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<section><br  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgba(157, 187, 254, 0.87) 0px 0px 8px;height: auto;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(139, 171, 241);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编者按</strong></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 50%;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(181, 221, 254);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: right;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2020/01/22</em></p></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;opacity: 0.51;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: auto 100%;background-attachment: scroll;line-height: 0;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4sRTroKNqiac5hsGBTNNIo2jv4mZXHjwg8w1DRCUIHVsa7BezCzOPcgA/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="color: rgb(98, 116, 156);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;text-indent: 2em;margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">近期，湖北省武汉市等多个城市发生新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">目前，正值春节期间，做好疫情防控工作十分紧要，为此，习近平主席对新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情作出重要指示，他强调：</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">“要把人民群众生命安全和身体健康放在第一位”，可见人民的身体健康和生命安全问题已得到高度重视，不可掉以轻心。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">已有研究表明，城市的规划与设计能够对人群健康产生潜在影响，如何通过规划促进公共健康已成为学界研究的重要课题。</span></p><p style="color: rgb(98, 116, 156);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;text-indent: 2em;margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"></span><span style="font-size: 15px;">今日，本刊特推送《为公共健康而规划——健康影响评估研究》一文（作者:丁国胜  魏春雨  焦  胜），该文结合我国公共健康面临的严峻挑战，进一步指出，展开健康影响评估工作的重要价值，并提出相应的政策建议。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">同时，小编将本刊近年所刊登关于“健康城市与”问题研究的相关文章进行了整理汇集，供大家阅读，为推进健康城市建设尽一份绵薄之力。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;text-align: right;margin: -10px 0% -20px;opacity: 0.36;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;text-indent: 2em;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 140px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4Aga1XobUico2fsqa6ib4TtypQyF3NV8xls0ic3kVz12FxohAxWfcZqHzQ/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><section style="padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 1em;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.5em;border-radius: 0.5em;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.title1"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></span> </section></section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: transparent;margin-top: -1em;padding: 20px 10px 10px;background-color: rgb(243, 243, 243);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 15px;">【作者简介】</span></strong><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 5px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">丁国胜 </span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">(1983-)，男，博士，湖南大学建筑学院助理教授、健康城市研究室主任、硕士生导师，本文通信作者。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 5px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">魏春雨 </span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">(1963-)，男，博士，湖南大学建筑学院教授、院长、博士生导师。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">焦  胜</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;"> (1973-)，男，博士，湖南大学建筑学院副教授、副院长、博士生导师。</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;text-align: center;"></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><section style="padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 1em;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.5em;border-radius: 0.5em;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.title1"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></span></section></section></section></section><section style="text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -4px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 17px;line-height: 1.1;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">前言</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 20px 8px 10px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">在建设健康中国以及积极应对严峻健康挑战等背景下，公共健康已成为国内学界关注的新兴议题之一[1～7]。实际上，公共健康也是现代中一个历史悠久的议题。现代诞生的重要根源就是为了应对19世纪后期西方快速工业化和城市化过程中由于环境恶化、卫生设施短缺以及空气污染等造成的公共健康问题[8～10]。早期的理论家们也往往将健康城市或公共健康理念作为城市发展所追求的重要目标，比如理查森的《海吉亚：健康城市》(Hygeia, a City of Health)以及霍华德的田园城市理论。20世纪80年代世界卫生组织欧洲地区办公室启动的“健康城市项目”(healthy cities programme)更是在实践层面将健康城市建设计划推向全球，并引发广泛的健康研究[11]。时至今日，如何通过促进公共健康已成为当前规划研究和实践面临的前沿科学问题之一。</span><br  /></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">已有研究表明[12]，与设计能够通过对城市建成环境的塑造对人群健康产生潜在的积极或消极影响。因此，对决策和项目展开健康影响评估(health impact assessment)被认为是促进公共健康的重要途径。也正是因为如此，健康影响评估近年来在国际决策和实践中受到越来越多的关注。在研究层面，一些学者对领域中运用健康影响评估的价值、可能性和工具等问题展开了讨论[13～15]。在实践层面，一些城市努力探索将健康影响评估融于当地决策和项目当中，并开发出相应的评估工具[16～19]，以促进当地公共健康和发展健康策略。国内研究者也逐渐认识到我国展开健康影响评估工作的重要价值，并对相关问题展开了初步讨论[3,5,7]。但总体来说，我国健康影响评估工作还处于探索阶段，急需在理论和实践层面展开研究。