color: inherit; text-align: left; "><span style="border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); color: rgb(70, 70, 72); font-size: 12px; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; "><span style="color: inherit; border-color: rgb(198, 198, 199); ">>6、地图的最大精度</span></span></span></span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p></section><p style="text-align: center; "><img id="ledtxt.com" data-original-width="200" data-original-height="150" class="active-image" title="undefined" data-type="gif" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="200" width="200px" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/jYicjbq67iaQlwyRogYoIKKv62liaw5ET6EeHUjnFIruXMqYzdFd1xvUcyZ3XeknyKkO01cxkYAydyXVLsEbK6MXA/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="text-align: center; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 200px !important; visibility: visible !important; 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