</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 25px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">美国北卡罗来纳州戴维森镇（the Town of Davidson）是一个运用健康影响评估帮助其实现公共健康促进目标的经典案例①，其经验对理解健康影响评估具有一定价值。基于此，本文拟对健康影响评估基础理论以及戴维森镇经验进行探讨，以期对我国展开健康影响评估工作有所裨益。</span></section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -4px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 17px;line-height: 1.1;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">影响人群健康的若干认识</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -4px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 0em;text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">2.1  健康及其决定因素</span></strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">健康“是一种在身体、精神与社会上感觉幸福和安宁(well-being)的完满状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病和虚弱”[20]，涉及到生理、精神、情感、智力、环境、社会、经济与职业等多个维度。人群健康是多种因素作用的结果。除了个人因素(基因、性别及年龄等)外，许多社会因素，比如贫穷、失业、缺乏营养与医疗、恶劣的居住条件以及环境污染等都能够造成严重的人群健康问题。世界卫生组织将其称之为人群健康的社会决定因素(social determinants of health)，并指出它们构成了人群健康改进的艰难梯度[21](图1)。</span></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.554614733276884" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4swiaeiaBlqrAnL0fZOguv70Xg7Eqhd4JHL4FOXstBRYABDRpMtRwMyMg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1181" style=""  /></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图1  健康的梯度<span style="font-size: 16px;text-indent: 34px;">①</span></strong></span><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.1  Health gradient</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br  /></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 25px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">阐明决定人群健康的复杂因素和关系一直是研究关注的重点。达尔格伦(Dahlgren)和怀特黑德(Whitehead)建立的健康影响模型(图2)认为人群健康受到五个层次的影响[22]：个人遗传因素、个人生活方式、社会与社区网络、居住和工作条件，以及社会经济、文化和环境等因素，它们相互作用并最终影响到人群的健康状况(个人遗传因素看起来难以改变，但实际上也是外部因素不断作用和进化的结果)。巴顿(Barton)和格兰特(Grant)从健康与人居环境关系角度绘制了人居健康地图(a health map for the local human habitat)(图3)，将影响人群健康的圈层分为社区、地方活动、建成环境及自然资源等圈层[23]。这些圈层共同决定了人群的健康和幸福，而且圈层之间相互影响，任一圈层变动都会对其他圈层以及人群健康产生直接或者间接的影响。诺斯里奇(Northridge)和舒尔茨(Schulz)等尝试从宏观、中观和微观三个层面建立起人群健康促进的决定因素分析框架(图4)[24～25]，认为宏观层面的自然和社会因素可以通过作用于城市的建成环境和社会环境进而影响到人群的健康行为和状况，并最终产生不同的健康结果。这些研究都表明：人群健康与其生活的社会环境和物质环境存在极其密切的关系，它受到特定的经济、社会和环境的影响，是社会过程的产物。</span></section><p style="text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.7112616426756986" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4R4ovibfJswW2vIzBYg7PqxiaqCaZRibqOcaQEvk1AQ8cprK2AOA5bFd7g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1181" style=""  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图2  主要健康决定因素<span style="font-size: 16px;text-indent: 34px;">③</span></strong></span></p><section style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 25px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.2  Main determinants of health</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.8619813717188823" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4UHQW1zNOF1b8vF3icGxZBymhibt15NUcokZict6g0n3X4a9Rcicybg7WzA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1181" style=""  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图3  人居健康地图<span style="font-size: 16px;text-indent: 34px;">④</span></strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">3  Health map of human settlements</span></section><section><br  /></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.7515625" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4FzUJYMuUxbiaaOySKCr0jmL1syzv1iaAEyZzNjr87YSZCZUVvaScibJEQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style=""  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图4  健康促进的社会决定因素<span style="font-size: 16px;text-indent: 34px;">⑤</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">4  Social determinants for health promotion</span></p><section><br  /></section><p style="margin: 5px 8px 10px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 0em;text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">2.2  对人群健康的影响</span></strong></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">的制定和实施会直接或间接地影响到人类生存的物质环境和社会环境，并最终通过各种途径作用于人群健康[26～27](图5、图6)。以下在达尔格伦和怀特黑德所建立的健康影响模型基础上分四个层面进一步分析对人群健康可能产生的影响。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.54140625" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF40amQnxtSIXON1EMNBT7lvEFUcyILhAdwU3sX6icPkOfricOOPb6PaDEA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style=""  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图5  物质环境对人群健康的影响<span style="font-size: 16px;text-indent: 34px;">⑥</span></strong></span></section><p style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 25px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">5  Impact of physical environment on population health</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.56731583403895" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4GF0KJwS5NsNLxl7u1IIf1r2L0Fkx6om0sibCl4I9HDCnzWFRAhdk2Qg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1181" style=""  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图6  社会环境对人群健康的影响<span style="font-size: 16px;text-indent: 34px;">⑦</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">6  Impact of social environment on population health</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 25px 8px 10px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">(1)个人行为与生活方式层面。通过塑造城市环境影响到个人生活方式的选择，从而导致不同的健康结果。比如，人们散步、骑自行车和玩耍等身体活动很大程度上受到相关空间和设施布局的影响。一个适宜、安全、高质量和优美的环境会促进人们进行户外体育锻炼和休闲活动，鼓励人们选择步行和自行车交通，从而可以预防一些慢性疾病的发生。无障碍设施能够增加老人、儿童和残疾人的活动空间，帮助他们拥有更为健康的生活方式。</span></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">(2)社会与社区网络层面。通过社区和重要设施布局会影响到人群所处的社会与社区网络，从而影响到人群的健康。一个积极和健全的城市环境(比如有商店、广场、学校和公园等)能够确保人们日常交流，促进人们积极沟通，有助于人们缓解各种压力，消除孤独，从而能够改善人们的健康状况。而一个消极、缺乏公正、相互隔离、排斥甚至敌对的环境则难以支持人们建立积极有效的社会和社区网络，会产生严重的健康问题。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">(3)生活与工作条件层面。可以通过产业、交通、教育及医疗等对人们居住和工作环境质量产生直接和间接的影响，进而作用于城市居民的健康。比如，会影响到居住环境(住宅、日照、景观绿化及噪声等)的形成，从而影响到人们的居住选择，并最终产生不同的健康结果。</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 25px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">(4)一般的社会经济、文化和环境条件层面。作为社会过程的重要部分，能够影响到复杂的社会、经济、政治和环境过程，对城市空间、交通、产业、居住、生态、文化、邻里、社区、空气以及环境质量等产生积极或消极的影响，并最终作用于人群健康。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -4px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 17px;line-height: 1.1;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">健康影响评估的基本理解</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section><br  /></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 0em;text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">3.1  健康影响评估及其发展</span></strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">所谓健康影响评估，是“评判一项政策、计划或者项目对特定人群健康的潜在影响及其在该人群中分布的一系列相互结合的程序、方法和工具”[28]。健康影响评估的基本意图是分析和评估政策、规划、计划和项目等对健康结果(比如疾病、损伤以及精神失常等)、健康决定因素以及健康公平的潜在影响，进而提出管控健康影响和促进公共健康的措施和建议。值得注意的是，尽管决定人群健康的因素很多，但健康影响评估的工作对象往往是那些没有将健康促进作为其初始或者主要目标的政策、规划、计划和项目等[15]。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">健康影响评估在20世纪90年代作为独立的评估实践逐渐发展起来。1999年，世界卫生组织(WHO)欧洲地区办公室发布关于健康影响评估的《哥德堡共同议定书》[28]，对健康影响评估的概念、价值、方法及程序等进行了论述，确立健康影响评估的四条核心价值，即民主、公平、可持续发展以及证据的伦理使用，成为健康影响评估发展史上的重要里程碑。此后，许多国家和相关组织展开了类型多样的评估实践探索，推动健康影响评估的快速发展。目前，健康影响评估在世界范围内正处于蓬勃发展阶段，已经被广泛运用于交通规划、、经济发展、住房建设、城市更新、农业生产、社会福利、休闲游憩、营养和能源等项目之中。</span></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">总之，作为一个有效的健康促进工具和方法，健康影响评估的价值在于将政策、规划、计划和项目等对人群健康及其决定因素的潜在影响及优化建议知会给决策者，以帮助决策者做出更加有利于公共健康的选择，进而达到提高公共健康水平的目标。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 0em;text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">3.2  健康影响评估的内涵、程序与工具</span></strong></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">是健康影响评估的重要应用领域。参照世界卫生组织对健康影响评估的界定[28]，健康影响评估就是分析和评估决策和项目等对特定人群健康的潜在影响及其在该人群中分布的一系列相互结合的程序、方法和工具。它分析和评估决策和项目对人群健康及其决定因素(比如住房状况、空气质量、噪声问题、水质状况、公共服务、安全问题、教育就业、公园和自然资源、营养状况等)和健康公平的潜在积极和消极影响(图7)，同时从公共健康的视角提出管控和优化健康影响的建议和措施，并将其知会给决策者，帮助其做出更加有利于公共健康的规划决策。</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-indent: 0em;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.6359017781541066" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF41Ks6Ls1Lib7ROFwmGgDob9jnXS2cwxqHee3GHsNN7icuYZiaDkUX1Zykg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1181" style=""  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-indent: 0em;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图7  健康影响评估逻辑框架</strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-indent: 0em;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">7  Logic framework of health impact assessment on urban planning</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">与其他健康影响评估一样，健康影响评估的程序也大致可以分为筛选(screening)、界定(scoping)、评估(assessment)、建议(recommendation)、报告(reporting)、监测与评价(monitoring and evaluation)等六个相互影响的步骤(图8)。值得注意的是，这些步骤可以根据评估项目实际情况进行调整和完善。</span><br  /></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="1.007900677200903" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4vIn3D4H4o5Dkk85xicYP9uxOwZBjS32VI6IDOgrLniccoYnkrzZH8vhg/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="1772" style=""  /></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图8  健康影响评估程序</strong></span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">8  Procedure of health impact assessment on urban planning</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 25px;margin-top: 25px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">越来越多的城市和地方政府开始将健康影响评估作为健康促进的重要实践加以探索，以帮助规划师将健康理念融入到决策过程之中。在实践探索中，一些城市已经开发出适合当地情况的健康影响评估工具，比如美国旧金山市公共健康部开发的健康发展测度工具(the healthy development measurement tool)(图9)、明尼苏达大学为规划师研发的“为健康设计”评估工具(the design for health)以及加拿大国家健康公共政策合作中心开发的社区健康影响评估工具(the community health impact assessment tool)等，它们极大地延展和深化了健康影响评估的内涵。可以预见，随着人们越来越认识到健康影响评估在改进公共健康和发展健康策略方面的价值，相关的实践探索将得到进一步发展。</span><br  /></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.8758465011286681" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4nlJ2cicpSy7vd7TEzoR6tVflLOzT99oWlfnfBFibPUqxlqRtIv7ic3U9A/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="1772" style=""  /></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图9  健康发展测度工具运用于丹佛南林肯住区再开发项目⑧</strong></span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">9  Healthy development measurement tool used in South Lincoln Homes Redevelopment Project in Denver</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -4px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 17px;line-height: 1.1;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">健康影响评估的经验研究——以戴维森镇为例</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin: 25px 8px 10px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 0em;text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">4.1  基本情况</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">戴维森镇是一个位于美国夏洛特市以北20英里的小城镇(图10)，隶属北卡罗来纳州梅克伦堡县(Mecklenburg County)，2017年人口约为1.1万人，城镇面积5.1km2。戴维森镇政府较早认识到社区如何发展、规划与设计对城镇居民的身体、精神和社会健康将产生重要影响，并将促进公共健康和创建充满活力的社区作为该镇发展的重要目标之一。为此，自20世纪90年代以来，戴维森镇实施了一系列旨在改进小镇公共健康的项目或发展原则，比如采取精明增长策略、倡导新城市主义、实施形态控制法则(form-based codes)以及建设完整型街道等。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="1.1788359788359788" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4pMqNRBicB0cwlTFw8sPLGVHydDiaRIMJRVk0WjEm3YaAMvFfgcVe3TEw/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="945" style=""  /></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图10  美国北卡罗来纳州戴维森镇区位</strong></span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.10</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"> Location of the town of Davidson, NC</span></p><p><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2011年，戴维森镇获得美国疾病控制与预防中心资助，开始实施“戴维森为生活而设计”项目(Davidson Design for Life，以下简称“DD4L”)。“DD4L”重点是对戴维森镇相关决策和项目展开健康影响评估工作以及将获得的结论、建议或原则融合到当地规划发展和具体设计过程当中，以“帮助戴维森成为一个今天健康、明天更加健康的城镇，同时将其作为一个小城镇或社区实施健康设计的典范”⑨。在“DD4L”支持下，经过几年的努力，戴维森镇实施了一系列具体项目，对运用健康影响评估这一健康促进工具推动当地社区健康发展以及发展健康与设计策略等进行了有益的探索。以下对戴维森镇的相关经验进行简要介绍。</span><br  /></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">4.2  戴维森镇总体规</span></strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">划健康影响评估</span></strong></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2015年，为应对外部环境的挑战，戴维森镇开始总体规划修编工作。“DD4L”认为城镇总体规划会对戴维森镇居民健康状况及其决定因素以及健康公平等产生长远的影响，因而决定在修编之前对正在实施的总体规划展开健康影响评估。其目标是透过健康影响评估这一健康促进工具，站在公共健康的视角对当前总体规划进行分析和评估，发现当前总体规划存在的潜在健康影响，探索将公共健康的理念和相关指标纳入到戴维森镇总体规划修编当中，以促进社区健康发展。</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">戴维森镇总体规划健康影响评估涉及到休闲和开放空间、健康食品、医疗服务、公共交通和积极交通、可负担性住房、经济与就业机会、邻里完整、邻里与公共空间安全、环境质量以及绿色和可持续发展等10个主题。评估工作在现状调研以及基线数据建立的基础上，根据这10个主题对戴维森镇原总体规划中各种影响人群健康的因素进行分析、比较和评价，然后从促进社区健康发展的角度提出相应的规划建议，为戴维森镇总体规划修编打下基础(图11)。</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="562" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="220" data-ratio="0.8396825396825397" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF43p8XjdQdiaVdia1b7JPHOFxplUvibKkWiaPWfHVPwACrvuTt6a4vIrfOJQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="1890" style="width: 562px;height: 472px;"  /></section><section style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图11  戴维森镇总体规划健康影响评估逻辑框架⑩</strong></span></section><section style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.11</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"> Logic framework of the health impact assessment on Davidson Master Plan</span></section><section><br  /></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">4.3  戴维森镇街道设计准则健康影响评估</span></strong><br  /></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2013年戴维森镇启动规划条例修编工作，其中包括对道路设计准则的修编。道路设计准则涉及到新建道路的规划和建设相关要求，以及道路设施配置情况，比如信号灯、照明、行道树、步行道和自行车道等。“DD4L”认为街道如何规划和设计会对公共健康产生重要影响，启动了对原有道路设计准则展开健康影响评估的工作。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">戴维森镇街道设计准则健康影响评估重点从步行友好街道、自行车友好街道、公共交通友好街道和机动车友好街道等四个方面对已有的街道设计准则进行评估(图12)。通过评估，“DD4L”发现街道设计如何会对周围人群健康产生影响，包括由机动车事故造成伤亡的比率、身体活动水平、空气污染水平和呼吸系统疾病发病率，以及机动性与健康平等。同时，还发现交通安宁措施、提供步行和自行车设施对改进公共健康有积极的作用。最后评估工作还为戴维森镇进一步改进公共健康提出了许多具体的方法和手段，比如通过增加交通方式选择权利来提高身体活动和健康平等、通过减少机动车交通来减少交通事故、改进空气质量进而减少哮喘发病率等。</span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.39108352144469527" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4zlMOqia2LeDLRn9ApZayjScXgcEUiabPC9yXYldpT0KiaylHbGKMIUZWQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="1772" style=""  /></section><section style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图12  戴维森镇街道设计准则健康影响评估逻辑框架<span style="text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.12</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"> Logic framework of the health impact assessment on Davidson street design standards</span></section><p><br  /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">4.4  其他健康影响评估项目</span></strong><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">除以上项目外，“DD4L”还对公园、休闲和公共空间规划，交通规划，食物系统规划，“区划、设计与美学控制法案”，无障碍设计准则以及办公环境质量等展开了健康影响评估的实践探索。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">考虑到公园、休闲和公共空间等是改进城镇居民健康的重要因素，“DD4L”对戴维森镇公园、休闲和公共空间规划展开健康影响评估工作，提出诸如增加公园、休闲场所和公共空间等建议，以帮助当地居民特别是儿童、少数民族和低收入者等弱势群体改进个人健康。对交通规划健康影响评估则认为鼓励采取步行、自行车等积极交通方式在增进健康平等、促进身体活动和减缓慢性疾病等方面具有积极作用(图13)。通过对现有无障碍设计展开评估研究，认为应保障当地居民都能使用相应的设施，特别是身体残疾者和老年人，以帮助他们积极参与到当地的社会活动当中，从而改善他们的健康状况。对工作环境质量的健康影响评估则认为提高工作环境质量不仅可以改进工作人员的健康状况(成年人工作中患慢性病的数量日益增多，包括肥胖、高血压和高血脂等)，同时能够为企业节约经济成本。</span></p><section style="text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.6823848238482385" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/SdNVtxmtcRhxd8GgAYnPSibcqw6lKRPF4hAwbnmw0wMaibkSoM8c22iaJqEwJa62sIPkmY83RNmsZE37r1kX17Eew/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="1845" style=""  /></section><section style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 15px;"><strong>▲ 图13  戴维森镇步行和积极交通健康影响评估逻辑框架<span style="text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-indent: 0em;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: normal;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Fig.13</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"> Logic framework of the health impact assessment on Davidson pedestrian and active transportation </span></section><p><br  /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 16px;">4.5  经验小结</span></strong><br  /></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 25px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">“DD4L”探索实践对戴维森镇制定和决策工作产生重要影响。它不仅在帮助规划师和决策者将公共健康理念融入城镇规划与设计以及发展健康过程中发挥积极作用，同时还有力地促进了当地民众对公共健康和工作的广泛关注和参与。戴维森镇的探索实践近年来取得了一系列成果，比如获得“土地使用奖”(2017年)、美国规划学会的“美国伟大场所奖”(2016年)、“自行车友好社区奖”(2015年)、美国“树城”(2015年)以及“伟大街道奖”(2013年)等?。戴维森镇经验较好地展现了健康影响评估运用于与具体设计进而改进建成环境和社会环境的过程和原则，对其他类似探索具有参考价值。同时，戴维森镇经验表明，健康影响评估确实可以在理论与实践层面将与公共健康有机结合起来，能为决策者提供有用的健康影响信息，进而帮助决策者做出更健康的规划决策。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -4px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(157, 187, 254);font-size: 17px;line-height: 1.1;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>结语</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 8px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 0%, rgb(159, 186, 253) 50%, rgba(159, 186, 253, 0) 100%);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 6px;height: 6px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(157, 187, 254);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 4px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 20px 8px 10px;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">当前，我国正面临严峻的公共健康挑战。根据第五次国家卫生服务调查结果，我国居民两周患病率2008-2013年间从18.9%提高到24.1%，居民医疗费用负担也持续增加[29]。特别是，我国慢性疾病(比如肥胖症、代谢病及心血管疾病等)发病率近年来呈现明显增加的趋势，已成为我国居民的主要死亡原因之一。数据表明，15岁及以上人口有医生明确诊断的慢性疾病患病率由2008 年的24.1%提高到2013年的33.1%[29]，2012年全国居民慢性疾病死亡率为533/10万，占总死亡人数的86.6%[30]。正如本文表明的那样，健康影响评估通过分析和评估决策和项目对人群健康及其决定因素产生的潜在影响，并将其知会给决策者，能够在慢性疾病预防、响应公共健康挑战和健康促进中发挥积极作用。因此，在我国发展健康影响评估具有重要意义。</span></section><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">目前我国健康影响评估还是作为环境影响评价的一部分而存在。2002年通过的《环境影响评价法》确立了环境影响评价的法律地位。2008年，原国家环境保护总局制定的《环境影响评价技术导则  人体健康》开始重视人体健康评估问题。但是，在实践中我国环境影响评估主要集中在空气、水、声环境的影响预测和评估，对健康影响的预测评估普遍缺失或十分薄弱[5,31]，难以满足人们对公共健康的关注与需求。正因如此，2016年我国通过的《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》要求全面建立健康影响评价评估制度，系统评估各项经济社会发展规划和政策、重大工程项目对健康的潜在影响。这为我国发展健康影响评估提供了前所未有的机遇。未来至少可以从如下方面展开工作：(1)加强教育和宣传，培育相关人才，达成发展健康影响评估的共识；(2)推动建立健康影响评估制度，使健康影响评估成为决策和项目的重要前置条件；(3)加强对公共健康与相互作用的基础理论研究，研发适合我国国情的健康影响评估技术[5]；(4)展开健康影响评估试点，鼓励将健康影响评估融入到评估、编制和决策过程之中，使其作为师的日常实践之一。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">总之，健康影响评估在理论和实践层面提供了一个将公共健康问题纳入决策和项目的有效工具和方法。我国发展健康影响评估不仅有利于改进城市社区人群健康，也能促进健康与设计的理论创新，将对建设健康中国以及应对严峻的公共健康挑战做出积极的响应。</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;margin-bottom: 20px;"><em><span style="font-size: 16px;">( 衷心感谢同济大学王伟强教授对本文的支持和指导，以及湖南大学何磊协助制作部分插图。)</span></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 1em;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.5em;border-radius: 0.5em;background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.title1"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">注释</span></strong></p></span> </section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);margin-top: -1em;padding: 20px 10px 10px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 8px 5px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">①  戴维森镇是美国东南部推动健康影响评估实践的代表城市之一。笔者2013年有机会访问该镇，对其健康影响评估实践进行了充分考察。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">②  根据参考文献21翻译绘制。</span></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">③  根据参考文献22翻译绘制。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">④  根据参考文献23翻译绘制。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">⑤  根据参考文献24翻译绘制。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">⑥  根据参考文献26翻译绘制。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">⑦  根据参考文献27翻译绘制。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">⑧  翻译改绘于丹佛市住房管理局的《Use of the Healthy Development Measurement Tool in Denver》。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">⑨  来源：戴维森镇政府网站，http://www.townofdavidson.org/1047/Davidson-Design-for-Life/summit。</span></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">⑩  根据戴维森镇《Health Impact Assessment: Davidson Comprehensive Plan Update》整理。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">?  根据戴维森镇《Health Impact Assessment on Davidson Streets Design Standards》整理。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">?  根据戴维森镇《Pedestrian and Active Transportation Plan》整理。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">?  来源：戴维森镇政府网站，http://www.townofdavidson.org/714/Awards-Recognition。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin-top: 0em;padding: 1em 0em;max-width: 100%;font-size: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204);border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-indent: 0em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">参考文献</strong></section><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">1  田莉, 李经纬, 欧阳伟，等.城乡规划与公共健康的关系及跨学科研究框架构想[J].学刊, 2016(2):111-116.</span></p><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">TIAN Li，LI Jingwei，OUYANG Wei, et al. 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Chronicles of Health Impact Assessment, 2016,1(1):1-8.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">15  CATHERINE L R, ORENSTEIN R, BOTCHWEY N. Health Impact Assessment in the United States[M]. Springer, 2014：47-56.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">16  DANNENBERG A L, RICKLIN A, ROSS C L, et al. Use of Health Impact Assessment for Transportation Planning[J]. Transportation Research Record：Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2014, 2452:71-80.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">17  THORNTON R L J, GREINER A, FICHTENBERG C M, et al. Achieving a Healthy Zoning Policy in Baltimore: Results of a Health Impact Assessment of the Transform Baltimore Zoning Code Rewrite[J]. Public Health Reports, 2013, 128(6):87-103.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">18  FORSYTH A, SLOTTERBACK C S, KRIZEK K J. Health Impact Assessment in Planning: Development of the Design for Health HIA Tools[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2010, 30(1): 42-51.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">19  CORBURN J, BHATIA R. Health Impact Assessment in San Francisco: Incorporating the Social Determinants of Health into Environmental Planning[J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2007, 50(3): 323-341.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">20  WHO. The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization[Z]. 1946.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">21  WHO. Making Partners: Intersectoral Action for Health[Z]. 1988.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">22  DAHLGREN G, WHITEHEAD M. Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health[Z]. 1991:11.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">23  BARTON H, GRANT M. A Health Map for the Local Human Habitat[J]. The Journal for the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 2006, 126(6): 252-253.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">24  NORTHRIDGE M E, SCLAR E D, BISWAS M P. Sorting out the Connections Between the Built Environment and Health: A Conceptual Framework for Navigating Pathways and Planning Healthy Cities[J]. Journal of Urban Health, 2003, 80(4): 556-568.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">25  SCHULZ A, NORTHRIDGE M E. Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion[J]. Health Education & Behavior, 2004, 31(4): 455-471.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">26  BIRD C, GRANT M. Bringing Public Health into Built Environment Education[Z]. Higher Education Academy Centre for Education in the Built Environment, 2011:1-9.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">27  Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health[Z]. 2008.</span></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">28  WHO. Health Impact Assessment: Main Concepts and Suggested Approach — Gothenburg Consensus Paper[Z]. 1999.</span></section><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">29  国家卫生计生委统计信息中心. 2013第五次国家卫生服务调查分析报告[R]. 2015:I-V. </span></p><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Center for Health Statistics and Information，NHFPC.An Analysis Report of National Health Services Survey in China, 2013[R]. 2015:I-V.</span></section><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">30  国家卫生计生委.中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2015:1-5.</span></p><section style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">National Health and Family Planning Commission.Report on Nutrition and Chronic Diseases in China(2015)[M].Beijing：People’s Medical Publishing House, 2015:1-5.</span></section><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">31  HUANG Z. 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Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2012, 32(1):45-49.</span></p></section><p style="max-width: 100%;margin-top: 10px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">* <span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">本文刊载于《》杂志2017年第7期</span><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></strong></p><section><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 16px -20px;text-align: center;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px 15px;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow: hidden;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(51, 151, 237) 0%, rgb(90, 182, 255) 15%, rgb(81, 175, 251) 85%, rgb(51, 151, 237) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgb(52, 110, 183) 2px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;">延伸阅读</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 16px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 30px 15px 20px;display: inline-block;width: 562px;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: linear-gradient(rgb(203, 236, 255) 0%, rgba(124, 188, 242, 0.224) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section><h2></h2><h2><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);font-size: 15px;"><strong><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5OTU5OTkzMg==&mid=2650808396&idx=1&sn=1fd90aa7a87bbe7cd3c80c31c3d1d3f6&chksm=bccd8a1f8bba0309afb754fc8d2798993b0ab8c65b5233f1e7c2537a82c725c2159534745e2c&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="1、城市建成环境对呼吸健康的影响及规划策略——以上海市某城区为例" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">1、</a></strong></span><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5OTU5OTkzMg==&mid=2650812143&idx=1&sn=9af1ad9e86e07b93902b9d58185dbbce&chksm=bccd84bc8bba0daaa19ada35496c39cb758332e71c68799b8ca1f1d0410e94724306140287af&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="点击阅读>>【文章导读】单中心or多中心：求证中国城市群的合理空间结构" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0); font-size: 15px;"><strong>点击阅读>></strong></a><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5OTU5OTkzMg==&mid=2650808396&idx=1&sn=1fd90aa7a87bbe7cd3c80c31c3d1d3f6&chksm=bccd8a1f8bba0309afb754fc8d2798993b0ab8c65b5233f1e7c2537a82c725c2159534745e2c&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="城市建成环境对呼吸健康的影响及规划策略——以上海市某城区为例" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">城市建成环境对呼吸健康的影响及规划策略——以上海市某城区为例</span></strong></span></a></h2><p style="margin-top: 5px;text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">可通过改善建成环境促进公共健康。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">针对我国空气污染导致呼吸系统疾病增加的问题，本文集中探讨建成环境对呼吸健康的影响和规划原则的优化方向。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">研究通过建构建成环境与呼吸系统健康之间的理论框架，确定建成环境影响呼吸健康的多元要素及作用路径；在此基础上，研究采用肺癌作为代表性呼吸健康结果，运用上海市某城区肺癌患病空间分布数据进行实证模型建构，探讨显著影响呼吸健康的建成环境要素及其特征。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">研究进而针对明确显著的工业用地布局、绿地和开放空间布局、道路密度等方面,提出针对呼吸健康的规划设计优化策略,推进健康城市建设。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></p><p><br  /></p><p style="margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 5px;line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">2、颗粒物分布视角下的健康研究——理论框架与实证方法</span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;text-decoration: underline;">http://wap.cnki.net/touch/web/Journal/Article/CSGH201609006.html</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">现代的缘起与公共健康关系密切，20世纪初期作为政府对于公共卫生的干预途径和方法出现。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">目前欧美对于健康的研究关注如何通过规划设计，减少特定疾病的患病率,国内相关研究开始起步。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">由于我国城市大气环境问题日益严峻，雾霾(PM2.5,PM10等颗粒物)频发，导致呼吸系统疾病患病人数上升；非常有必要探究如何通过建成环境要素的规划和设计优化，减缓颗粒物对于居民呼吸系统健康的影响。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">本文基于颗粒物分布、呼吸系统疾病、城市空间要素三者关系的文献研究，以建成环境要素是否影响颗粒物浓度分布作为自变量选取原则,以人口、社会和经济因素作为协变量，以呼吸系统疾病(特别是肺癌)的个体病患分布和特定空间单元患病率作为因变量，建构在颗粒物分布视角下的健康理论框架，并提出构建实证模型的方法和路径。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></p><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 20px;line-height: normal;"><br  /></p><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 5px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>3、健康城市与</strong></span></section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;text-decoration: underline;">http://wap.cnki.net/touch/web/Journal/Article/CSGH201403013.html</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><正>城市化让越来越多的人居住在城市。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">但城市却往往是不健康的居住地，繁忙的交通，污染，噪音，暴力和社会隔离都使人的生活问题越来越多。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">在城市中糖尿病、高血压的患病率一直居高不下，除了个人方面的原因，更主要的是城市中越来越少的人参与运动。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">面对21世纪城市化给人类健康带来的挑战,世界卫生组织(WHO)20世纪80年代提出基于"人人享有健康"的"新公共卫生运动"、倡导和发起健康城市运动。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">在欧洲，截止到2009年6月,约有90个城市已通过或正在接受WHO欧洲区健康城市网络的认证；此外，欧洲成立了30个国家健康城市网络，涵盖了1400多个城市(城镇)。</span></section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 20px;line-height: normal;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-top: 5px;line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">4、加拿大健康城市经验与教训研究</span></strong></p><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;text-decoration: underline;">http://wap.cnki.net/touch/web/Journal/Article/CSGH200709013.html</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">继联合国教科文组织提出"生态城市"(EcologicalCity)概念之后,健康城市目前已成为世界各国减少城市化进程中危害的新路径。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">作为健康城市诞生地加拿大,近几十年健康城市及健康城市项目在不断的实践和发展过程出现了一系列变化,如健康城市指标的变迁等。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">此外多伦多等地在实践过程也经历了高潮和低谷等波动。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">本文结合大量文献资料以及实地考察,对加拿大健康城市运动进行分析和剖解,并重点介绍多伦多健康住宅、蒙特利尔城市交通等案例,为我国健康城市运动建设提供了借鉴性的框架。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></section><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 20px;line-height: normal;"><br  /></section><p style="margin-top: 10px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">5、当代国际健康城市运动基本理论研究纲要</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;text-decoration: underline;">http://wap.cnki.net/touch/web/Journal/Article/CSGH200510011.html</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">在当今世界，健康问题已成为普遍性的、突出的城市问题，而由WHO倡导的健康城市运动，正是旨在寻求这一问题的整体化解决。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">当我们加入其中时，需要准确把握其要点，以及我们的可作为处。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">基于此，本文以总体性引介为目的，对健康城市运动的发展历程和基本理论成就要点进行了概括；随后结合专业，对健康城市的规划理论作出了框架性探索。</span><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></p><p><br  /></p><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">6、城市的健康与安全</span></strong></section><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;text-decoration: underline;">http://wap.cnki.net/touch/web/Journal/Article/CSGH200510012.html</span></p><section style="text-indent: 2em;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;">城市是为人而存在的，几千年来莫不如此。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;">让健康的人生活在健康的城市里;让生活在城市中的人都有安全感是从事与设计的人的责任。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;">本文通过对城市健康与安全的论述，探讨了当代城市必须关注的人类生存质量与相应城市空间的关系问题;提出了与设计中的一个新的、值得研究的内容,即健康城市与安全城市，并初步提出了与此相关的规划、设计问题。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;"> </span></section><h2 style="margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">网址栏<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">复制搜索链接</span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: 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/></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(192, 21, 21);width: 16px;transform: rotate(-45deg);transform-origin: left top;border-top-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-right-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-left-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;float: right;width: 16px;text-align: right;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-bottom: 4px;margin-left: auto;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 0px;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 21, 21) rgb(192, 21, 21) transparent transparent;height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(192, 21, 21);width: 16px;transform: rotate(45deg);transform-origin: right top;border-top-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-right-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-left-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section><section style="padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-left: 1px solid rgb(192, 21, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(192, 21, 21);border-top-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 5px 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">官方投稿网址</strong></span>：http://www.planning.com.cn</span></p><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">微博</span></strong></span>：http://weibo.com/cityplanningreview</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">微信号</span></strong></span>：</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">电子期刊</span></strong></span>：App Store搜索“”(支持iPad下载)</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">国内统一刊号</span></strong></span>：CN 11-2378/TU</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">国际标准刊号</span></strong></span>：ISSN 1002-1329</span></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;float: left;width: 16px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(192, 21, 21);width: 16px;transform: rotate(45deg);transform-origin: left bottom;border-top-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-right-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-left-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin-top: 4px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 0px;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: transparent transparent rgb(192, 21, 21) rgb(192, 21, 21);height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;float: right;width: 16px;text-align: right;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(192, 21, 21);width: 16px;transform: rotate(-45deg);transform-origin: right bottom;border-top-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-right-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-left-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin-top: 4px;margin-left: auto;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 0px;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: transparent rgb(192, 21, 21) rgb(192, 21, 21) transparent;height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin-top: -1px;padding-right: 12px;padding-left: 12px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(192, 21, 21);border-top-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-right-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);border-left-color: rgb(192, 21, 21);height: 0px;line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" 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